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GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL 
NOTES ON MEXICO 



■y 



BY 



MATIAS ROMERO 



G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

NEW YORK AND LONDON 
Q^be fjnicfterbocfter press 

1898 




lPffli1!««S'» {*(rj»i^iHi/i-wv 



2788 



Copyright, 1898 

BY 

MATIAS ROMERO 



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Ube ^nlcfierbocfccr press, IRew Kocfe 



PREFACE. 

I am printing in book form the several articles that I have pub- 
lished from time to time during my many years' residence in the 
United States, with a view to dispel errors prevailing here about 
Mexico, and so promote the good will and increase the commercial, 
political and social relations between the two countries. Those papers 
are preceded by one containing geographical and recent statistical in- 
formation on Mexico, that I have not seen collected in any single book 
in the English language. To answer a great many demands for infor- 
mation that I constantly receive from citizens of this country, I have 
concluded to give at once that paper to the public. 

Washington, January 31, 1898. 



CONTENTS. 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL NOTES ON MEXICO 

Part I. Geography . 

Location, Boundaries and Area . 

Location .... 

Boundary with the United States 

Boundary with Guatemala 

Boundary with Belize . 
Cession of Mexican Territory to the United States 
General Characteristics 
Geology .... 
Mining ..... 

Silver . 

Real del Monte Company 

New Mines, Topia 

Li Hung Chang and the Mexican Silver Mines 

Gold 

Coinage of the Precious Metals 

Coinage of Mexico from the Establishment of the 
in 1537 to the End of the Fiscal Year 1896 . 

Iron 

Iron Foundries 

Copper . 

Quicksilver . 

Coal 

Mexican Miners 

Mining Laws . 

Mints and Duties on Silver 

Smelting Plants 

Mexican Metallurgical Company 

National Mexican Smelter at Monterey 



Mints 



PAGE 

I 



5 
5 
5 
6 
6 

7 
8 
12 
13 
13 
15 
17 
18 
19 
21 

21 
21 
22 
22 
23 
23 
25 
25 
27 
28 
28 
28 



Contents. 



Central Mexican Smelter ..... 

Velardena Mining Company 

The Chihuahua Mining Company . . . 

The Mazapil Copper Company, Limited 

Sabinal Mining and Smelting Company, Chihuahua 

La Preciosa . 

The Boieo Smelter 
Orography . 
Hydrography 
Climate 

Summary of the Meteorological Observations Taken in 
Several Cities of Mexico during Several Years 

Summary of the Meteorological Observations Taken in 
Several Localities of Mexico during the Year 1869 
Mexico as a Sanitarium 
Flora . 

Coffee . 

Sugar-cane . 

Tobacco 

India-rubber . 

Cotton . 

Agave . 

Henequen 

Pulque . 

Cactus . 

Cocoa . 

Vanilla . 

Silk Culture . 

Cochineal 

Rice 

Chicle, or Chewing-gum 

Yuca 

Ginger . 

Canaigre 

Peppermint . 

Cabinet and Dye Woods 

Grasses . 

Alfalfa . 
Cattle-raising 
Sheep . 

Products of Cold and Temperate Regions 
Fruits . 

Oranges 

Lemons . 



Contents. 









PAGE 


Limes and Shaddocks . 


6i 


Bananas 






6i 


Pineapple 






62 


Cocoanut 






62 


Mangoes 






^3> 


Alligator Pear 






63 


Mamey . 






63 


Zapote . 






63 


Papaya . 






63 


Flowers 






63 


Irrigation 






64 


The Nazas Irrigation 






67 


Fauna .... 






70 


Ethnology . 






72 


Mexican Indians , 






72 


Increase of Mexican Population ..... 


76 


Decrease of the Indian Population .... 


77 


The Spaniards in Mexico ...... 


78 


English and Germans in Mexico ..... 


79 


Americans in Mexico ....... 


79 


Ruins .... 




80 


Uxmal 




80 


Palenque . 




81 


Cholula 




81 


Teotihuacan 




. 81 


Mitla 




83 


Languages .... 




85 


Synopsis of the Indian Languages of Mexico according tc 




Don Francisco Pimentel ..... 


86 


Population 


89 


Classification of Mexican States 


• 90 


Area and Population of the United Mexican States 


91 


Religion 


. 92 


Protestantism in Mexico 


• 95 


Political Organization ........ 


98 


Political Division ........ 


• 99 


Army and Navy 


99 


Education 


100 


Universities Established by the Spanish Government . 


lOI 


School of Medicine 


102 


School of Engineering 


103 


Mexican Technical Schools in the Present Time , 


103 


Reorganization of the Technical Colleges 


104 


Primary Education 






104 



VI u 



Contents. 



the City of 



School Statistics . 

Libraries 

Newspapers . 
The Valley of Mexico . 
The City of Mexico 

Climate . 

Mortality in the City of Mexico 

Climatological Data of the City of Mexico 

Summary of the Meteorological Observations of 
Mexico in 1896 . 
Railways ..... 

President Diaz's Railway Policy 

President Diaz's Statistics on Mexican Railways 

Financial Condition of Mexican Railways . 

Annual Buildings and Earnings of Mexican Railways 
Approximate Tonnage Moved by Central, National, Inter- 
oceanic, and Mexican Railways for Ten Years ended 
December 31, 1896 
Telegraphs .... 
Postal Service 
Public Lands 
Immigration .... 

Immigration from the United 
Public Debt .... 
Banking .... 
Patents and Trademarks 

Patents .... 

Trademarks . 
Shipping and Communications 
Money, Weights, and Measures 
Non-Official Publications (English) 

Part II. — Statistics 

Revenues and Expenses .... 

Revenue and Expenses of the Federal Government of Mexico 

in 1808 and from 1822 to June 30, 1867 
Revenue and Expenses of the Mexican Government from 

July I, 1867, to June 30, i 
Revenue and Expenses of the Mexican Government from 

July I, 1888, to June 30, 1896 
Federal Appropriations during the Fiscal Years from 1868 to 

1895 • . 
Sources of Revenue 
Import Duties 



States 



Contents* ix 

PAGE 

Additional Import Duties 144 

Export Duties .... .... 144 

Amount of Import Duties 144 

Custom Receipts from 1823 to 1875 ..... 145 

Internal Revenue 146 

Receipts of the Custom Houses during the Twenty-seven 

Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1896 .... 147 
Internal Revenue Receipts from January i, 1875, to June 

30, 1896 ......... 148 

Direct Taxes ......... 148 

Receipts from Direct Taxes in the Federal District during 

the Twenty-seven Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1896 . 149 

Revenues of the Mexican States from 1884 to 1895 . . 150 
Expenses of the Mexican States from 1884 to 1895 . -151 

Revenues of the Municipalities of Mexico from 1884 to 1895 152 

Expenses of the Municipalities of Mexico from 1884 to 1895 153 

State and Municipal Finances ....... 154 

Foreign Trade 155 

Imports ........... 155 

Mexican Imports and Exports from 1826 to 1828 . . 155 
Imports in Mexico from July i, 1872, to June 30, 1875, and 

in the year 1 884-1 885 156 

Imports in Mexico from July i, 1885, to June 30, 1886, and 

from July i, 1888, to June 30, 1890 .... 157 
Imports in Mexico from the Fiscal Year 1 892-1 893, to the 

Fiscal Year 1895-1896 158 

Exports 159 

Imports in Mexico by Countries in the Fiscal Years 1 888-1 889 

and 1889-1890, and Imports and Exports by Countries 

and Custom Houses in the Fiscal Years 1894-1895 and 

1895-1896 160 

Exports of Mexican Commodities from July i, 1886, to 

June 30, 1896 ........ 162 

Statement of Exports of some Agricultural Products during 

the Fiscal Years from July i, 1877, to June 30, 1896 . 164 
Value of Imports from Mexico from July i, 1882, to June 

30, 1892 165 

Resume of Total Imports ....... 167 

Destination and Value of Exports from Mexico in the Fiscal 

Years from 1882 to 1892 168 

Total Exports ........ 169 

Trade between Mexico and the United States . . . .170 

Total Imports to Mexico and Imports from the United 

States for the Fiscal Years 1872-1873 to 1895-1896 172 



X Contents. 

PAGE 

Total Exports from Mexico and the Exports to the United 

States from 1877-1878 to 1895-1896 .... 173 
Statement of the Commercial Transactions between Mexico 

and the United States from 1826 to 1850 . . . 173 
Commerce in Merchandise between the United States and 

Mexico by Years and Decades from 185 1 to 1897 . 174 
Total Commerce between the United States and Mexico by 

Years and Decades from 1851 to 1897 . . -175 
Quantities and Values of the Principal and all other Articles 

of Imports into the United States from, and of Exports 

from the United States to, Mexico, 1858-1883 . .176 
Quantities and Values of the Principal and all other Articles 

of Imports into the United States from, and of Exports 

from the United States to, Mexico, from 1889-1897 . 181 

Increase of Trade during the' year 1896-1897 . . . 184 

Leading Merchandise Imports from Mexico . . .184 

Exports from the United States to Mexico . . , 184 

Tropical Products Supplied by Mexico to the United States 185 

Cattle Exported to the United States 186 

Coinage 186 

Coinage by the Mexican Mints from their Establishment in 

1535 to June 30, 1895 187 

Production of Gold and Silver in Mexico in 1879-1880, 1889- 

1890, and 1894-1895 188 

Export of Precious Metals and Minerals from Mexico in the 

years 1879-1880, 1889-1890, and 1894-1895 . . 188 
Exports of Silver from July i, 1872, to June 30, 1896 . . 190 

Mexican Gold Exports . . 190 

Mexican Gold Exported to the United States . . .191 
Imports of Gold Bullion, Ore, and Coin from Mexico into 

the United States from 1891 to 1895 .... 191 
Imports of Gold Bullion, Ore, and Coin from Mexico into 

the United States from 1892 to 1896 .... 191 
Gold Exported from Mexico to the United States from 1891 

to 1896 ......... 192 

Railways ........... 193 

Statement by the Department of Communications of Mexico 

of the Railroad Mileage in Operation on October 31, 

1896 193 

Resume of Railways in Mexico in 1895 . . . -195 

Mexican Central . . . 196 

Mexican National . . . . . . . . . 196 

Earnings and Expenses of the Mexican National from 1889 

to 1896 . 198 



Contents 



XI 



Mexican International . 
Mexican Southern . 
Other Railroads . 

Mexican Railroad 

Interoceanic Railway 

Sonora Railway . 

Hidalgo and Northeastern Railway . 

Merida and Progreso Railway .... 

Tehuacan and Esperanza Railway 

Merida and Peto Railway 

Sinaloa and Durango (Altata to Culiacan) Railway 

Merida and Campeche Railway .... 

Merida and Valladolid Railway 

"Tlalmanalco Railway ...... 

San Juan Bautista and Carrizal Passenger Railway 

San Andres and Chalchicomula Railway . 

Orizaba and Ingenio Railway .... 

Santa Ana and Tlaxcala Railway 

■Cdrdenas and Rio Grijalva Railway . 

Toluca and San Juan de las Huertas Railway . 

Vanegas, Cedral, Matehuala, and Rio Verde Railway 

Merida and Izamal Railway 

San Marcos and Nautla Railway 

Monterey and Gulf Railway 

■Cordova and Tuxtepec Railway 

Maravatio and Cuernavaca Railway . 

Salamanca and Santiago Valley Railway 

Monte Alto Railway .... 

Valley of Mexico Railway . 

Puebla Industrial Railway 

Mexican Northern Railway 

Mexico, Cuernavaca, and Pacific Railway 

Federal District Tramways 

Veracruz and Alvarado Railway 
Total Traffic and Receipts of Mexican Railways 

Traihc and Receipts of the Mexican Railways 
Railway Subsidies Paid by the Mexican Government . 
Subsidies Paid by the Mexican Government to Railway 
panies up to June 30, 1896 
Detailed Statement of the Subsidies Paid by the Mexican 
Government to the Railway Companies 

1. Mexican Railway ..... 

2. Hidalgo Railway . . . . . 

3. Veracruz & Alvarado Railway 



Com- 



PAGE 
199 

201 

202 

203 
203 
203 
204 
204 
204 
205 
205 
205 
206 
206 
206 
207 
207 
207 
207 
208 
208 
208 
208 
209 
209 
209 
209 
209 
210 

210 
210 
211 
211 



213 
213 
213 
213 



Contents. 



M^rida & Peto Railway 
Interoceanic Railway . 
Occidental Railway 
Mexican Central and sundry branches 
Mexican National and branches . 
Sonora Railway with a branch 

10. Merida & Valladolid Railway with a branch 

11. Merida & Campeche Railway via Kalkini 
San Marcos & Nautla Railway 
Toluca & San Juan de las Huertas Railway 
Vanegas, Cedral, Matehuala, & Rio Verde Railway 
Jimenez & Sierra Madre Railway 
Mexican Southern Railway . 
Tonala & Frontera Railway . 
Monterey & Mexican Gulf Railway 
Tecolula & Espinal Railway 
Pachuca & Tampico Railway 
Maravatio & Iguala Railway 
Mexican Northeastern Railway 
Veracruz & Boca del Rio Railway 
Tula, Zacualtipan & Tampico Railway 
Matamoros, Izucar, & Acapulco Railway 
Lower California Railway 
Monte Alto Railway 
Tehuantepec Railway . 

1. Contractors, Edward Learned & Co 

2. Contractor, Mr. Delfin Sanchez 

3. Mac-Murdo Contract 

4. Stanhope, Hampson, & Corthel Contract 
Public Debt 

Statement of the National Debt of Mexico to June 30, 1896 
Statement of the Federal Public Debt on June 30, 1896 

Post-Ofifice and Telegraph Service 

Post-Offices in Mexico in 1895 by States 

Earnings and Expenditures of the Post-Ofifice and Telegraph 

Services from July i, 1869 to June 30, 1896 
Number of Pieces Transported by Mexican Mails from 1878- 

1879 to 1894-1895 

Banks 

List of Mexican Banks 

Situation of the Mexican Banks on December 31, 1894 
Public Lands ......... 

Free Titles of the Indian-town lands issued to the inhabitants 
from 1877 to 1895 ....... 



4- 

5- 
6. 

7. 
8. 

9- 



12. 

13- 

14. 

15- 
16. 

17- 

18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 

22. 

23- 

24. 

25. 
26. 

27. 

28. 



227 



Contents, xiu 

FAGS 

Titles issued for unwarranted possession of Public Lands by 

Private Parties in 1894 and 1895 .... 227 
Titles of public lands issued to Private Parties in 1894 and 

1895 • • 227 

Titles issued in 1894 and 1895 to Surveying Companies . 228 

Education ........... 228 

Newspapers Published in Mexico in 1895 .... 228 

Public Schools supported by the Federal, State, and Muni- 
cipal Administrations in 1895 . . . . .229 

Schools supported by Private Parties . . . . .231 

Public Libraries in Mexico ....... 233 

Manufacturing Establishments in Mexico in 1893 . . . 233 

Summary of Factories existing in Mexico in 1893 . . 236 

Navigation 237 

Vessels arrived at Mexican Ports in 1895 .... 238 

Vessels departed from Mexican Ports in 1895 . , . 239 

Resum^ of arrivals and departures from 1885 to 1895 . . 239 

Foreign Passengers arrived at Mexican Ports in 1895 . . 240 

Foreign Passengers departed from Mexican Ports in 1895 . 241 
General resum^ of Passengers arrived and departed by Port 

and Rail in 1895. ....... 242 

Vessels arrived at and departed from Mexican Ports during 

the Fiscal Years 1894-95 to 1895-96 .... 243 

Agricultural Products : 

Resumd of Agricultural Products in Mexico 

Conclusion .......... 



APPENDIX . 

Mexico as a Central American State . 

Five States of Central America . 

Mexico ....... 

Geographical Extension of Central America 



243 
244 



ADDENDA 245 

Federal Revenue and Expenses of Mexico in the Fiscal Year 

1896-97 245 

Imports and Exports of Mexico by Countries and Custom- 

Houses in the Fiscal Year 1896-97 246 

Trade between Mexico and the United States during the first 

nine months of the Calendar Year 1897 . , , .247 

Mexican Exports to the United States . . . , . 247 

Mexican Imports from the United States 248 



249 

249 

250 

251 
251 



XIV 



Contents. 



Mexican Profiles 

From Veracruz to Mexico by Orizaba, by the Mexican 

Railway ........ 

From Apizaco to Puebla, a branch of the same road . 
From Veracruz to Mexico, by the Interoceanic Railway 
From the City of Mexico to Morelos, a branch of the same 

road ...... 

From Puebla to Izucar de Matamoros, a branch of the same 

road ...... 

From Mexico to El Paso del Norte or Ciudad Juarez by the 

Central Mexican Railroad ..... 

From Aguascalientes to Tampico, a branch of the same road 
From Irapuato to Guadalajara, a branch of the same road 
From Mexico to Laredo Tamaulipas by the Mexican Na- 
tional Railway ....... 

From Acdmbaro to Pdtzcuaro, a branch of the same road 
From Piedras Negras or Ciudad Porfirio Diaz to Durango 

by the Mexican International Railway 
From Sabinas to Hondo, a branch of the same road 
From the City of Mexico to Cuernavaca and Acapulco 
From Puebla to Oaxaca, by the Mexican Southern Railway 
From Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz, by the National Te 

huantepec Railway ...... 

From the City of Mexico to Pachuca, by the Hidalgo and 

Northeastern Mexican Railway .... 

Northeastern Railway from Mexico to Tizayuca 

Hidalgo Railway to Tuxpan .... 

From Tepa to Pachuca, a branch of the Hidalgo Rail 
way ........ 

From San Augustin to Irolo, a branch of the Hidalgo 
Railway ....... 

Bridie-Path from Durango to Mazatlan 

Wagon Road from Manzanillo to Guadalajara 

Wagon Road from Tehuacan to Oaxaca and Puerto Angel 

THE VALLEY OF MEXICO'S DRAINAGE 

Topographical Conditions of the Valley of Mexico 

Work done by the Indians 

Work done by the Spaniards 

Work done by the Mexican Government 

The Tunnel ...... 

The Canal ...... 

The Sewage ...... 

Completion of the work 



PACK 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL NOTES 
ON MEXICO 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL 
NOTES ON MEXICO.' 



(Corrected to June jo, i8gl.) 

FOR a long time past I have felt the need of a short treatise con- 
taining geographical and statistical information about Mexico, 
to answer the many queries received on that subject by the Mexican 
Legation in Washington. A statistical abstract about Mexico, such as 
most nations publish every year, is greatly needed, especially now 
when the attention of business men and young men is awakening to the 
possibilities of Mexico. It was partly with the purpose of supplying 
that need that I prepared this article, which will, I hope, at least serve 

' This article first appeared in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 
of New York of December 31, 1896. A club of the City of Washington requested 
me, in January, 1888, to deliver a lecture on Mexico, and, as I had not time to prepare 
one, I consented to give an informal talk on the subject, which I did on January i6th 
of that year. Most of my talk was taken down by a stenographer, and was the basis 
of the article which appeared in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 
of New York. That Society did me the honor of electing me one of its honorary 
members, at the request of Honorable Frederick A. Conkling, on January 25, 1870, 
and I have ever since felt that I owed it a debt which I could only pay by sending it 
a contribution about Mexico. The pressure of my official duties in Washington on 
the one hand, and my inability to treat properly the many subjects connected with a 
description of Mexico, added to the difficulty of compressing them into a few pages ; 
on the other, delayed that work much longer than I desired or expected. I have 
added considerably to this article in the present edition, especially in that part which 
embraces statistical information about Mexico, and I am sure that in so far as concerns 
the fulness of that information and the most recent data, my article stands above any 
previous publication on the subject. 

I 



2 Geoorapbical anD Statistical IRotes on /IDejico* 

to call attention to that country, and awaken a desire for reading other 
and better monographs and books on Mexico written by more com- 
petent men. I have borrowed from the descriptions of others, espe- 
cially in what appears under the heading of Geology, Geography, and 

Fauna. 



PART 1. 

GEOGRAPHY 



I. GEOGRAPHY. 



LOCATION, BOUNDARIES, AND AREA. 

Location. — Mexico is situated between 14° 30' 42' and 32° 42' north 
latitude, and between 86° 46' 8" and 117° 7' 31" 89 longitude west 
of the meridian of Greenwich, embracing therefore 18° 11' 18" of 
latitude and 30° 21' 23" 89 of longitude. It has an area of 767,326 
square miles. It is bounded on the north by the United States of 
America, on the southeast by Guatemala and Belize, on the south and 
west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the north and east by the Gulf of 
Mexico and the Carribean Sea. 

Boundary with the United States. — The boundary with the United 
States is fixed by the treaties of February 2, 1848, and December 30, 
1853, and begins at the mouth of the Rio Grande River on the Gulf 
of Mexico, follows the river for 1136 miles, beyond El Paso, Texas, to 
the point where it strikes parallel 31° 47' north latitude, and from 
there runs along said parallel for a distance of one hundred miles, and 
thence south to parallel 31° 20' north latitude ; from there west 
along this parallel as far as the iiith meridian of longitude west of 
Greenwich ; thence in a straight line to a point on the Colorado River, 
twenty English miles below the junction of the Gila ; thence up the 
middle of the said River Colorado to the intersection with the old line 
between Upper and Lower California, and thence to a point on the 
Pacific Ocean, distant one marine league due south of the southern- 
most point of the Bay of San Diego ; the total distance from El Paso 
to the Pacific being 674 miles. The whole extent of the boundary line 
between the two countries is 1833 miles. 

The boundary line with the United States runs from southeast to 
northwest, the mouth of the Rio Grande being in 25° 57' 14" 74"' north 
latitude ; while the line reaches on the Pacific latitude 32° 32' i" 34"' ; 
the point where the boundary line strikes the Colorado River is farther 
north, reaching 32° 42' of north latitude. Mexico has, therefore, on 
the western, or Pacific side, 6° 34' 46" 20"' of latitude more than on the 
eastern or the Gulf of Mexico side. 



6 6eograpbical IRotes on /IDejico, 

Boundary with Guatemala. — The boundary with Guatemala is fixed 
by the treaties of September 27, 1882, and April i, 1895, and runs from 
a point on the Pacific coast three leagues distant from the upper mouth 
of the River Zuchiate, and thence, following the deepest channel 
thereof, to the point at which it intersects the vertical plane which 
crosses the highest point of the volcano of Tacana, and distant twenty- 
five miles from the southernmost pillar of the gate of Talquian, leav- 
ing that gate in the territory of Guatemala ; the determinate line by 
the vertical plane defined above until it touches the River Zuchiate at 
the point of its intersection with the vertical plane which passes the 
summit of Buenavista and Ixbul ; the determinate line by the vertical 
plane which passes the summit of Buenavista, determined by the astro- 
nomical observations, and the summit of the Ixbul hill from where it 
intersects the former to a point four kilometres beyond said hill ; 
thence to the parallel of latitude which crosses the last-named point, 
and thence eastward until it reaches the deepest channel of the Chixoy 
up to its junction with the Usumacinta River, following that river 
until it reaches the parallel situated twenty-five kilometres to the south 
of Tenosique in Tabasco, to be measured from the principal square of 
that town ; the parallel of latitude referred to above, from its inter- 
section with the deepest channel of the Usumacinta, until it intersects 
the meridian which passes at one third of the distance between the 
centres of the Plazas of Tenosique and Sacluc, this distance being 
calculated from Tenosique ; from this meridian, from its intersection 
with the parallel above mentioned to the latitude of 17° 49' ; and from 
the intersection of this parallel with the latter meridian indefinitely 
toward the east. 

The southern end of the Guatemalan line on the Pacific is in 14° 24' 
north latitude, while the northern end, on the Caribbean Sea, is in 17° 
49' north latitude, being a difference of 3° 25' in favor of the latter. 
The calculated length of the southern boundary is 642 miles. 

Boundary with Belize. — To the southeast of Yucatan extends the 
territory of Belize, occupied by a British settlement under a permit 
granted to them by the Spanish Government to cut wood within the 
limits mentioned in the treaty concluded between the Kings of Great 
Britain and Spain on November 3, 1783, and amended on July 14, 
1786. 

British Honduras, according to Mr. George Gil, F.R.G.S., in his 
book, "British Colonies," published in London in 1896, was declared 
a separate colony of Great Britain, under a Lieutenant-Governor sub- 
ordinate to the Governor of Jamaica, in the year 1862, previous to 
which time it had been a dependency of Jamaica. In 1884 a Governor 
and Commander-in-Chief was appointed, by Letters Patent, and thus 
the colony became independent of Jamaica. On April 30, 1859, Great 



location, Boundaries, anJ) Hrea. 7 

^Britain signed a treaty with Guatemala, within whose boundaries most of 
British Honduras was situated, defining the boundary of that colony. 

The limits between Mexico and Belize are defined by a treaty signed 
at the City of Mexico on July 8, 1893, and ratified by the Mexican 
Senate on April 19, 1897, and begin at the mouth of Bocalarchica — 
a strait which separates the State of Yucatan from Ambergris Key 
and adjacent islands, runs along the centre of the channel between said 
islands and the mainland, in a southeasterly direction, until it reaches 
the parallel 18° 9' north latitude ; thence northwesterly at an equal 
distance between two keys marked on the map annexed to the treaty, 
to meet the parallel 18° 10' north latitude ; thence, turning toward the 
west, along the neighboring bay, as far as 88° 2' west meridian, thence 
toward the north until it reaches the parallel 18° 25' north latitude, 
thence it runs toward the west as far as meridian 88° 28' 32" north, this 
point being the mouth of the Hondo River ; thence following its 
deepest channel, passing to the west of Albion Island and running up 
the Arroyo Azul until the latter stream crosses the meridian of the 
Garbutt Falls at a point north of the boundary lines of Mexico, 
Guatemala, and British Honduras ; and from that point following the 
meridian of Garbutt Falls, running in a southerly direction up to 17° 49', 
north latitude which is the boundary line between Mexico and Gua- 
temala, leaving the so-called Snoska or Xnobba River in a northerly 
direction and in Mexican territory. 

Cession of Mexican Territory to the United States. — Mexico has ceded 
to the United States, by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo of February 
2, 1848, and the Gadsden Treaty of December 30, 1853, 930,590 square 
miles, comprising over one-half of her former territory. The same 
cession is considered in the United States under three heads — first 
under the boundary treaty signed in Washington on April 25, 1838, 
between the United States of America and the Republic of Texas, 
under which Texas was annexed to the United States in 1845; second, 
under the cession of the Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty, and the third 
under the Gadsden Treaty. 

As Mexico did not recognize the independence of Texas until the 
treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed, we consider that she only 
gave her consent to that annexation by said treaty, and therefore that the 
•cession of territory made then to the United States embraced also Texas. 

Mr. S. W. Lamoreaux, former Commissioner of the General Land 
-Office, published in 1896 a map of the United States, which contained 
in detail the different sections of territory annexed to the same in dif- 
ferent periods from France, Spain, Mexico, and Russia, where the 
Mexican annexations are clearly defined. From official data of that 
loffice, I take the following figures representing the area of each of 
the Mexican cessions : 



8 (Beoarapbical Botes on flDejico. 

First, annexation of Texas, which embraces in whole or in part the 
following States and Territories : 

Sq. Miles. 

Texas 265,780 

Colorado, in part 18,000 

Kansas, in part 7>766 

New Mexico 65,201 

Oklahoma. 5574° 

Total 362,487 

Second, cession by the Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty, em- 
bracing in whole or in part the following States and Terri- 
tories : 

Sq. Miles. 

Arizona 82,381 

California 157,801 

Colorado, in part 29,500 

Nevada 11 2,090 

New Mexico 42,000 

Utah 84,476 

Wyoming, in part 14,320 

Total 522,568 

Third, cession by the Gadsden Treaty, containing ad- 
ditions to the following Territories : 

Sq. Miles. 

Arizona 3^^535 

New Mexico 14,000 

Total 45,535 

Grand Total in Square Miles 930,590 

General Characteristics. — Mexico is bounded on the east by the 
long curve of the Gulf of Mexico and by the Caribbean Sea, and its 
eastern coast is 1727 miles long ; on the west it is washed by the 
Pacific Ocean, its coast describing the arc of a still larger circle, for a 
length of 4574 miles ; but after passing the latitude of the City of 
Mexico, about the meridian 19° of north latitude, going south, the 
continent makes a decided turn towards the east, the Gulf of Mexico 
forming the northern border, and the Pacific Ocean the southern 
border. 

Mexico has the shape of a cornucopia, with its narrowest end 
tapering toward the southwest, its convex and concave sides facing 



Xocation, Boun&aries, anD Brea. 9 

the Pacific and the Atlantic, respectively, and its widest end toward 
the north, or the United States. I look forward to the time, which I 
do not think far distant, considering our continuity of territory to the 
United States and our immense elements of wealth, when we shall be 
able to provide the United States with most of the tropical products,. 
such as sugar, coffee, tobacco, india-rubber, etc.,' which they now im- 
port from several other countries. 

The widest portion of Mexico is, therefore, its northern extremity, 
or its boundary with the United States. The narrowest point is the 
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, about one hundred miles from one ocean to- 
the other ; and after passing it the country expands again to the south- 
east towards Yucatan and Chiapas until it reaches the boundary with 
Guatemala and Belize, 

Yucatan resembles but little in its configuration Mexico proper, as 
it is a level country formed by coral reefs and beds, and whose ruins 
show it to have been the seat of a high civilization and an advanced 
people. 

Although the greater part of Mexico is on the North American con- 
tinent proper, as the Isthmus of Panama divides North from South 
America, a large portion of it lies in Central America. Geographically 
speaking. Central America is the portion of North America embraced 
between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Panama, and of this vast 
territory Mexico holds about one-third. In a paper published in the 
Btdletin of the American Geographical Society of New York, of March 
31, 1894, I dealt especially with this subject. " 

The broken surface of Mexico formerly made travelling there very 
difficult, for which reason the country was but little known, even by 
Mexicans themselves, as its configuration did not allow of the building 
of good roads, and to travel any considerable distance it was necessary 
to go by mule paths, without comfortable inns, and running great risks, 
owing to the disturbed condition of the country. It required, there- 
fore, time, expense, endurance, and an object in view to travel widely 
there. I was always desirous of knowing as much as possible of the 
country, and I have made long trips, many of them on horseback, 
solely for the purpose of studying certain regions, and I think that 
before the railway era, I was perhaps one of the Mexicans who knew 

' In his Motes on Mexico, Lempriere, a distinguished traveller and historian, says: 
' ' The merciful hand of Providence has bestowed on the Mexicans a magnificent land, 
abounding in resources of all kinds — a land where none ought to be poor, and where 
misery ought to be unknown — a land whose products and riches of every kind are 
abundant and as varied as they are rich. It is a country endowed to profusion with 
every gift that man can desire or envy ; all the metals from gold to lead ; every sort 
of climate, from perpetual snow to tropical heat, and of inconceivable fertility." 

" A copy of that paper is appended to this article. 



lo ©eograpbical Botes on /IDejico, 

most of the country and who could, therefore, most clearly realize the 
difficulty of knowing it thoroughly. From this it can be readily under- 
stood how difficult it would be for a foreigner, without any previous 
knowledge of the country and ignorant of its language, to know it by 
a few days' sojourn there. Yet many travellers who have been in 
Mexico only a few days write about it on their return home, just as if 
they knew it perfectly, making necessarily many serious and sometimes 
laughable mistakes. 

The natural beauties of Switzerland are well known ; but to me that 
country is hardly to be compared with Mexico, as everything in Mexico 
is on a much grander scale. In the latitude in which Switzerland is 
situated the snow line is quite low, and, therefore, most of the peaks of 
the Swiss mountains, while not so high as the Mexican mountains, are 
covered with perpetual snow, which embellishes the country, and which, 
melting in summer, supplies the beautiful lakes of that country with 
fresh water. Therefore, only in the beauty of many snow peaks, 
beautiful fresh- water lakes, good roads, and fine hotels has Switzerland 
the superiority over Mexico. 

Historians, travellers, and writers of the present day compare Mexico 
with Egypt. There is no doubt that between the legends and romance 
with which the history of each of these countries abounds there is a 
striking resemblance. The pyramids and ancient relics in the form of 
buildings, images, and undeciphered hieroglyphics on stones, coins, 
etc., found in both countries, all contribute to the general belief that, 
centuries ago, the people of Mexico and Egypt were connected by 
some tie, were in some way of the same race and had the same ideas. 
To-day in Mexico, the manner of living, of cultivating the soil, and 
many other peculiarities in the manners and customs of the Mexican 
people forcibly remind the traveller of Upper and Lower Egypt.' 

^ In a very bright article about Mexico by Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, published 
in Harper's Illustrated Monthly Magazine for June, 1897, 1 find the following sentence 
supporting my assertion : 

" In the cities he is reminded of Spain, and often of Italy (since the Catholic Church 
prevails), but in the country and in small towns the appearance is Oriental, or rather 
Egyptian. This resemblance to Egypt is due to the color or colors of the inhabitants, 
to the universal use of the donkey as a beast of burden, to the brown adobe walls and 
mud huts covered with cane, to the dust on the foliage, the clouds of dust raised 
in all the highways, and to a certain similarity of dress, so far as color and rags can 
give it, and the ability of men and women to squat all day on the ground and be 
happy." 

Mr. Theodore W. Noyes, of Washington, in a descriptive article on Mexico, pub- 
lished in December, 1895, makes the following parallel between Mexico and Egypt : 

" . . . The Egyptian shaduf finds its counterpart in the well sweep of Irapuato 
where strawberries are grown and sold every day in the year, and where irrigation is 
resorted to, systematized, and on a grand scale. In the absence of trees and rocks 



Xocation, Boundaries, ant) Hrea. n 

I, myself, although I have only visited Lower Egypt, and that as a 
tourist in a very hasty manner and for a very few days, was greatly 
struck by the great similarity that I found between the two countries 
and between the habits of the native Egyptian and the Mexican In- 
dians. The Egyptian plows are used by the Mexican Indians, and 
they are drawn in Mexico as in Egypt by oxen whose yokes are fast- 
ened to their horns, while in other countries they are fastened on their 
necks. Several of the agricultural products of Egypt and Mexico are 
exactly the same, and the way in which foods are prepared in both 
countries is, too, very similar ; and I also found similar traits and 
race characteristics between the Egyptian Copts and some tribes of 
the Mexican Indians. 

The great difference between Egypt and Mexico is that Mexico 
lacks " irrigation," which has made Egypt — that small corner of the 
earth — the most remarkable and productive country in the world. 
Owing to the great stretch of latitude from the Rio Grande to the 
Guatemala boundary, everything that grows in Egypt, and in fact in 
any other part of the world, can be produced in Mexico by the aid of 
irrigation. 

the Egyptian shaduf is small, is composed of prepared timbers, and the counterpoise 
to the well bucket is an immense chunk of dried, hardened Nile mud. The Mexican 
shaduf utilizes a forked tree and swings across it a long tapering tree trunk or branch, 
and the counterpoise consists of a large sink stone or mass of stones fastened together. 
Although Mexico stretches farther south than Egypt, the two countries lie, generally 
speaking, between the same parallels of latitude, but the altitude of Irapuato is 5000 
feet above the sea-level of the Nile, so that the same degree of undress is not 
expected or found in the Mexicans as in the Egyptian shaduf workers. I saw, how- 
ever, in the neighborhood of Irapuato two Indians at well sweeps working side by side 
who were dressed only in white cotton loin cloths, who looked like the twin brothers of 
shaduf workers whom I have seen photographed on the Nile. . . . The water- 
carrier of Cairo is much like his brother of Guanajuato, where a long earthen jar is 
used. The groups about the fountains with jars of water bodily borne on the women's 
heads or on a protecting turban-like ring, or balanced on the men's shoulders, are also 
Oriental. Com is ground between two stones in Asiatic fashion. 

" Egyptian sand spouts are common. Also Egyptian types of domestic utensils 
of pottery. The Mexican woman with a baby at her back securely fastened in the 
xeboso, which throws the infant's weight on the mother's shoulders, is to be compared 
with the Egyptian woman whose reboso covers her face while the child straddles her 
shoulders, holding to her head and leaving her hands unfettered as in the Mexican 
fashion. There are no Egyptian camels, but even more numerous donkeys, the patient 
burros. The Indian villages, either of adobe or bamboo, the thatched roofs and organ 
cactus fences, and alive with goats, donkeys, or snarling curs, are African in effect. 
There Aztecs picture writings resemble the Egyptian, the paper being made from the 
maguey instead of the papyrus. The Aztecs employed captives on great public works 
as in Egypt. Mexico thus has pyramids with much broader base than those of Egypt, 
though not nearly so high, and idols quite as ugly. Gold ornaments, beads, and other 
-highly prized antiquities are found in the tombs as in Egypt." 



12 (Beoarapbical IRotes on /IDejico. 

GEOLOGY. 

The geology of Mexico has been but imperfectly studied. In the 
higher ranges the prevailing formations are granite, which seem also- 
to form the foundations of the plateaus, above which rise the traps^ 
basalts, mineral-bearing porphyries, and more recent lavas. Hence, 
Lyell's theory that Mexico consisted originally of granite ranges with 
intervening valleys subsequently filled up to the level of the plateaus 
by subterranean eruptions. Igneous rocks of every geologic epoch cer- 
tainly form to a large extent the superstructure of the central plateau. 
But the Mexican table-land seems to consist mainly of metamorphic 
formations which have been partly upheaved, partly interpenetrated, 
and overlaid by igneous masses of all epochs, and which are chiefly 
represented by shales, greywacke, greenstones, silicious schists, and 
especially unfossiliferous limestones. All these formations are alike 
remarkable for the abundance and variety of their metalliferous ores, 
such as silver, silver glance, copper, and gold. Gneiss and micaceous 
schists prevail in Oaxaca and on all the southern slopes facing both 
oceans. But the highest ranges are formed mainly of plutonic and 
volcanic rocks, such as granites, syenites, diorites, mineral-bearing 
trachytes, basalts, porphyries, obsidian, pearlstone, sulphur, pumice, 
lavas, tufa, and other recent volcanic discharges. Obsidian (itzli) was 
the chief material formerly used by the natives in the manufacture of 
their cutting implements, as shown by the quarries of the Cerro de las 
Navajas (Knife Cliff), near Real del Monte and Pachuca in the State 
of Hidalgo. Vast deposits of pumice and the purest sulphur are found 
at Huichapam and in many of the craters. But immeasurably the 
most valuable rocks are the argentiferous porphyries and schists of 
the central plateau and of Sinaloa, unless they are destined to be 
rivalled by the auriferous deposits of Sonora. Horizontal and strati- 
fied rocks, of extremely limited extent in the south, are largely devel- 
oped in the northern states, and chalk becomes very prevalent towards 
the Rio Grande and Rio Gila valleys. To this chalk and to the sand- 
stones are probably due the sandy plains which cover vast tracts in 
North Mexico, stretching thence far into New Mexico and Texas. 
Here the Bolson de Mapimi, a vast rocky wilderness inhabited until 
recently by wild tribes, occupies a space of perhaps 50,000 square 
miles in Coahuila and parts of the surrounding States. 

None of the horizontal layers seem to be very rich in ores, which 
are mainly found in the metamorphic, palgeozoic, and hypogene rocks 
of Durango, Chihuahua, and the south. Apart from Sinaloa and 
Sonora, which are now known to contain vast stores of the precious 
metals, nearly all the historical mines lie on the south central plateau at 
elevations of from 5500 to 9500 feet. A line drawn from the capital to 
Guanajuato, and thence northwards to the mining town of Guadalupe 



fiDining. 13 

y Calvo of Chihuahua, and southwards to Oaxaca, thus cutting the 
main axis of upheaval at an angle of 45°, will intersect probably the 
richest known argentiferous region in the whole world. 

Of other minerals the most important are copper, found in a pure 
state near the city of Guanajuato, and associated with gold in Chihua- 
hua, Sonora, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, and elsewhere ; iron in 
immense masses in Michoacan and Jalisco, and in Durango, where the 
Cerro del Mercado is a solid mountain of magnetic iron ore ; lead 
associated with silver, chiefly in Oaxaca ; tin in Michoacan and Jalisco ; 
sulphur in many craters ; platinum, recently found in Hidalgo ; cin- 
nabar, also recently found in Morelos and Guerrero ; " steppe salt " in 
the sandy districts of the north ; " bitter salt " at Tepeyac and many 
other places ; coal at various points ; bismuth in many parts ; marble, 
alabaster, gypsum, and rock-salt in great abundance throughout the 
plateaus and the sierras. 

MINING. 

Mexico is, perhaps, the richest mining country in the world, and 
the production of silver — notwithstanding the imperfect methods 
and other drawbacks with which it has contended — represents over 
one-third of the product of the world, according to official statis- 
tics. Almost all the mountains of Mexico are of the metalliferous 
character, but those which seem richest in mining deposits are the 
western cordillera, extending from the State of Oaxaca to Sonora, a 
distance of about 1600 miles from northwest to southeast. 

Humboldt gave as his opinion that Mexico would be " the treasure 
house of the world." Subsequent history has, in a great measure, con- 
firmed the opinion of the great savant of his time. Still a more con- 
servative authority has quite lately asserted that only one-tenth of 
the mining resources of Mexico is known. This last estimate, I am 
sure, is inside rather than outside of the facts. Mexico has always 
been considered the great silver producer, and, considering her area, 
and taking the century as a measure, she is the greatest silver producer 
of the world. 

Silver. — The central group of mines in the three mining districts of 
Guanajuato, Zacatecas, and Catorce, in the States of Guanajuato, Zaca- 
tecas and San Luis Potosi, which have yielded more than half of all 
the silver heretofore found in Mexico, lies between 21° and 24° 30' N., 
within an area of about 13,000 square miles. Here the Veta Madre 
lode of Guanajuato alone produced $252,000,000 between 1556 and 
1803. 

In the beginning of this century Humboldt found two Guanajuato 
mines — the famous " Conde de Valenciana " and the " Marques de 
Rayas " — producing annually 550,000 marks, 4,400,000 ounces, of silver, 



14 (Beograpbical Botes on /IDe^ico. 

one-seventh or one-eighth of the entire American output. From Janu- 
ary I, 1787, to June II, 1791, the Valenciana yielded 13,896,416 ounces 
of silver, its ore averaging a little over 100 ounces to the ton. Though 
flooded, this fine old mine is still far from exhausted. 

Gold occurs chiefly, not on the plateau in association with silver^ 
but on the slopes facing the Pacific, and apparently in greatest abun- 
dance in Sonora, near the auriferous region of Lower California. The 
production would have been larger if an improved process of reducing 
the metals had been used, but during the whole colonial period and up 
to the present time, we have used the patio system, which consists in 
grinding the ore, stirring it until it is reduced to a fine dust and mixing 
it then with salt and copper amalgam ; after the paste dries somewhat, 
salt is added in proportion to the amount of silver supposed to be in the 
ore ; the material is then mixed with shovels and trodden by mules, and, 
after a day or two, another mixture of copper, vitriol, and salt is added ; 
after that it is mixed and trodden again ; then quicksilver is finally 
added, and then more mixing and treading. This process is repeated 
from five to fifteen times until the silver and quicksilver unite to form 
an amalgam, which is gathered into bags, and that requires about forty 
days. Most of the quicksilver is squeezed out and the rest is evapo- 
rated and run off into tubs. This method saves 50 or 60 per cent, of 
rich ore and, besides being very long, is rather imperfect, as it leaves a 
great deal of silver in the ore, and only rich ores could be treated by it ; 
but it was on the whole the easiest and cheapest. 

Some of the old mines were worked until finally they became so deep 
that, with the methods then used, as buckets were employed instead of 
pumps, and steam had not been employed as power, it was impossible 
to drain them. Naturally in a deep mine the water flows in from 
springs, and the deeper a mine becomes the more water it has. These 
mines were worked until it was seen that it was impossible to drain 
them, and then they were abandoned, even though they were rich in 
metals. During our war of independence almost all the mines were 
abandoned for the want of guarantee to life and property, and the 
mining industry, therefore, declined considerably ; but recently the old 
mines have been worked again and the production of silver has in- 
creased very considerably.^ 

' Mr. J. A. R. Waters of the firm of Waters Bros. , Mining Engineers of the City 
of Mexico, said of his visit to the Jesus Maria District of the State of Chihuahu, where 
he went to examine the mine worked by the Pinos Altos Co., as follows : 

' ' The district is very thoroughly mineralized and is pierced by veins more frequently 
than any district I ever saw. The general formation is very similar to that of Cripple 
Creek, with the exception that it is not traversed by the great porphyry dikes that occur 
there and in other parts of Colorado. The country formation is largely braccia. The 
ore is generally free milling, and is treated with stamps and pan amalgamation, the 
finer ores being treated with Huntington mills. There is little waste of values." 



ilDtntnQ, 15 

Real del Monte Company. — It would be interesting to refer briefly to 
the ups and downs of one of the mining enterprises of Mexico — the 
Real del Monte — as a typical case which exemplifies what has happened 
with many other of our mines, namely, that sometimes they yield large 
profits, and soon afterwards they cause tremendous losses. The Real 
del Monte is located about three miles from Pachuca, a large mining 
centre and the capital of the State of Hidalgo, distant about sixty miles 
southeast of the City of Mexico. 

In 1739, a Biscayan, by the name of Don Pedro Jose Romero de Ter- 
reros, came from Santander and settled in Queretaro. He acquired 
a fortune of f 60,000 in a small store in 1749, closed up his affairs, and 
started to return to his native land. On reaching Pachuca he met an 
old mining friend, Don Jose Alejandro Bustamante, who called his 
attention to the Real del Monte. In company with Bustamante he 
staked out the Biscaina, Santa Brigida, and Guadalupe mines and began 
to get the water out, but they soon exhausted their united funds. How- 
ever, they succeeded in raising money in the City of Mexico on hard 
terms and drained their properties by a tunnel, which started at Moran, 
on the northern slope of the mountains, and, running 9000 feet through 
hard porphyry rock, struck the vein at a depth of 600 feet. This was 
accomplished a few years later in 1759. Bustamante by this time had 
died, but Terreros continued the work. On striking the vein he drained 
it, and in 1760 began the erection of the Hacienda de Regla, to work 
the rich ore he was taking out. He took out $15,000,000 at a small 
cost, repaid his advances, built and presented to the King of Spain 
a man-of-war and 4700 bars of silver, for which he was created Conde 
de Regla. He lived in grand style in the City of Mexico, and built a 
palatial residence on Cadena Street. 

He died in 1781, and was succeeded by his son, the second Conde, 
who from 1774 to 1783 struggled with the water, which, as depth was 
attained, was very severe ; according to Ward, twenty-eight horse-whims 
were employed in the drainage at great expense and unsuccessfully. 
However, they had gotten down to 324 feet below the Moran adit on 
the Biscaina vein in the Guadalupe and Santa Teresa shafts. The 
production was $400,000 per year, drainage costing $250,000 per 
year, and sinking was abandoned, and the work was confined to 
drifting above water level. 

From 1801 to 1809, $300,000 per year was taken out, but the cost 
of extraction was severe. Humboldt visited the property, and in 18 10 
the war of independence broke out, and all operations were suspended. 
Meanwhile the water rose and the Moran tunnel caved in, and so 
allowed the water to rise to an enormous height, and the district went 
to rack and ruin. 

In 1822 the Conde's administrator, Don Ignacio Castelazo, made a 



i6 Geoarapbical Botes on ^e£ico» 

report, and by his Italian mining friend, Rivafinoli, sent it to the 
Conde, who was living in England. 

That country was only too anxious to reap for themselves some of 
the spoils that Spain had gleaned from Mexican mines. Here was 
their opportunity, many became interested, and the celebrated mining 
expert of that day, Mr. John Taylor, the founder of the present Lon- 
don firm now so heavily interested in South Africa, Taylor Bros., was 
sent to make an examination, and in 1824 the English Real del Monte 
Company was formed on the following terms : — The company leased 
the mines and haciendas for twenty-one years : ist. The capital in- 
vested was to be returned from the products of the mines with interest ; 
2d. The Conde was then to have one-half of the remaining proceeds 
yearly ; 3d. Meanwhile he was to receive $16,000 per year as an ad- 
vance against his portion or anticipated profits. In case of failure of 
this third clause the lease would be cancelled and everything revert to 
the Conde. As the outlay amounted to over $5,000,000 and no profit 
-ensued, it amounted to a rent of $16,000 per year. 

In 1824 Captain Vetch, of the Royal Engineers, was sent out as 
manager. He brought three ships filled with one thousand tons of 
machinery, pumps, etc., and after untold trials in transportation and 
erection, finally got them to their destination. All this was done by 
English engineers, machinists, miners, and workmen, nearly all Cor- 
nishmen, under the direction of Colonel Colquhoun, a Peninsular 
veteran, who finally died of yellow fever with over fifty of his men. 
After unheard-of troubles they got everything by 1826 safely landed 
in the Real del Monte. The magnitude of the task may be understood 
when the almost roadless condition of the country is considered, and 
the bringing up of the machinery from the coast was a splendid exam- 
ple of British tenacity and pluck. 

Captain Vetch had now cleaned out the Moran adit and the Dolores 
shaft, and the machinery was at once erected. The stock now rose 
from $500 to $8000 per share. The Conde had, in the meanwhile, 
borrowed money from the company and made the twenty-one-year 
lease perpetual, the annual rent of $16,000 remaining in force. 

By 1829 Captain Vetch had grappled with the water question, and 
with an annual cost of $30,000 had accomplished what the first Count 
had paid $250,000 for,and extracted metal 324 feet below the Moran adit. 

Captain Tindall, R.N., succeeded Captain Vetch, and a new shaft 
{1830) was commenced on the Santa Teresa and called the Terreros 
shaft. It was 1140 feet to the vein and was started at four points, and 
was connected in 1834 by drifts run from several levels, and then 
raised and sunk on. The work came out as true as if it had been 
done from the surface, thanks to the correctness of the plans of the 
English mine surveyors. 



/IDinina. 17 

A 54- inch engine was erected, and with it they sank to 720 feet 
below the Moran adit. At this point water overpowered them. This 
was in 1838, and Captain John Rule, who had succeeded Captain Tin- 
dall, put in a 75-inch engine at Dolores, and removed the 54-inch one 
to Acosta. Captain Rule enjoyed a salary of ;!^io,ooo per year, and 
all other payments were in proportion. He struck two bunches of 
rich ore, one on the Santa Brigida, near Acosta, and the other on La 
Biscains, near Dolores. From these two and one at Torreros they 
had produced $10,481,475 at a cost of $15,381,633 or nearly $5,000,000 
loss in twenty-three years. By 1846 the stock had fallen to $12.50 
from $8000 a share. 

In 1848, Mr. J. H. Buchan arrived, representing the English stock- 
holders. He found water in the mines and increasing ; a heavy debt 
of $5,000,000, bearing a tremendous interest ; no money on hand and 
no ore. So in October, 1848, by order of the bondholders he turned 
over the business to a Mexican company — the present one — composed 
of Manuel Escandon, Antonio and Nicanor Beistegui, Mr. Mackintosh, 
and others for the paltry sum of $130,000. The haciendas, stock, and 
ores on hand were worth millions, but the English company could not 
dispose of them. 

This was the end of the famous English Real del Monte Companj^ 
Their Mexican successors reduced expenses, completed the adit from 
Omotitlan commenced by the first Conde, which, running 13,500 feet, 
cut the mines 11 10 deeper and struck immediately the bona?iza in the 
Rosario, which tradition says had previously been discovered and 
covered up by Captain Rule. 

IVew Mines, Topia. — We have now a great many districts that were 
not known by the Spaniards and have recently been discovered. No- 
table among them is the Sierra Mojada district in the State of Coahuila. 
The State of Durango has, on the west slope of the Sierra Madre 
mountains, the mining camps of Topia, Sianori, Birimoa, Gusanillas, 
Canelas, Ventanos, El Pando, Rodeo, and San Fernando ; and with 
the exception of San Fernando they are close together, a square, one of 
whose sides is forty miles, would almost cover them all. This section 
has all the elements to form the basis of a great mining and smelting 
centre, as is evident by the great deposits of galena in the Topia dis- 
trict ; in fact, this is the only place on the coast where lead ore is 
found in abundance ; and smelting, if done at all, must rely on Topia 
for its supply of lead ores. In no other part of Mexico are lead ores 
so cheap, because of the fact that to realize on them at all they must 
be transported on mule-back to Culiacan in the State of Sinaloa, a dis- 
tance of 106 miles, at a rate of $26.40 silver per ton, and from there 
by rail to Altata, a distance of thirty-nine miles ; and from Altata by 
steamer to San Francisco, or to Guaymas, and thence by rail to the 



1 8 6eoarapbical "Motes on fiDejico, 

smelters in the United States, very much at the same cost. La 
Liona mine of this district is a very rich mine, its vein being almost 
vertical, and is tapped from both sides of the mountain, with tunnels 
at right angles to the vein. Where the tunnels intersect the vein, the 
vein is driven on in both directions from the tunnels ; stopes are 
opened, and chutes for ore are put in every seventy-five feet. The 
vertical distance between the tunnels is 125 metres. This mine can 
easily produce one thousand tons per month of clean galena, and 
v/ould produce that much metal if there was a market for it. 

There are other mines as large and perhaps better than La Liona, as, 
for instance. La Madrugada mine, formerly owned by Santa Fe Railroad 
employees, but now controlled by Mr. Charles Miller, of Franklin, Pa., 
connected with the Standard Oil Company. Topia is a great dry-ore 
camp as well. One thousand tons of dry ores can easily be mined 
there per month, were there a market for them, such as a commercial 
smelter located centrally to treat the ores of this and adjoining districts. 
Such smelter would have the advantage of an inexhaustible supply of 
good water the year round, fine iron ore, and limestone for fluxes. 

At Topia there are four mills for the treatment of zincy ores, and 
dry ores assaying below one hundred ounces silver per ton. The 
lixiviation process by hyposulphite of soda is employed in the four 
mills or haciendas, two of them employ occasionally the patio process 
as well. Two of the mills and two mines are lighted by electricity ; 
the dynamo that furnishes light for one of the mills and both of the 
mines is driven by water power. Below the mills operated by water 
power, there is sufficient fall and sufficient water to furnish the power 
to operate compressed-air drills in all the large mines. 

The other mining camps of this district, although not so well devel- 
oped as Topia, are also in process of development and in a very good 
condition. Velardena is also in the State of Durango, but on the other 
or eastern side of the mountains, and is located in a comparatively new 
district, where the previous owners had failed. Mr. James F. Mathews 
purchased the Velardena property, erected a smelter after the Interna- 
tional Railroad Company had extended their main line from Torreon 
to the city of Durango, passing near the mine, and from the beginning 
has run five of the six furnaces almost continuously. During 1896 the 
Velardena smelter smelted on an average 175 tons of ore per day. 

Z/ Hung Chang and the Mexican Silver Mines. — When Li Hung 
Chang, the Chinese Viceroy, was in Washington, in August, 1896, he 
inquired of me about the production of the Mexican mines, and I, trying 
to be conservative, informed him that they produced about $50,000,- 
000 a year. He then inquired how long they would continue yielding 
that amount. I answered that it was uncertain, but that, judging from 
present appearances, it could safely be said that it might be for one 



/IDimng, 19 

hundred years. This seemed incredible to him, and he said that I had 
been so long absent from Mexico — for he had previously asked me how 
long I had been in this country — I could not know the real wealth and 
abundance of our mines, and he was very positive that I had made a 
mistake. He assured me that the silver mines in China yielded occa- 
sionally something, but soon were exhausted, and it was impossible to 
get any silver out of them, and judging the Mexican silver mines from 
those he had seen at home, he was, of course, incredulous as to their 
yield. 

Some years ago, and when the Mexican mines only yielded about 
$20,000,000 a year, I predicted that their annual yield would reach 
$100,000,000, and that prediction is about being veriHed, as the present 
product exceeds $60,000,000. 

Gold. — Gold was used freely in Mexico before the Spanish con- 
quest, and history teaches us how Cortez induced Montezuma to 
deliver to him his gold treasury. 

As soon as Mexico was conquered, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, one of 
the cotemporary historians, tells us that Cortez inquired very carefully 
about the place where the Indians obtained their gold, whether there 
were placers, mines, or washings, and his agents were taken to some 
localities in the State of Oaxaca, where they were told was the gold 
supply, but, whether the Indians concealed the real location of the 
gold deposits, or for other reasons, the Spaniards did not obtain much 
gold. I have known recently of unavailing efforts having been made 
of persons from the United States who have tried to ascertain the 
localities where the Indians obtained their gold, that is — the places 
which were shown to Cortex in Oaxaca as gold deposits. 

There is a river in the State of Guerrero which flows over a coun- 
try with hills abundant in gold formation, which carries nuggets that 
the natives find without any difficulty, and it is called for that reason 
the Gold River. That river passes over some mountains where gold 
is found, and then comes to a place where a natural dam is formed, 
and the gold carried by the washings in the rainy season sinks when 
reaching that place, and every indication shows that there must be a 
very large deposit of gold there. A military engineer suggested, the 
last time I was Secretary of the Treasury in Mexico, that the bed of 
the river be changed by the Mexican Government, a work which did 
not present serious obstacles, and thus allow excavations to be made 
and the gold deposits found. It was thought advisable to make some 
preliminary examinations in the way of boring, and for that purpose 
the necessary orders were issued to send soldiers there, but I under- 
stand the project was given up and nothing was accomplished. I have 
no doubt that at some future time that matter will be taken up, and a 
great deal of gold will be found there. 



20 ©eograpbical IRotes on /IDe^ico. 

Our production of gold has so far been comparatively small, be- 
cause the mining and reduction of gold are more difficult and expensive 
than the same operations in silver, and our gold production has really 
been the amount of gold which has been found in our silver. For 
many years, when the amount was small, it was not separated, and for 
that reason old Mexican dollars have in China greater value than newly 
coined ones; but recent improvements have made it easy and cheap to 
make the separation of the two metals. Now that gold has risen so 
much in value, its mining is beginning to be developed in Mexico on a 
comparatively large scale, and I have no doubt that before long 
Mexico will be one of the largest gold producers of the world. 

Mexico is an undeveloped country, in fact there are parts of 
Mexico as unknown as was Central Africa a few years back. From 
the Sonora gold district, south, on the west side of the Sierra Madre, 
to the State of Oaxaca, there is a gold belt as rich as California, Alaska, 
and South Africa combined. It is known that in the State of Sinaloa 
there are gold placers and gold washings, and that they are also found 
in every State from there south on the line of this belt.' 

The gold output of Sonora, now beginning to attract attention, is 
only the first contribution of Mexico to the world's stock of the yellow 
metal. The west side of the Sierra Madre has a belt rich in gold, and 
when the world discovers this fact capital will flock to Mexico to dig 
it out, and Mexico will become one of the first gold producers of the 
world, as she has been in silver. 

Specimens of " float " rich in gold have been brought from the State 
of Guerrero. These indications of gold have not been followed up, 
because no one has been progressive enough to advance the means 
necessary to prospect this belt. To prospect in a country where often 
water fit to drink must be carried, where food for man and beast must 
be carried, and where in many places roads must be cut with machete 
and axe, cannot be done without the spending of money in outfit and 
expenses. 

The principal gold-producing States will be Sonora, Sinaloa, Guer- 
rero, and Oaxaca, but in all of them gold-mining is yet in its 
beginning. 

* I take from a report of Mr. Cramer, a mining engineer sent to Mexico by the 
Geological Society of Washington, D. C, as Commissioner to explore the gold fields of 
that Republic, the following, which refers to only one of the many new gold fields that 
are being found there : 

' ' There exists an extensive ' gold placer ' situated about thirty miles from Durango 
in the mountain devoid of vegetation ; the rock that is found in greater quantities is 
porphyry. I estimate that one ton of ore will yield at least $50 of gold. 

" Gold is found all over the mountain, though in such imperceptible filaments 
that it is hard to recognize it with the naked eye ; however, every piece of stone con- 
tains the same proportion of gold." 



/IDining, 



Coinage of the Precious Metals. — Mexico has produced about one- 
half of the silver supply of the world. In the statistical portion of this 
paper I shall give full details of the production of gold and silver in 
Mexico, coinage, etc., and here I will only append the total coinage of 
gold and silver according to official statistics of the Mexican Govern- 
ment, which is the following : 

COINAGE OF MEXICO FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MINTS IN 
1537 TO THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR OF 1896. 



COLONIAL EPOCH. 


GOLD. 


SILVER. 


COPPER. 


TOTAL. 




$ 8,497,950 
19,889,014 
40,391,447 


$ 752,067,456 
441,629,211 
888,563,989 


$ 200,000 


$ 760,765,406 








342,893 


929,298,329 






INDEPENDENCE. 


$68,778,411 


$2,082,260,656 


$ 542,893 


$2,151,581,960 


Iturbide's Imperial Bust, from 1822 to 1823 


$ 557,392 
45,040,628 


% 18,575,569 
740,246,485 




$ 19,132,961 
790,522,290 


$5,235,177 




REPUBLIC. 


$45,598,020 $ 758,822,054 


$5,235,177 


$ 809,655,251 


Eagle coin, from i July, 1873, '° 3° June, 1896 


$11,561,080 $ 557,581,690 


$ 203,296 


$ 569,346,066 



SUMMARY. 

Colonial Epoch 1537 to 1821 $2,151,581,960 

Independence 1822 to 1873 809,655,251 

Republic 1873 to 1896 569,346,066 



Total $3,530,583,277 

Iron. — Iron, the most useful of all the metals, is found in such vast 
abundance in Mexico that, could it be even partially utilized, that Re- 
public would become one of the wealthiest of modern communities. 
One of the largest mines was discovered by Gines Vazquez del Mer- 
cado, in Durango, in 1562, and its appellation of *' Cerro del Mercado" 
still preserves his name. The hill, which is 4800 feet long by 11 00 feet 
in width and 640 feet in height, is almost a solid mass of mineral, aver- 
aging about seventy per cent, of metal and from which could be ex- 
tracted more than 300,000,000 tons of solid ore ; this only to the level of 
the plain, beneath which it probably extends to an unknown depth. 

The iron is also magnetic to a high degree and its power is greater 
when the grain is fine. This may delay fusion, but the result is an ex- 
cellent wrought iron, with none of the inconveniences caused by earthy 
substances mixed with the iron. I have no doubt that when the coal 
mines are developed the iron industry will make great strides and 
that we will be able to manufacture most of at least the low grades of 
the iron goods required for our comsumption. In several other places 
besides our Iron Mountain we have iron with very little phosphorus, 
which makes first-class steel and is as good as the best produced in 
Cuba or Spain. 



22 (Beoorapbical IRotes on /IDejfco. 

The deposits of iron in Mexico are sufficient to supply the universe 
for centuries to come. There is but one thing lacking, and that thing 
is — cheap fuel. Nature never works by halves ; those immense de- 
posits of iron never were put where they are without the means near 
at hand for their utilization. Coal exists, but it has not been mined yet 
on a large scale, as it will be hereafter. 

But even at the present time the principal supply of pig-iron comes 
from native ore, the output being consumed by the producers in the 
manufacture of iron goods. The main iron mines now being worked 
are located at Durango, Zimapan, Zacualtipan, Tulancingo, and Leon. 
For the most part these mines are found in the midst of great forests, 
in consequence of which cheap fuel is found in the form of charcoal, 
the iron made from which being of very superior quality, free from 
phosphorous, and, price and other things being equal, is always pre- 
ferred to the imported pig. It is manufactured in charcoal furnaces 
exclusively. 

There is, however, quite a considerable amount of pig imported, 
principally from Alabama, and Scotch pig from England. The great 
drawback to importations heretofore has been the immense quantity of 
scrap iron, which, during the lapse of centuries, had accumulated, un- 
used, throughout the Republic. This, however, is becoming well-nigh 
exhausted ; and for that reason the demand for imported pig is increas- 
ing, the native output not keeping pace with the need for it. Much 
scrap iron also has come from railroads, another source of supply 
which is not increasing with the demand. 

Imported pig ranges in price in the City of Mexico from $50 to $60 
silver per ton, the native producers aiming to keep their price just 
about the same. 

Iron Foundries. — There are in the City of Mexico, in addition to 
several small ones, seven large foundries, as follows : the Mexican 
Central Railroad foundry, the Mexican National Railroad foundry, 
the Artistic, the Delicias, Charreton Bros., V. Elcoro & Co., and 
Hipolito David. There are also large foundries at Pachuca, Puebla, 
Chihuahua, Durango, and Monterey, as well as smaller ones at Irapuato, 
Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Veracruz, Guadalajara, Mazatlan, Oaxaca, and 
Morelia. 

Copper. — Copper is now quite an important product of Mexico, and 
4s used to a certain extent in the country, but as the supply far exceeds 
the home demand, it is exported to the United States and Europe. 
That which finds its way to this country enters chiefly in the form of 
matte, and is refined into casting or electrolytic copper. What goes to 
Europe is blister copper, or approximately so, from the Boleo mine in 
Lower California, where a French company is working a large group 
of copper mines. The point of most activity is Santa Rosalia, on the 



fining* 23 

Gulf of California, where the company treats the ore in its own smelt- 
ing plant adjoining. The matte, or black copper, is sent to Europe in 
the same vessels that bring out coke. The company gives employ- 
ment to thousands of hands directly and indirectly, owns its own 
steamers, and solicits workmen all along the coast. But this enter- 
prise, large as it is, shows the progress that has been made and the 
difficulties overcome by individuals. The country itself is arid and 
sterile, and there is little encouragement for others to prospect, or 
even develop, when found, apparently good prospects, owing to the 
natural difficulties to be overcome and the vast capital necessary to 
successfully carry on mining operations ; as success is hardly to be 
obtained except by treating the ores on the ground, as the Boleo Com- 
pany has done. 

At the same time the enterprising firm of Guggenheim has estab- 
lished its works at Aguas Calientes, adding very considerably to the 
copper product, and the increase of matte shipments from San Luis 
Potosi and Monterey makes a large difference from former returns. 
To judge from the official figures, the amount of copper produced in 
1896 was not less than 22,000 metric tons, the greater production being 
from the Boleo mines. 

Quicksilver. — The production of quicksilver can only be approxi- 
mated from imports, as the native production is far short of the re- 
quirements of the country. In 1895 the amount imported was 818,704 
kilos, with a value of $541,664, while during the past year the amount 
imported was 854,526 kilos, with a value of $574,153. The only infer- 
ence to be drawn from these figures is that the production in Mexico 
in the past year as compared with 1895 has not increased, and the 
figures of production given in the Ejigineering and Mining Journal of 
1895 may be accepted as correct for 1896. 

Coal. — Fuel is perhaps the greatest and most pressing need of 
Mexico. For centuries the population of the whole country has used 
wood for fuel, until the most thickly inhabited portions of the country 
are completely destitute of trees. This condition of things is a very 
serious objection to the increase of manufacturing, as it is impossible 
to manufacture cheaply when fuel commands a very high figure. Coal, 
which has to be transported sometimes for thousands of miles before it 
reaches the centre of the country, becomes very expensive. At present 
rates the cost of wood in the City of Mexico is equal to $14 a cord, 
while coal ranges from $16 to $22 per ton according to grade, and one 
source of supply is the artificial fuel of compressed coal dust brought 
from England, and in use not alone on the Veracruz Railway, but in 
various local industries, while coal also comes from West Virginia, 
Alabama, etc. The distances of the sources of coal supply and its 
consequent cost led to the attempt of utilizing the peat deposits which 



24 6eoarapb(cal IRotcs on /IDe^ico, 

are of great extent and practically inexhaustible within ten miles of 
the City of Mexico. 

In the Tlahualilo district of the State of Coahuila, for instance, 
owing to the distance from the nearest coal mines, the question of fuel 
is very important, as there are at present more than three hundred 
horse-power in constant use, and the amount is steadily increasing. 
The main supply is from the mesquite brush, which is cleared from the 
new lands as the work of ditching and preparation advances. The 
hulls of the cotton seed also make a hot but quick fuel for some of 
the larger stationary engines. The wheat, straw and cotton bushes are 
utilized for brick-burning and for the domestic purposes of the labor- 
ing population. 

Those acquainted with industrial conditions in Mexico and making 
investigations with a view to the establishment of new industries in 
that Republic, are consequently impressed with the fact that, in spite 
of the cheap labor, favorable climatic conditions, and good home 
markets, the lack of cheap fuel is exceedingly detrimental to a large 
proportion of the industries of this country ; but fortunately large de- 
posits of coal are now being discovered in the Republic. At Salinas, 
in the State of Coahuila, a large bed of coal is being worked by the 
International Railroad Company, which furnishes fuel for that road 
and even for a portion of the Southern Pacific Railroad and for some 
of the manufactories in Monterey. In the district of Tlaxiaco, in the 
State of Oaxaca, a very rich coal-field has been discovered, but for the 
present it is inaccessible and before a railroad can be built to tap it 
it cannot be used, as the expense of transportation would be exceed- 
ingly high. Sonora contains a carboniferous area, several miles in ex- 
tent, with innumerable veins from five to sixteen feet in thickness, of 
hard, clean, anthracite coal, carrying as high a percentage in fixed car- 
bon as the best coal mined in Wales. The ledge is thirty miles in 
length and averages sixteen feet in width, showing a quantity sufficient 
to supply the entire Pacific coast with anthracite coal of the first quality 
for years to come. The configuration of that State and the proximity 
of the sea make it comparatively easy to work it. 

At Jiquilpan, State of Michoacan, almost immediately south from 
Negrete station on the Guadalajara branch of the Mexican Central 
Railroad, a large coal-field has been discovered. While it is not prob- 
able that either anthracite or first-class bituminous coal will be found 
in these fields, still the great value of even an ordinary class of coal 
will be appreciated by those acquainted with industrial conditions in. 
Mexico. The coal measures of the Chapala district probably belong 
to the tertiary period, and lie in stratified rock overlaid by an outflow 
of basalt or lava, at an elevation of 250 or 300 feet above Lake Cha- 
pala. The general series of rocks has been examined and pronounced 



/IDtning, 25 

as coal-bearing by an eminent geologist. The measures are quite ex- 
tensive, being easily traced from Yurecuaro to near Ameca with oc- 
casional interruptions through volcanic intrusion. The developments 
already made, show that the coal or lignite veins extend over perhaps, 
thirty square miles. How much beyond these limits, it would be im- 
possible to state. It exists in considerable quantities. There are a 
number of veins overlying each other, and varying from two inches to 
fifty inches in width ; but, as the explorations have not yet found the 
veins in place, it is impossible to say exactly what their condition will 
be. A feature which adds considerably to the value of these deposits 
is an extensive deposit of bog iron in the immediate vicinity. If 
further exploration discovers considerable quantities of commercially 
valuable coal, it is easy to estimate the results to the industries. Other 
beds of coal have been discovered but of less consequence, and in 
several of the northern states of Mexico there are known to exist large 
deposits. 

Mexican industries will be completely revolutionized when they can 
use cheap coal instead of wood for all purposes, thus cheapening the 
cost of manufacturing by using cheaper fuel, which is so important an 
item of expense in manufacturing. 

Mexican Miners. — While the laborers employed in Mexico will not 
compare in efficiency with the labor of the miner in the United States, it 
must be borne in mind that the American miner works eight hours and 
receives $3 per day, or $6 in Mexican money, and $6 in Mexican 
money v/ill employ from eight to twelve Mexicans, wages varying from 
50c. to 75c. per day. As for the climatic conditions, it is only necessary 
to say that in all the mining districts of Mexico a miner can work 365 
days in the year. There is never any snow or cold weather in winter, 
and the heat in the summer is not so extreme as in St. Louis, Chicago, 
or New York, and never enervating. A pair of blankets at night are 
indispensable every night in the year. 

Mining Laws. — The mining laws of Mexico issued during the 
Spanish rule, which were kept in force until 1884, were both liberal and 
wise, and were intended to encourage mining. The domain of the 
mines remained in the Government and it gave temporary titles to any- 
body who discovered one, and who was willing to work it, but only as 
long as work was done in the mine. When the discoverer or owner 
could not for any reason continue to work it, and allowed a certain 
time to elapse without doing any work, the mine reverted to the 
Government and anybody else willing to work it could obtain a tem- 
porary title over it. This system was changed, by our Mining Code of 
1884, to the effect of giving the mines in fee simple to the discoverers of 
the same, whether they were worked or not by those who denounced 
them, and the only cause for forfeiting the title is the failure to pay a 



26 (5eoarapbical IRotes on /IDejico. 

tax of $io per pertenencia, a " pertenencia " being our unit of a mining 
property and consisting of a hectare or a square lOo metres on each 
side, equivalent to 2,47 acres. The rights of the owner of the land 
are not interfered with, and in case anybody discovers a mine upon 
another man's property, the landlord continues to own the surface, and 
all the discoverer is entitled to is the mineral underground and so 
much of the surface as is necessary to work it, for buildings and 
■other mining requirements, and for that the owner of the ground is 
compensated by agreement, or, if no amicable agreement can be 
reached, by arbitration. 

Mining litigation is quite rare in Mexico, and it does not take long 
to get a final decision, as mining cases are tried before a single judge, 
and appeals lie to the Supreme Courts of the different states, and to 
the Federal Supreme Court in Mexico. To the honor of the courts in 
Mexico be it said, as may also be said of the judiciary in the States and 
the United States Federal Courts, they are above reproach. 

A concise statement of the provisions of the present mining laws 
iof Mexico will not be out of place here. 

The law grants to all inhabitants of the country the right to acquire 
and work mines. He has to denounce a new mine. A denouncement 
means making a location. When the location of a claim has been 
determined upon, all possible data are obtained concerning it before the 
denouncement is made. It may be a rich old mine, and yet if the law 
has not been complied with it is subject to relocation. The law grants 
to any inhabitant of the Republic the right to explore for mineral. 
All districts have their mining agents and all the prospector has to do 
is to have the regular form of petition used in making out a denounce- 
ment, as it is called, made out and submitted to the mining agent of 
the district. If there does not happen to be a mining agent in the 
district, the petition is presented to the local postmaster. The expense 
of registering the petition is $1, After registering the petition, the 
mining agent has thirty days in which to appoint an expert to examine 
the property, who has eight days in which to reply to the summons, 
and if he accepts the service, the mining agent issues in duplicate a 
document stating that the claim has been denounced and directing 
objecting parties to make known their prior claims within a period of 
four months from the date of the denouncement, or forfeit any right to 
the property. 

The charge of the expert for making a report upon the claim, to- 
gether with the plans, is about $15 per claim and travelling expenses. 
The expert has sixty days in which to send in his plans and report. 
The notification that the property has been denounced is published in 
the official journal of the district, the cost of which varies in the 
different states, from $2 to $4 being the usual fee. 



fiDmiriG. 27 

The cost of making up a mining title is from $io to $12. Titles, 
when once granted, unless fraud is shown, are irrevocable so long as the 
taxes are paid, which are ten dollars per year on each " pertenencia," 
and no work or manual labor is necessary to hold the same. The taxes 
may be paid quarterly or annually, at the discretion of the holder, to 
the mining agent of the district in which the property is denounced, 
or by special arrangement they may be paid at the office of the Fed- 
eral Treasury in the City of Mexico. After the title is granted, it 
must be registered in the district where the denouncement is made, 
and also entered upon the books of the stamp office, for which no fees 
are charged. 

MINTS AND DUTIES ON SILVER. 

Under the Spanish laws all silver paid a duty ; and as most of it 
was coined, that duty was levied on coinage, and the exportation of 
bullion was prohibited ; but of course a great deal was smuggled, both 
during the Spanish rule and still more when Mexico was opened to 
foreign trade after our Independence. When I occupied for the first 
time the Treasury Department of Mexico in 1868, it seemed to me an 
outrage against the mining industry of the country to require the 
miners — especially those who were far removed from the mints — to 
take their bullion from the mints, at a heavy expense and risk, coin it 
there and take it back to the mines, and from there to the ports to be 
exported to London, where it was often again turned into bullion ; and 
as the contracts made with the lessees of the mints did not allow the 
free exportation of bullion, I proposed and succeeded in having en- 
acted a law for the purpose of allowing bullion to be exported, pro- 
vided that it paid the coinage duty at the respective custom-houses for 
the benefit of the mint's lessees ; and this condition of things, extra- 
ordinary as it may seem, was a great relief to the silver producers, and 
■continued until the Mexican Government could recover all the mints 
and be free to legislate on the subject, which it was able to do par- 
tially during my last incumbency of the Treasury Department ; they 
all since having been recovered. 

We had thirteen mints in the country to coin the silver extracted 
from our mines, which, in the precarious condition of the Mexican 
Treasury, were sometimes rented to private parties who advanced a 
sum that seemed large at that time, although it was a trifle in compari- 
son to their profits, as they collected a duty of nearly 4^ per cent, 
upon the amount of bullion coined, and they credited to the Govern- 
ment only i^ per cent, of the same, the laws requiring that only coined 
silver could be exported. But now that silver can be transported easily 
from the mine to the mint, since a railway system has been built, the 
Jtnints have been reduced to four, — one in the City of Mexico, which 



28 ©eoorapbical Botes on flDejico. 

is the principal one ; one at each of the cities of Guanajuato, Zacatecas, 
and Culiacan, the last being the capital of Sinaloa. 

Besides the mint or coinage duties, silver was taxed in Mexico with 
an export duty which sometimes was as high as twelve per cent, on the 
value of the silver, which, together with the mint duty, amounted to 
seventeen per cent., not taking into account other taxes and local duties. 
Only the rich character of the Mexican mines could stand that burden. 

The duties on silver have been readjusted and reduced consider- 
ably, until now they only amount, as established by the law of March 
27, 1897, to a coinage duty of two per cent, and a stamp duty of three 
per cent, which are paid at the Assay Office of the Mint when coined, 
or at the custom-house when exported in bullion, ores, or other com- 
pounds. When exported in ores in their crude condition, the duty has 
a rebate of ten per cent, A small duty representing the cost of the 
operation is also charged for assaying, refining, smelting, and separat- 
ing the metals. 

SMELTING PLANTS, 

The Tariff Act of October i, 1890, having levied a duty upon lead 
ore, which prevented that Mexican product from coming into the 
United States in the shape it had come before, the American com- 
panies, who had been developing the lead ore in Mexico, established 
smelting plants in the country for the purpose of treating there the 
lead ore, and sending it as pig-lead to the United States. 

The smelting plants that have been established in Mexico, and 
their capacity and output, taken from official data received from the 
Mexican Government, up to December 31, 1896, are the following : 

Mexican Metallurgical Company. — This company, of which Mr. 
Robert S, Towne is president, obtained a charter from the Mexican 
Government on March 20, 1890, to establish five smelting plants in 
Mexico, two with the minimum capacity of 200 tons a day, two of 150 
tons, and one of 100 tons. The first one is located at Morales, five 
kilometres west of the city of San Luis Potosi, During the fiscal year 
1895 to 1896, this plant received 62,370 and 020/1000 metric tons of 
ore from the States of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, 
Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, 
and Zacatecas. This plant yielded during the same year 16,019 ^^^ 
070/1000 metric tons of base lead bullion, with 3,198,924.14 troy 
ounces of silver, valued at $4,882,177.50 ; and 8268 and 37/100 troy 
ounces of gold, valued at $161,338.63. 

National Mexican Smelter at Monterey. — This company, whose 
president is Mr. Daniel Guggenheim, obtained a charter from the 
Mexican Government on October 9, 1890, to establish three smelting 
plants in Mexico, two with a minimum capacity of 300 tons per day, 



©rograpb^. 29 

and one with loo tons. The first plant is located in the outskirts of 
the city of Monterey, has ten furnaces of the water-jacket system, and 
seven smelting furnaces for lead ore. From July, 1892, to June, 1896, 
this plant has smelted 521,809 and 769/1000 metric tons of ore, yield- 
ing 78,067 and 141/1000 tons of lead, with 515,382 kilograms of silver, 
with a value of $21,824,597.93, having used foreign coke to the value 
of $1,474,385.81, and Mexican coke to the value of $73,268.08. 

Central Mexican Smelter. — The second smelter of the Guggenheim 
Company is located at Aguascalientes. It has a department for con- 
centrating copper ores, one for smelting the same ores, consisting of 
three furnaces, and another with four furnaces for smelting lead ores. 
This plant smelted from the 26th of December, 1895, 606 and 190/1000 
tons of lead, containing 6502 kilograms of silver and 28 and 71/100 
kilograms of gold, with a value of $341,091. 

Velardena Mining Co7npa?iy. — This company, whose president is Mr. 
Edward W. Nash, obtained a charter from the Mexican Government 
on May 15, 1893, for the construction of two smelting plants in Mexico, 
with a capacity of 200 tons a day each. From November 30, 1893, to 
June 30, 1896, this plant smelted 110,000 tons of ore, yielding 9069 
and 680/1000 tons of lead containing 1,850,685 troy ounces of silver 
and 6192 ounces of gold. 

The Chihuahua Mining Company. — This company, whose president 
is Mr. John B. Shaw, obtained a charter from the Mexican Govern- 
ment May 26, 1893, and is located near the city of Chihuahua. Up to 
July 28, 1896, it had smelted 28,555 tons of lead ore, yielding 3761 
tons of lead and 529,450 troy ounces of silver. 

The Mazapil Copper Company, Littiited. — This company established 
a plant at Concepcion del Oro, Zacatecas, and has smelted 5000 tons 
of lead ore containing silver. 

Sabinal Mining and Smelting Cofnpany, Chihuahua. — This company 
owns the mines of Santa Juliana and Santa Inez, which yield 30 per 
cent, of lead, with a mixture of silver, and smelts their ore, notwith- 
standing that the cost of a ton of coke amounts to $37.50. 

La Preciosa. — A smelter under that name has been established at 
Tepeyahualco, State of Puebla, but I do not have any data about the 
company owning it, and the date of its contract with the Mexican 
Government, nor the amount of ore smelted there. 

The Boleo Smelter. — I have already spoken of this plant, which 
smelts copper ores at Santa Rosalia, Lower California. 

OROGRAPHY, 

Mexico is traversed by two cordilleras or high ranges of mountains 
running almost parallel to the coast, one along the Gulf of Mexico 
and the other along the Pacific Ocean. The former runs from ten to 



30 (Beoarapbical "Uotcs on i^ciico. 

one hundred miles from the coast, leaving an imperceptibly inclined 
plane from the sea to the foot of the mountains ; while the cordillera 
on the Pacific side runs, on the whole, very near the coast, leaving a 
very narrow strip of land between the same and the sea, and from this 
run several branches in different directions. The most continuous 
range is the Sierra Madre of the Pacific, which may be traced, at a 
mean elevation of over 10,000 feet, from Oaxaca to Arizona. Parallel 
to this is the Lower Californian range (Sierra de la Giganta) 3000 
feet, which, however, falls abruptly eastwards, like the Atlantic escarp- 
ments. The California peninsula seems to have been detached from 
the mainland when the general upheaval took place which produced 
the vast chasm now flooded by the Gulf of California. Corresponding 
with the Sierra Madre on the west are the more interrupted eastern 
scarps of the central plateau, which sweep around the Gulf of Mexico 
as the Sierra Madres of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas at an elevation 
of about 6000 feet. These are crossed by the routes from Tula to 
Tampico, the highest pass being 4820 feet ; from Saltillo to Monterey 
3400, and at several other places. 

Of the central cross ridges the most important orographically and 
historically is the Cordillera de Anahuac, which surrounds the Mexi- 
can (Tenochtitlan) and Puebla valleys, and which is supposed to cul- 
minate with Popocatepetl and Ixtacihuatl. But these giants belong to 
a different or rather more recent system of igneous upheaval, running 
from sea to sea between 18° 59' and 19° 12' N. in almost a straight line- 
east and west, consequently nearly at right angles to the main axis of 
the central plateau. The line is clearly marked by several extinct 
cones and by five active or quiescent volcanoes, of which the highest 
is Popocatepetl, lying south of the capital, nearly midway between 
the Pacific and the Atlantic. East of the central point of the system 
are Citlaltepetl, better known as the peak of Orizaba, on the coast 
south of Veracruz, to which correspond on the west the recently 
upheaved Jorullo in Michoacan, Colima (12,800) near the coast in 
Jalisco, and the volcanic Revillagigedo group in the Pacific. South 
of this line and nearly parallel, are the sierras of Guerrero, and south- 
east of the Tehuantepec Isthmus those of Oaxaca and Chiapas towards 
the Guatemala frontier. In the same direction run the islands of Cuba 
and Hayti, which probably belong to the same Central American system. 

In the course of centuries these high mountains have become dis- 
integrated by the rains and other natural elements, and a great many 
spaces between them filled up, forming a series of valleys and other 
spots quite delightful in climate and very rich in agricultural resources. 
This series of valleys, which we call the central plateau, runs from 
about one hundred and fifty miles east of the City of Mexico, travers- 
ing all of Mexico in a northwesterly direction. So level is the plateau 



®roarapb^» 



3* 



that even when there were no wagon roads in Mexico one could travel 
in a carriage from the City of Mexico to Santa Fe. Baron Humboldt 
and other geologists considered the Cordilleras of Mexico as a portion 
of the Andes of South America, which originate in Patagonia, extend- 
ing over the whole of that continent ; but researches were made spe- 
cially by a corps of engineers, who surveyed Mexico during the French 
Intervention, arrived at a different conclusion, and consider that the 
Andes proper end in Panama, and that the Mexican cordilleras are 
entirely independent from that lofty chain of mountains. 

In contrast with the plains and at times barren districts of the 
central plateau, it is occasionally broken by depressions of the soil, 
known as barrancas, descending sometimes one thousand feet and 
measuring several miles across, which are covered with a luxuriant 
vegetation of trees and shrubs, and watered by small streams running, 
through the middle of the valley. Among the most remarkable ones are 
the barranca de Beltran descending the western slope from Guadalajara 
to Colima, and the barranca de Mochitilte from Guadalajara to Tepic. 

One of the pre-eminently interesting features of Mexico is the 
mountain of Jerullo, in this section, which has been born within recent 
times. The natives described to Alexander von Humboldt the con-- 
vulsions of the earth during its birth, and the frightful spectacle of the 
huge mass thrusting its giant shoulders among its neighbors, making 
room for itself in their ranks. 

The best way to illustrate the broken surface of Mexico is to give 
the altitudes of some of the principal localities, both from the coast tc 
the interior and from the interior back to the coast, taken from the 
measurements made by the railroad companies and by the engineers of 
the Mexican Government in the national wagon roads where railroads 
are not yet running. I append to this paper a list of such altitudes, 
with their distances, whenever I have been able to find them, which 
I consider the best illustration that could be presented on this subject. 



MOUNTAINS. 



Popocatepetl 

Orizaba 

Toluca 

Ixtacihuatl 

Colima 

Zapotlan 

San Martin or Tuxtla. 

Tancitaro 

Jorullo 

Tacana or Soconusco . 

Guarda 

Ajusco 

Cofre de Perote 

Zempoaltepec 

Pico de Quinceo 

Veta Grande 



Mexico 

Veracruz and Puebla. 

Mexico 

Mexico and Puebla... 

Jalisco 

Jalisco 

Veracruz 

Michoacan 

Michoacan 

Chiapas 

Federal District 

Federal District 

Veracruz 

Oaxaca 

Michoacan 

Zacatecas 



ELEVATION 
IN FEET. 



17,540 
17,362 
15,019 
16,076 

14,363 

12,743 
4,921 

12,467 
4,265 
7,436 
9,731 

13,628 

13,415 

11,141 

10,905 

9,140 



32 Geogtapbical Botes on ^ejico. 

The above are the principal mountain peaks of Mexico, the first 
ten being volcanoes, with their heights according to the most recent 
measurements : 

HYDROGRAPHY. 

The eastern Mexican coast, washed by the Caribbean Sea and 
the Gulf of Mexico, is low, flat, and sandy, except near the mouth of 
the Tabasco River, where at some distance from the coast appear the 
heights of San Gabriel, extending northeast and southwest for sev- 
eral miles ; but the majestic mountains of Veracruz, especially the 
volcano of Orizaba, visible for many leagues to seaward, form a pictur- 
esque background which relieves the monotony of the shore region of 
that State. On the Pacific side the coast, although generally low, is 
here and there roughened by spurs extending from the cordillera to 
the ocean. 

The principal gulfs are those of Mexico, California, and Tehuante- 
pec, the first of which ranks among the largest in the world. 

We are not blessed with good harbors on the Gulf coast. Vera- 
cruz is an open roadstead, and we are now spending large sums of 
money in trying to make it a good port. Our best harbors are on the 
Pacific coast, as Acapulco, which is a large one ; Manzanillo, a very 
fine although a very small one ; and La Paz, on the Gulf of California. 
By artificial means we expect to improve our harbors considerably. 

The development of the harbor of Tampico is remarkable. A 
short time ago the depth of the bar roadstead was only eight or nine 
feet. Now steamships drawing twenty-four feet of water enter the 
port. The deepening of the entrance to the harbor has been accom- 
plished by means of jetties, just as the mouth of the Mississippi was 
deepened by the Eads jetties, A very large part of the imports of 
Mexico enter now by the port of Tampico. 

The more noteworthy bays are those of Guaymas, Santa Barbara, 
Topolobampo and Navachiste, in the Gulf of California ; Concepcion, 
La Paz, and Muleje, on the west coast of the same gulf ; San Quentin, 
Magdalena, and Amejas, on the Pacific coast of Lower California ; and 
San Bias and Valle de Banderas, on the coast of Tepic. 

We have no lakes as large as those with which the United States 
is favored, and the Lake of Chapala, a beautiful spot where country 
houses are now being built, is the largest lacustrine basin in Mexican 
territory. The Valley of Mexico has six lakes, two of fresh and six of 
salt water. The other lakes in Mexico are Catemaco, in the State of 
Veracruz ; Cairel and Carpintero, in the State of Tamaulipas ; Encan- 
tada, in Tabasco ; Bacalar, in Yucatan ; Alcuzague, in Colima ; Cuit- 
zeo, Tacascuaro, and Patzcuaro, in Michoacan ; Yuriria, in Guanaju- 
ato ; and Meztitlan, in Hidalgo, 



Mexico has a great many islands, situated near the coast, although 
not any of very great area, the greater number being uninhabited, 
although some of them are very fertile, and could be the seat of a 
large population. Among the most important are : El Carmen, 
the largest in the Gulf of Mexico ; San Juan de Ulua and Sacrificios, 
opposite the port of Veracruz ; Mujeres, in the Caribbean Sea ; Guada- 
lupe, about seventy-five miles from the west coast of Lower California; 
the Tres Marias group, about thirty miles from the same coast ; the 
Revillagigedo group, not far from the coast of Colima ; and adjoining 
the coast of the State of Michoacan, the Alcatraz Island. 

As I have already stated, Mexico has a very broken surface, with 
high mountains, causing streams to run down a very inclined plane, 
forming torrents with rapid cascades, which contribute to embellish 
the natural features of the country. These conditions, however, pre- 
vent us from having large navigable rivers, and furnishing a cheap 
way of transportation, which is one of the greatest advantages the 
United States enjoys, and which so largely contributed in its early 
days to the development of the country, making transportation to long 
distances both easy and cheap. While the torrents descending from 
the mountains afford an immense water-power — which, in the course 
of time, may be used as a motor for industrial purposes — they meet 
when they reach a valley and run smoothly there through a ravine 
until finally they reach the coast, and it is therefore only at a compara- 
tively small distance from the sea that they can be made navigable. 

Our principal rivers, measuring their positions from north to south, 
are the Rio Grande — which from El Paso, Texas, to the sea, is the 
boundary line between the two countries, and which used to be a large 
river ; but as it rises in Colorado and passes through New Mexico, 
and the inhabitants of both have taken for irrigation purposes most of 
the water that it carries, it becomes entirely dry during the dry season 
after the freshets, very much to the distress of the inhabitants of its 
borders from El Paso to Ojinaga, especially on the Mexican side, which 
has been inhabited for three hundred years, the people using the water 
for irrigation — on the other side there being hardly any population, — 
and now they find that their farms are entirely worthless for want of 
water. After passing Presidio del Norte, now called Ojinaga, theCon- 
chos River and other tributaries of the Rio Grande River supply it with 
water, although not to the extent it had before the water was taken in 
Colorado and New Mexico, The Mescala, or Balsas River, rises in 
the central plateau near the Valley of Mexico, passes by the State of 
Puebla to the southwest, by Mixteca of Oaxaca, and finally empties 
into the Pacific at Zacatula. As indicated by its name, it is, to a lim- 
ited extent, navigable along its lower reaches ; above the bar it is 
accessible to small craft, which, higher up, are arrested by rapids, 

VOL. I — 3 



34 (Beograpbtcal IRotes on ^ejico, 

whirlpools, and a high cascade. The Panuco River rises north of the 
Valley of Mexico. Under the names of Tula and Montezuma it de- 
scribes a vast semicircular bend towards the west across the Hidalgo 
uplands and collects the waters of the Huasteca of Veracruz and Ta- 
maulipas, beyond which it is joined by the various streams flowing, 
from Queretaro, and finally empties into the Gulf of Mexico at the 
port of Tampico. The Tampico bar, improved by jetties, is now the 
best harbor on our Gulf coast. The Rio Lerma or Santiago, the 
Tololotlan of the Indians, is also a considerable stream. By the 
riverain populations it is, in fact, known as the Rio Grande, while 
the inhabitants of Michoacan call it also Cuitzeo, from the large 
lake situated in their State. It rises in the State of Mexico in 
the very centre of the Anahuac plateau, and its farthest sources,, 
issuing from underground galleries, descend from the Nevado de 
Toluca down to the twin lake of Lerma, the remains of an inland 
sea which formerly filled the Upper Toluca valley north of the Ne- 
vado volcano. At its issue from the lake, or rather marshy lagoon^ 
the Lerma stands at the great altitude of 8600 feet, and during its 
winding northwesterly course across the plateau, the incline is very 
slight. In this upland region it is swollen by several affluents, some of 
which, like the main stream itself, flow from lakes dotted over the 
table-land. After completing half of its course at La Barca, the Ler- 
ma is still 5600 feet above sea-level. Here, some 280 miles from its 
source, it enters the large Lake Chapala, near its eastern extremity - 
but about twelve miles below the entrance it again emerges through 
a fissure on the north side of the lake, and still continues to flow 
throughout its lower course in the same northwesterly direction. 

The Grijalva and Usumacinta rivers, rising in the State of Chiapas^ 
after being joined by many others, some of them coming from Guate- 
mala, empty into the Gulf of Mexico by one of its mouths at the city 
of Frontera in the State of Tabasco. The Papaloapam River rises in 
the State of Oaxaca, passes through the State of Veracruz, and emp- 
ties into the Gulf of Mexico at the town of Alvarado, a few miles south 
of Veracruz. 

The rains increase considerably the amount of water in the rivers^ 
but as their duration is not very long this soon subsides. When the 
streams rise near the sea, as is the case on the coast of Chiapas on the 
Pacific, they become so swollen immediately after the rains that it is 
impossible to ford them, and as there are no bridges, it is necessary to- 
wait until early the next day when the freshet has subsided. 

Springs are rare, and some of the rivers run in deep mountain beds,, 
without receiving smaller tributaries, while the rapid evaporation on a 
light soil, covering porous rocks, leaves the surface dry and hot and 
unable to support much vegetation beyond the cactus and low grasses. 



Climate. 35 

We are blessed with quite a number of mineral springs, although 
very few of them are used, most of them being at places not easily ac- 
cessible ; but in this regard I do not think we have any cause to envy 
any other country. 

CLIMATE. 

By looking at the map it will be perceived that Mexico, being inter- 
sected by the Tropic of Cancer and stretching across eighteen parallels 
of latitude, must, from its position alone, necessarily enjoy a great 
diversity of climate. But from its peculiar configuration this feature 
is affected far more by the altitude of the land than by its distance 
from the pole or the equator. This is especially true of the more 
fertile and populous section lying within the torrid zone, where three 
distinct climatic regions are distinguished, not according to their hori- 
zontal, but according to their vertical position. The warm climate 
has the heat of the torrid zone and prevails on the sea-coast in the 
sandy and marshy tracts fringing the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific 
Ocean, in other low places below 3000 feet above the level of the sea, 
and in some of the valleys higher than that, but protected entirely from 
the winds. But the night breezes refresh the temperature in the even- 
ing and make it bearable during the day, the heat never being so 
oppressive as it is in summer in the more northern latitudes. This 
region is also much refreshed in summer by the rains, which are 
abundant and fall regularly during that season. The heat of the sun 
increases considerably the evaporation from the sea, and when the 
evaporation reaches the cool atmosphere of the sky, it is naturally con- 
densed into water and falls in this region. The rains begin generally 
in June, increase considerably in July, and end in November, although 
this varies in different regions, the rains lasting longer in those near 
the sea than in the inland districts. They are so abundant that they 
form the main reliance of the agricultural industry, and there are few 
regions which use water for irrigation, depending entirely upon the 
rainfall ; therefore, when in a year by some atmospheric phenomena, 
the rains are late or very scarce, we had a famine in Mexico, which 
can now be averted by importing cereals through our railroads, as was 
the case in 1893. The rains fall regularly and at fixed intervals, that 
is, about from one to three hours every day, and after the rain is over, 
the atmosphere is clear and pleasant, and in well drained places the 
ground becomes dry, so that it causes no inconvenience to the in- 
habitants. 

The rains have such a decided effect on the atmosphere that in 
most of the country the seasons are divided into the rainy and dry 
season, and very few realize what spring and fall mean. As our climate 
is so even, the trees do not lose their leaves at any given time, but one 



36 (Beoarapbtcal Botes on /IDe^ico, 

by one as they grow old and die ; and as the leaves die they are re- 
placed gradually and imperceptibly by new ones, so that the phenome- 
non familiar to northern latitudes, of trees losing all their leaves in the 
autumn and regaining them in the spring, is quite new to anybody 
going to a temperature that has both extremes. 

The differences of climate depending upon the different degrees of 
altitude are so great in Mexico that the vegetable products of this vast 
country include almost all that are to be found between the equator 
and the polar circle. 

The mean temperature in the hot region varies from 77 to 82 de- 
grees, Fahrenheit, seldom falling below 60, but often rising to 100 
degrees, and in the sultry districts of Veracruz and Acapulco occa- 
sionally to 104 degrees, although the heat is not oppressive as is the 
summer heat of the eastern portions of the United States. The vege- 
tation is, of course, in consequence entirely tropical. In the southern 
region the climate on both seaboards may be described as humid, hot, 
and rather unhealthy, and in places where stagnant water and marshes 
exist — which are often found on the coast on account of the sea water 
flowing in and remaining there — intermittent and remittent fevers pre- 
vail, and in some localities during the summer yellow fever and black 
vomit are endemic. These conditions could easily be remedied by 
proper drainage of the swamps and marshy districts. 

The heat of the Gulf of Mexico when the atmosphere begins to cool 
in the polar regions causes a depression in the barometer, and conse- 
quently very strong north winds, which sweep over the coast with ter- 
rible force, causing great havoc. They generally begin in September 
and last until the winter season sets in about December. As the 
country is narrow, the effect of the north wind is felt all over it and 
that is the prevailing wind. In the City of Mexico, for instance, not- 
withstanding its altitude and that it is protected by high mountains 
from the northern winds, the temperature falls when the northerns 
prevail on the Gulf coast, and it becomes cloudy and drizzly, and the 
same effect is felt, more or less, in other portions of the country. As 
the country narrows towards the southeast, especially at Tehuantepec, 
the northern wind blows with but small obstacles, and its force and 
effects are felt all over it. The districts in the mountains bordering 
the Pacific are affected in the same way as the City of Mexico. 

From 3000 to 5000 feet above the level of the sea is located our 
temperate zone, which succeeds the hot zone in a verticle position, 
and embraces all the higher terraces, and portions of the central 
plateaus themselves. The mean temperature is from 62 to 70 degrees, 
Fahrenheit, varying not more than 4 to 5 degrees during the season, 
thus making one of the very finest climates on the face of the earth. 
In this privileged region both extremes of heat and cold are unknown, 



Climate. 37 

and it has several cities — Jalapa and Huatusco in the State of Vera- 
cruz, Chilpancingo in Guerrero, Ameca in Jalisco, and many others too 
numerous to mention here. As these places are generally located on 
the slopes of mountains and not far removed from the ocean, the 
evaporations from the sea form clouds which are detained in their 
course by the high peaks and are precipitated into rain. In this 
region the semi-tropical productions are abundant, and with them are 
often combined the products of tropical and cold regions. I have 
seen in my own native place, the city of Oaxaca, located in the 
temperate region, a farm where wheat and sugar-cane were growing on 
the same piece of ground. 

The cold region is located from 7000 feet above the sea-level up- 
wards, and has a mean temperature of from 59 to 6;^ degrees, 
Fahrenheit. Most of the grand central plateau is located in this region, 
except in such places as are in a great depression of ground and in 
deep ravines, where a warm temperature and tropical products are 
found. The rainfall is about five times less than in the temperate zone. 
This region, of course, produces all the growths of the cold latitudes, 
as wheat, oats, apples, etc., etc. 

The portion of the country that is most thickly inhabited lies in 
the central plateau, and is quite high above the level of the sea, and 
so sheltered from the winds and storms by the mountains as to make 
the climate even, temperate, and delightful. The impression pre- 
vails in the United States that Mexico, lying to the south and run- 
ning towards the equator, must be much warmer than this country ; 
but this is not so. Even in warm places, like the lowlands on the 
coast, we do not have the extreme hot weather that is experienced 
in summer in the United States. The sea breezes refresh the atmos- 
phere at night and cool it considerably, making, therefore, a very 
great contrast with the summer heat in this country. The medium 
climate of the Valley of Mexico, for instance, which is the one that 
has been best observed and understood, varies comparatively little 
between summer and winter, its greatest variations being between day 
and night on the same day. 

The climatic conditions of Mexico are undergoing great changes on 
account of the destruction of the forests. The country had formerly 
a great deal of rain and much humidity in the atmosphere, being 
covered with thick forests ; but with the difficulty of transporting the 
coal already found, the population has had to depend entirely for their 
supply of fuel upon charcoal, and this has in the course of time 
denuded the mountains, changing very materially the climatic con- 
ditions of some regions in the country. But in the lowlands, being 
thinly inhabited, the case is different, and the country is still so thickly 
wooded that it is impossible to pass through it, unless an open path 



38 



6eograpbfcal IRotes on /IBejico* 



is made with a great deal of difficulty, by felling very high trees and 
low brush and weeds. In this region abound forests of mahogany, 
cedar, rosewood, etc. I will later state more in detail the conditions 
of the fuel question in Mexico. 

As a whole, the Mexican climate, if not of the most invigorating 
nature, is certainly one of the most delightful in the world. The zone 
of temperate lands, oceanic slopes, enjoy an everlasting spring, 
being exposed neither to severe winter, nor to intolerable summer 
heats ; in every glen flows a rippling stream ; every human abode is 
embowered in leafy vegetation ; and here the native plants are inter- 
mingled with those of Europe and Africa. Each traveller in his turn 
describes the valley in which he has tarried longest as the loveliest 
in the world ; nowhere else do the snowy crests or smoking volcanic 
cones rise in more imposing grandeur above the surrounding sea of 
verdure, all carpeted with the brightest flowers. In these enchanting 
regions there is still room for millions and millions of human beings. 

The following table prepared by the Meteorological Observatory of 
the City of Mexico shows the meteorological conditions of the 
principal Mexican cities during several years, their elevation upon the 
sea-level being marked in metres and the temperature under the 
Centigrade scale. 

SUMMARY OF THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN IN SEVERAL 
CITIES OF MEXICO DURING SEVERAL YEARS. 



LOCALITIES. 



Monterey, N. L 

Saltillo, Coah 

Culiacan, Sin 

Mazatlan, Sin 

Zacatecas, Zac 

San Luis Potosi, S. L. P. 

Pabellon, Ag 

Aguascalientes, Ag 

Huejutla, Hid 

Leon, Gto 

Guanajuato, Gto 

Tuxpam, Ver 

Guadalajara, Jal 

Queretaro, Que 

Pachuca, Hid 

San Juan del Rio, Que.. 

Patzcuaro, Mich 

Mexico, D. F 

Tacubaya, D. F 

Puebla, Pue 

Tlacotalpam, Ver 

Oaxaca, Oax 



25 40 

25 25 
24 48 
24 II 
22 46 
22 9 
22 4 

21 53 
21 41 



20 59 

20 41 

20 35 
20 7 
19 49 
19 31 
19 26 
19 12 
19 03 
18 36 
17 04 



495- 

34 • 
4- 
2496. 
iSgo.o 



376. 
1798. 
2060. 



1567- 
1850. 
2460. 
1976. 
2138. 
2282. 
2322. 
2172.* 
3- 
1541.^ 



.J2 J3 
S ° 



B 3 



709.1 
632.1 
754-9 
759-3 
573-4 
613.4 
607.8 
605.1 
765-1 
617.4 
601.3 
763.0 
636.2 
613.8 
574-8 



586.4 
583-6 
593-2 
760.4 
636.6 



TEMPERATURES 
IN THE SHADE. 



33-2 
34-0 
35-9 
34-1 
21.8 
33-9 
24.0 

29-5 
34-0 
35-6 
30-7 



35-5 
33-1 
27.2 



31.6 
28.6 
31-9 



II. 7 

—2.8 

12-5 

10.3 

6.1 

—1.8 

12.2 

2.8 

10. o 

— I.I 

1-3 



-4-5 

"o.'e 



— I.I 

"6!2" 



21.0 

16.8 
25.6 
25.2 
13.2 
17.4 
18.2 
18.6 

23.0 

18.9 

17.6 
24-5 
19.7 
18.1 
13-7 
18.3 
16. 1 
iS-4 
iS-5 
15-7 
25-3 
20.6 



N. 



N.W. 

S.E. 

W. 

S.S.E. 



S.W. 



N.W. 



S.W. 

E. 

E. 
S.W. 



E.N.E. 

N. 









S.E. 

N. 



N.W. 

S.E. 

E. 

W.S.W. 

N. 



N.N.W. 



W. 



E. 

N.E. 
N.E. 

W. 
N.W. 
N.W. 
N.E. 
N.E. 

W. 



0.6 



0.8 



^5 



3413-5 
527-3 
125.2 
519.2 
819. 1 
389.0 
537 -o 
542-2 

2019.3 
729.8 
964 -S 

1654.3 
861. g 
602.2 
436-8 
567-1 

1110.4 
614.8 
668.1 
926.0 

2264.0 
649.3 



Climate. 



39 



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40 (Beoarapbical Iftotes on /iDejico, 

The table on page 39 shows the results of the meteorological ob- 
servations taken in the principal cities of Mexico during the year 1896. 

Professor Mariano Barcena, director of our National Meteorological 
Observatory or Weather Bureau, furnished me the following data about 
the maximum and minimum of temperature and greatest oscillation 
both in summer and winter of several cities in Mexico, located both at 
the sea-level like Merida and Mazatlan, at different altitudes like Jalapa, 
San Luis Potosi, Oaxaca, and at the highest level like the cities of 
Mexico, Pachuca, and Zacatecas, showing the mildness of the Mexi- 
can climate. 

CITY OF MEXICO. 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 84.9, May 5th. 

Maximum temperature in winter 72.0, December. 

Minimum temperature in winter 32.9, January and February. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 13.7 ' 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 32.9 

PUEBLA (state OF PUEBLA). 

Maximum temperatute in the shade in summer 83.8, April. 

Maximum temperature in winter 74.7, February. 

Minimum temperature in winter 32.9, January. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 36.3 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 34.4 

OAXACA (state OF OAXACA). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 93-7, May. j 

Maximum temperature in winter 83.1, February. 

Minimum temperature in winter 39>2, January and December^ 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 39. i ! 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 37.8 

JALAPA (state of VERACRUZ). 

Maximum temperature in shade in summer 89.6, April, 

Maximum temperature in winter 87.1, December. 

Minimum temperature in winter 33-8, February. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 35.3 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 32.0 

QUERETARO (STATE OF QUERETARO). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer go.i, April and June. 

Maximum temperature in winter 80.4, December. 

Minimum temperature in winter 32.9, January. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 39.4 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 34.7 



Climate, 41 

GUANAJUATO (STATE OF GUANAJUATO). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 9i-9> April. 

Maximum temperature in winter 82.0, February. 

Minimum temperature in winter 36.0, January. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 36-7 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 36.7 

LEON (state of GUANAJUATO). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 91 -6, May and June. 

Maximum temperature in winter 77. o, February. 

PACHUCA (state OF HIDALGO). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 80.2, May. 

Maximum temperature in winter 77-0, December. 

Minimum temperature in winter 32.4, December. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 33.3 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 28.6 

REAL DEL MONTE (STATE OF HIDALGO). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 80.2, March. 

Maximum temperature in winter , 74- !> January. 

Minimum temperature in winter 3i.6, January. 

SALTILLO (state OF COAHUILA). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 89.6, April. 

Maximum temperature in winter 75.7, January. 

Minimum temperature in winter 12.2, February. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 32.8 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 25.6 

MERIDA (state OF YUCATAN). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 103.6, April and June. 

Maximum temperature in winter 92.8, January. 

Minimum temperature in winter 47.8, February. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 37.1 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 38.7 

MAZATLAN (STATE OF SINALOA). 

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 91.0, September. 

Maximum temperature in winter 84.0, December. 

Minimum temperature in winter 15.8, February. 

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 16.9 

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 17.5 

MEXICO AS A SANITARIUM. 

Although the City of Mexico, on account of its present unsatisfac- 
tory sanitary conditions, of which I will treat in speaking of that city 
and which I am sure will be remedied before long, cannot be consid- 
ered now as the best place for invalids, there are many other localities 
in the country presenting great advantages as sanitariums. 



42 ©eoarapbical IRotes on /iDejico, 

The mild nature and evenness of most of our climate is very favor- 
able to certain diseases — especially pulmonary ones — and when that 
.advantage becomes well known the central plateau of Mexico will be 
the best sanitarium for lung diseases, and especially for tuberculosis. 
Other lung diseases requiring a warmer climate could find desirable 
places in certain valleys in the temperate zone like Cuantla, Cuerna- 
vaca, Tasco, Iguala, and others. These very conditions, namely, the 
•even and mild climate both in summer and winter, will make it a coun- 
try visited by thousands of pleasure or health seekers who wish to 
•escape both extremes of the northern climate. Even now we would 
have a much larger travel from this country if we had convenient ac- 
commodations for travellers, but our hotels are not yet as comfortable 
.as those in the United States. 

FLORA. 

The short and imperfect description of the climate of Mexico, 
made above, will show that we can raise all the products of the 
three different zones into which the earth is divided, and the most re- 
markable thing is that we can raise them almost on the same ground. 
By going only a few miles, for instance, travelling on horseback four 
or five hours from a low to a higher locality, we change from the torrid 
to the temperate zone, and therefore we can have the products of both 
with comparatively little trouble ; and by going four or five hours 
higher still, we change from the temperate to the frigid zone, and these 
are advantages of our geographical position which can be appreciated 
only by those who have experienced them.' 

' Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, editor of Harper's Monthly Magazine, in a 
brilliant article published in the July, 1897, number of that periodical, gives the follow- 
ing description of the rapid descent from the cold to the temperate and hot regions of 
Mexico, which may be considered as a specimen of the scenery in many other 
localities of that country. In many other places, where there are no wagon-roads, 
but only a footpath, the descent is a great deal more rapid, often 5000 feet in 
four or five miles, and then the contrast is still greater. At Maltrata for instance, an 
Indian town about 5000 feet above the level of the sea, the natives offer their tropical 
fruits to the passengers of the Mexican Railway going from Veracruz to the City of 
Mexico, and they leave with what they have left after the train starts to climb the 
mountains to the Central Plateau to an altitude of about 9000 feet, and they reach 
Esperanza, the first station on the Central Plateau far ahead of the train, which has to 
describe a long, zigzag course before getting there. I have selected the following ex- 
tract from Mr. Warner's article because it relates to one of the historical places of 
Mexico : 

" Cuernavaca is distinguished as the actual meeting-place of the pine and the 
palm. It lies only a little more than fifty miles south of the City of Mexico ; but in 
■order to reach it there is a mountain to be crossed which is at an elevation of over ten 
thousand feet. A railway climbs up this mountain, over the summit, to a wind-swept 
plain, in the midst of pine forests, called Tres Marias — marked by the sightly peaks 
<of the Three Marys. By long loops and zigzags it is crawling down the mountain on 



The Mexican Southern Railway, from Puebla to Oaxaca, descends 
in a few hours, by a series of fertile terraces, from an elevation of seven 
thousand feet to one of about seventeen hundred and fifty feet, when 
ths wonderful Canon de los Cues is reached, a region of cocoa-nuts and 
bananas. But all the valleys and terraces in March are green or yellow 
with wheat and corn and sugar-cane. It confuses one's ideas to pass a 
field of wheat, the green blades just springing from the ground, and 
then a field ripe for harvest, and then a threshing-floor where the grain 
is being trodden out by mules. This means that you can plant and 
reap every day in the year, if you can obtain water in the dry season, 
and do not wait for the regular and copious summer rains. 

The magnificent arboreal vegetation embraces one hundred and 
fourteen different species of building timber and cabinet woods, includ- 
ing oaks, pines, firs, cedars, mahogany, and rosewood ; twelve species 
of dyewoods ; eight of gum trees : the cacao and india-rubber, copal, 
liquid-ambar, camphor, turpentine, pine, mezquite yielding a substance 

the other side to Cuernavaca. Mexico City has an elevation of seven thousand five 
hundred feet, Tres Marias of about ten thousand, and Cuernavaca of five thousand. 
The descent by the w^agon-road is in length only twelve miles, but the drop in that 
distance is five thousand feet, so that the traveller passes very quickly from temperate 
to tropical conditions. 

" From the heights Cuernavaca seems to lie in a plain, but it is really on a pro- 
montory betv/een two barrancas, and the whole country beyond is broken, till the 
terraces fall off into more tropical places, where the view is bordered by purple 
mountains. Indeed, the little city in the midst of this tumultuous plain is surrounded 
by lofty mountains. The country around, and especially below to the south, is irri- 
gated, and presents a dozen contrasts of color in the evergreen foliage, the ripening 
yellow crops of sugar-cane and grain, the clusters of big trees here and there about a 
village or a hacienda, and the frequent church-towers. All this is loveliness, a mixture 
of temperate and tropical grace, but there is grandeur besides. Looking to the east, 
say from the Palace of Cortez, over the fields of purple and green and yellow and 
brown, where the graceful palms place themselves just as an artist would have them 
in the foreground of his picture, the view is certainly one of the finest in the world. 
There is in the left the long mountain range with the peaks of Tres Marias, and along 
the foot of it haciendas and towers, cones of extinct volcanoes and noble rocky 
promontories. To form the middle-distance mountains come into the picture, sloping 
together to lead the eye along from one "value" to another, violet, purple, dark or 
shining as the sun strikes them, while on the left is a noble range of naked precipices 
of red rock, always startling in color. It is some two thousand feet up the side of 
one of these red cliffs that there is the remains of an ancient city of Cliff-dwellers — 
almost inaccessible now, but once the home of a race that understood architecture and 
knew how to carve. The lines of this natural picture, the fields, the intervening 
ledges, the lofty mountains, all converge to the spot the artist would choose for the 
eye to rest, and there, up in the heavens, are the snow-clad peaks of Popocatepetl 
and Iztaccihuatl, about seventeen thousand five hundred feet above the sea, volcanic 
creators of the region, and now undisputed lords of the landscape. In the evening these 
peaks are rosy in the sun ; in the morning their white immobility is defined against 
the rosy sunshine." 



44 aeograpbical Botes on /iDejtco. 

similar to gum-arabic, dragon trees, and the almacigo or CalUtris 
quadvalvis, from which sandarac is extracted. Among the oil-bearing 
trees and plants, of which there are seventeen varieties, are the olive, 
cocoa palm, almond, sesame, flax, the tree yielding the balsam of Peru, 
and others. There are fifty-nine classified species of medicinal plants, 
and many more are mentioned by botanists as still unclassified by 
science. 

Of the many delicious fruits which grow in the tropical regions, 
only a few — the pineapple, the banana, and the cocoa-nut — are known 
in this country, the orange being rather a semi-tropical fruit. The 
others require, as all fruits do, cultivated taste, and, therefore, if im- 
ported here would not find a market. Even those which do come here 
are of very inferior flavor, owing to the fact that they are cut green so 
as to prevent their decay during transportation, and they, of course, 
have a less agreeable taste than in the place where they grow. Of the 
banana, for instance, we have about twenty varieties, some of which — 
the richest in my opinion — grow to a size from twelve to fifteen inches 
in length and from two to three inches in diameter. 

We can raise in Mexico all the products of the world because we 
have all climates, from the perpetual snow to the burning sun of the 
equator ; but it would take a great deal more space than I can dispose 
of in this paper, to mention all the agricultural products we can raise, 
and I will, therefore, confine myself to only such as I think are now of 
more importance. 

Coffee. — Mexico has many localities well suited for the raising of 
coffee, and the production of that berry can in the future be very 
largely increased. In the proper locality, namely, zone, ground, and 
climate, coffee can be raised on a large scale at comparatively small 
cost, affording always a large profit, whatever may be in the future its 
price in foreign markets. 

I have had personal experience in coffee-raising, having made a 
coffee plantation in the district of Soconusco, in the State of Chiapas ; 
and I took especial interest in visiting other plantations, both in Mexico 
and Guatemala, where coffee had attained a large development. My 
experience has shown me that the best zone for coffee is located between 
one and five thousand feet above the level of the sea, as coffee is not a 
product of the hot but of the temperate zone. On the highlands, as a 
rule, the quality of the coffee is better and the yield large, while the 
lowlands give an earlier but smaller yield. There are coffee planta- 
tions in Mexico, almost down to the level of the sea, which are yielding 
coffee, and from that to the elevation of six thousand feet, producing 
also a very good quality of coffee. For further information on this 
subject, I refer the reader to a treatise on coffee-raising on the south- 
ern coast of the State of Chiapas, which T published in the City of 



3flora. 45 

Mexico in 1874, and which contains detailed information on the sev- 
eral factors affecting that industry. 

It is interesting to know the production of coffee in Mexico, taken 
from some statistics for 1896 : 

Cordoba produces 10,000,000 lbs. 

Huatusco and Coatepec 10,000,000 

Oaxaca 6,000,000 

Tabasco 5,000,000 

Chiapas 3,000,000 

Other districts 26,000,000 



60,000,000 lbs. 

Sugar-Cane. — Mexico has many localities where sugar-cane can be 
raised at a very small cost, and where that industry can be made very 
lucrative, although we hardly produce enough sugar for our home con- 
sumption. From the sea-level to the frost line, which ranges, in differ- 
ent localities, from three to five thousand feet above the sea-level, 
sugar-cane can be raised in Mexico to great advantage. I have seen 
the cane in some places, especially in Soconusco, attain a height of 
twelve feet and a diameter of about five inches ; and in some localities 
it lasts from ten to eighteen years without need of replanting, and can 
be cut for grinding twice a year. When it is considered that in some 
places, like Louisiana, sugar has to be planted, as I believe, every two 
years, and that it is liable to be destroyed by frosts, the advantages of 
Mexico for that industry are apparent. 

The favorable conditions of Mexico for raising sugar-cane are so 
great that I have seen the natives in the Indian town of Loxicha, in 
the State of Oaxaca, plant a small plot of sugar-cane, grind it with 
primitive wooden mills moved by hand power, using very primitive 
earthen pans, to evaporate the juice and make brown sugar — losing of 
course a great part of the saccharine matter in the cane, — transport the 
sugar, sometimes a distance of thirty miles on mule-back, and sell it at 
one cent per pound, and still make a profit. 

For sugar-cane the lowlands are the best, and the plant is essen- 
tially a tropical one. It will grow, however, at very considerable alti- 
tudes, but when planted in the mountains it takes a longer time to 
ripen, and soon ceases to give remunerative crops. There was in 
southern Veracruz a sugar-cane only six months old which had a 
circumference of 7^ inches. Where that cane grew the yield of cane 
per acre was about 80 tons when twelve months old. The elevation 
was something like 1000 feet. It is true, however, that the bulk of 
the cane grown in Mexico is to be found above 2000 feet, but I am 
convinced that a lower altitude would produce even better results. 

Tobacco. — Among the tropical products of superior quality that we 



46 <3eoarapb!cal Botes on /IDejico, 

raise in the hot zone, I should mention tobacco, the Mexican tobacco 
being, in General Grant's estimation, superior to the Havana article. 
The natural conditions of soil and temperature are the same in Cuba 
and Mexico, but we had not the superior experience of the Cubans in 
curing the leaf until the late insurrection broke out in Cuba, in 1868^ 
when a great many Cubans went to Mexico to plant tobacco. As the 
land has been planted in Cuba with tobacco for nearly four hundred 
years, and as tobacco is a very exhausting crop, it has become indis- 
pensable to manure the land with guano, while in Mexico we have 
virgin land, and tobacco being a comparatively new industry, no guano 
needs to be used. General Grant, whom I consider a competent 
judge, detected the taste of guano in the Havana cigars, of which ours 
is free, and he, therefore, preferred to smoke the Mexican cigars. 

In Cuba the exhausted soil cannot produce all the leaves that are 
required for the world's supply of Havana cigars, and the want can 
only be filled through the use of Mexico leaf tobacco, the weed 
produced in other countries having similar conditions. The Marquis 
de Cabanas sent to Sumatra a quantity of seed when it became obvi- 
ous that the soil of the tobacco region of Cuba was fast being worn out. 
He sent seed also to Java and to the United States, but it was found 
that it was impossible to raise tobacco of the quality of that raised in 
Havana anywhere but in Mexico. That raised in Java from Havana 
seed was very coarse and rank, replete with nicotine and meconic 
acid, and devoid of those delicate essential oils that give the Havana 
and Mexican tobacco their fine aroma. 

The tobacco plant is a native of the tropics, and thrives best in the 
hot lands. It is a hardy plant, however, and will grow well in northern 
latitudes in the summer time. It often happens that the land in the 
tropics is actually too rich for the successful cultivation of tobacco. 

India- Rubber. — The lowlands of Mexico, especially those adjoining 
the Pacific Ocean and which have a very warm and moist climate, are 
very well adapted for the india-rubber tree, which attains a large size 
and yields a considerable amount of india-rubber. We used to have 
whole forests of them, which fact shows that they were in their proper 
conditions of soil and climate, as they could outgrow the rank vegeta- 
tion of the tropics, and prevent the growth of most of the other large 
trees in the forests ; but india-rubber gatherers have destroyed most of 
them, and I imagine that there is a comparatively small number left. 

I have always thought that the production of india-rubber would 
before long cease to be sufficient to supply the demand, and that, 
therefore, the value of that article would increase with the lapse of 
time. Now it is to be expected that the enormous expansion during 
the last few years of the cycle-tire, electrical motor-car, cab, and 
kindred industries will lead to the bestowal of increased attention on 



3flora, 47 

the world's rubber supply, which is so intimately associated with the 
existence of these industries. 

Thinking that a plantation of india-rubber trees would be very re- 
munerative, I devoted considerable attention to that subject, and in 
1872 started one of 100,000 trees in a place admirably located for the 
purpose, bordering on the Pacific Ocean and between two large rivers^ 
in the same district of Soconusco. In an article published in 1872,, 
under the title " India- Rubber Culture in Mexico," I compiled all the 
information on the subject that I could obtain, supplementing it with 
the experience that I had acquired. Unfortunately, for reasons of a 
political nature, I had to abandon that plantation, and when the trees 
that I had planted grew large enough to yield rubber, they were tapped 
by the natives and entirely destroyed, but my work gave me an experi- 
ence which I considered of great value. For further information on 
this subject I refer the reader to the above mentioned article. 

The india-rubber trees that grow in Mexico are not the Haevea 
guianensis that grows in Brazil, but the Castilloa elastica, and if we 
have any of the Haevea guianensis I have not seen them. 

Enough has been written lately on rubber cultivation to show that 
the profits, in Mexico at least, would be very great ; indeed, 300 per 
cent, on the capital invested is a possible return, after five years, from 
cultivating Castilloa elastica in that Republic. This is a return which 
provides plenty of margin for contingencies. Rubber-growing is no> 
longer in the experimental stage, as witness the plantation of La Esme- 
ralda, in Oaxaca, to which further reference is made below. Culti- 
vated india-rubber plantations are few, for the reason that, in some 
degree like the coffee plant, the india-rubber tree requires a long period 
of continuous cultivation before making any return to the cultivator. 
Mexico affords excellent opportunities for the development of this- 
admittedly profitable industry. On this point the authority of Sir 
Henry Nevil Bering, the British Minister to Mexico, who, in a recent 
report to the Foreign Office on the cultivation of india-rubber, says r 
" The regions most favorable for the growth of this important, yet 
rarely cultivated, india-rubber tree are the plains of Pochutla,, 
Oaxaca, and also along the banks of the Copalita River where the 
tree is found in astonishing numbers. Few are the plantations of 
india-rubber trees existing in the Republic of Mexico. The principal 
one is La Esmeralda, in Juquila, Oaxaca, which has over 200,000' 
trees, eight years old." According to the same report the total ex- 
pense for five years' cultivation of a *' rubber plantation of ioo,ooa 
trees will not exceed $25,000 in silver and the yield of 100,000 trees 
at the first year's harvest will bring the planter $120,000, besides the 
product obtained from the corn, vanilla beans, cacao, and bananas 
raised from side planting. The net profit on the investment, after de- 



/ 



48 Geoarapbical flotes on /iDejico. 

ducting the entire cost of the land and all expenses up to the first year 
of harvesting, will be $95,000, and each of the succeeding harvests, 
for twenty-five or thirty years, will bring a steady income of over 
$100,000." This is 400 per cent, per annum net profit on the invest- 
ment. These calculations are based upon the production of a five- 
year-old tree, but the report adds that " this product will be gradually 
increased every year for the next four or five years." 

Cotton. — We have many regions in Mexico very favorably located 
for the cultivation of cotton. I am aware that the cotton-growers of 
the United States hold that what they call their cotton belt has pecul- 
iar conditions for the production of their staple, which, in their opinion, 
do not exist in any other portion of the globe, and they believe, there- 
fore, that nobody can compete with them in this regard. Without any 
intention of depreciating the advantages of the cotton belt of this 
country, I am of the opinion that there are in Mexico lands as well 
adapted for the production of cotton as the best in this country, and 
in some regions perhaps better ; yet, notwithstanding these advantages, 
and although our wages are low, cotton is produced cheaper in the 
United States, and is sold with profit by the planters for one-half the 
price that it commands in Mexico, So great is the difference in the 
price of this staple in the two countries that, notwithstanding an import 
duty on cotton of eight cents per kilogram, or almost five cents per 
pound, which is equivalent to fifty cents ad valorem, we import from 
this country a very large portion of the cotton we manufacture. I do 
not overlook the fact that cotton is raised here by negro labor, which 
is considerably cheaper than white labor, but, even assuming that 
wages in this case be the same in both countries, the difference in cost 
is so great that some other factor besides labor must enter into the ex- 
pense of production. 
' As our cotton manufactories are increasing, more especially be- 
cause of the protection afforded to home products by the depreciation 
of silver, we now produce only about one half of the cotton we manu- 
facture, and have to import the other half from the United States ; but 
I am sure that before long we shall not only produce enough for our 
own consumption but also for export. 

— Agave. — The whole central plateau abounds in many species of 
agave, which are used for several purposes. In the eastern portion of 
the plateau, that is, from the City of Mexico towards Veracruz, in the 
region called the Plains of Apam, the agave yields a large quantity of a 
white juice, similar in appearance to milk, which when fermented is 
used as a tonic, and is an intoxicating beverage. The amount of alco- 
hol it contains is small — about 7 per cent., I believe — but imbibed in 
large quantities it is quite intoxicating. The use of this beverage, 
called pulque, has become very extensive in Mexico, and it must have 



jflora. 49 

very superior qualities both as a tonic and nutritive, when many live 
on nothing but corn and pulque. In the mining districts, where a 
great deal of nervous force is expended working in a high temperature 
and under very unhealthy atmospheric conditions, this drink is almost 
indispensable, and I imagine that when a way is discovered to keep it 
for some time, and its medicinal qualities become better known, it will 
be exported in considerable quantities and used by foreign countries. 
Prom the agave of other districts a drink is made called mescal, which 
has some remarkable therapeutic properties, the most celebrated being 
made in a district of the State of Jalisco called Tequila, from which 
it takes its name ; and in the very dry and stony regions of Yuca- 
tan another species of agave grows, which seems to derive its food 
wholly from the atmosphere, yielding a very good fibre, much like ma- 
Tiilla, which we now export in large quantities, particularly to New 
York. All the agave yields a first-class fibre as raw material, either for 
paper or cordage — some of it being rather coarse, like the Yucatan 
henequen, and some of it almost as fine and glossy as silk, like pita. 

Henequen. — By far the most important of our fibre industries is the 
cultivation and preparation of the fibre known as " Sisal hemp," so 
called from the name of the port from which it used to be principally 
exported, and in the United States as " henequen hemp." The plant 
which produces it is a species of agave which flourishes to best ad- 
vantage in stony and arid land at the level of the sea. The present 
prosperity of the state of Yucatan, a large proportion of which is too 
sterile to yield any other crop, is due almost entirely to the develop- 
ment of this industry. The plant requires very little cultivation, and 
the separation and cleaning of the fibre is effected very cheaply. The 
yield of fibre is estimated at the rate of looo to 1200 pounds per acre. 

Pulque. — The pulque plant is indigenous to Mexico, often growing 
wild on the uplands, where for months and years at a time no rain 
falls ; and it is also largely cultivated on the Plains of Apam, a large 
tract of land lying in the States of Mexico, Puebla, and Hidalgo, 
about sixty miles east of the City of Mexico. The plants are trans- 
planted when two or three years old with much care, then cultivated 
in fields especially prepared for the purpose, each acre containing from 
360 to 680 plants. 

Nature requires the plant to be milked, when the liquor is ready to 
flow, for the use of man, else the superfluity of juices will cause the 
growth of a thick stem from the centre of the plant, which shoots up 
some ten or fifteen feet, putting out branches at the top, with clus- 
ters of yellowish flowers. These branches are symmetrical, and the 
effect is like a lofty, branched candlestick. 

When the pulque is first extracted, before the process of fermenta- 
tion sets in, it is sweet and scentless, and in this state is preferred by 

VOL. I — 4 



50 (BeoGrapbical Botes on /iDegico. 

those unaccustomed to the drink. The fermentation takes place in 
tubs constructed for the purpose, and to aid or expedite the process a 
little " madre pulque," or pulque mother, is added, which hastens the 
chemical change. At times fermentation is retarded by a cold spell at 
the vats. When the laborer draws the sweet sap with his rude siphon, 
made either of a gourd or a calabash and a hollow horn tip, he dis- 
charges the contents into a pig- or goat-skin swinging at his back. The 
" agua miel" in this stage is like a green water in appearance and taste. 
Soon carbonic acid is formed, and it becomes milky, and resembles in 
taste very good cider. The amount of carbonic acid contained is so- 
great, and the decomposition so incredibly rapid, that in a few hours, 
it would become vinegar if not closely watched. To prevent this the 
pulque dulce, or sweet pulque, is poured into a tinacal — an oxhide 
strapped to a square wooden frame, and capable of holding a consid- 
erable amount of the liquid. These tinacals are of various sizes, to 
meet the emergencies of the situation. 

To the sweet pulque is added an equal proportion of milk, and 
then a slight dose of infusion of rennet. This is not enough to coagu- 
late it, but sufficient to induce a slight amount of putrescence, as in 
cheese. The putrid odor and flavor of pulque as sold in the pulque 
shops is due to the rennet alone, for the belief that this is caused by 
the flavor of the pigskin, in which it is brought to market, is without 
foundation. 

From the tinacal it is poured into a hogshead by means of pigskins, 
and it is transferred to the barrels of venders from the hogsheads of 
the " haciendado " by means of the same skins. 

The plants are wholly independent of rain and storm, and are of a 
beautiful deep-green color. The pulque is carried every day to the 
City of Mexico, by special trains, in " barricas," or large tierces, and 
by " cueros de pulque," or pigskins filled with the liquid. 

The plant does not arrive at maturity or yield its sap before its 
eighth year. During the growth of the plant a central bulb is formed 
for its coming juices. This is scooped out, leaving a cavity or hole 
large enough to hold a few quarts. This cavity is made in the bottom 
and middle of the plant. The juice exudes into this cavity and is. 
taken out daily by being sucked into a long-necked gourd on the 
siphon principle, by the Indian laborers, and then poured into the tubs 
taken to the fields and then removed to the vats. 

The outlay on each plant up to maturity is calculated generally at 
about $2, and the return is from $7 to $10, according to the size of the 
plant. Its period of production is about five months, and each plant 
supposed to yield from 125 to 160 gallons of liquid during that time. 

The principal regions for the cultivation of the maguey are the arid 
limestone chains of hills, and here, in many places, the hole for the 



iflora. SI 

reception of the young plant is made with a sort of crowbar with a 
sharp point, used principally in the quarrying of tepatate, the chief 
building material of the Mexican capital. It is usual to aid the young 
plant by putting some good soil into the hole. These young plants are 
suckers which the mature maguey throws out on all sides, and which 
have to be removed before the heart is tapped for the sweet sap, which 
is the " agua miel," or honey water, of the pulque. 

The leaves of the pulque plant are long and pointed, with prickles 
along the edges. Sometimes these leaves are very large, and the 
bunches of them springing from the common stalk are enormous. The 
bruised leaves are made into a kind of paper — a rather tough, stiff, and 
hard paper — and they are also used in their natural state as a thatch 
for the roofs of the common huts or houses occupied by the peons. 
A kind of thread is also made from the fibrous texture of the leaves. 
A rough needle and pin are made from the thorn, and from the root a 
cheap and palatable food is made. 

Cactus. — Mexico is often called " the land of the cactus," and the 
multitudinous development of cactus forms in that country cannot be 
appreciated by any one who has not seen them in their home in the 
hot land. There is a species known as the giant or candelabra cactus, 
which has a single stem, from which spring innumerable branches, the 
whole plant resembling an immense candelabrum. I have seen in 
Oaxaca, some candelabra cacti about twenty feet in height by thirty 
in diameter. Some cacti shoot in single, column-like stems, others run 
like leafless vines, and others resemble needle cushions stuck full of 
needles. 

Cocoa. — Cocoa is produced in several localities. That of So- 
conusco, in the State of Chiapas, is of so excellent a quality that when 
Mexico was a colony of Spain it was the only kind used by the 
Spanish royal family. On account of the expense and difficulty of 
transportation, and the cultivation of cheaper quality in other locali- 
ties, the production has dwindled down to an insignificant amount, 
and now hardly enough is grown to supply the demand in that dis- 
trict ; but it is universally acknowledged that the Soconusco cocoa 
is the best in the world. 

The best elevation for cocoa is from 300 to 1000 feet, and the tree 
seldom thrives well at an altitude exceeding 3000 feet. Warmth and 
moisture are necessary for the successful cultivation of this plant. 

The State of Tabasco produces a very good quality of cocoa, 
although it cannot be compared with that of Soconusco. In other 
places it grows very well also, but for various reasons the production, 
instead of being developed, has dwindled down until it is not enough 
for home consumption, and we have to import some, especially from 
Venezuela and Ecuador. One disadvantage of the cocoa industry is 



52 6eoatapblcaI IRotes on /IDejfco. 

that the tree requires several years to reach maturity and to bear fruit, 
and few investors can afford to wait the necessary time. 

Vanilla. — The vanilla bean grows very luxuriantly on the Gulf coast 
of Mexico, and it has been for some time a very profitable production, 
especially in the counties of Papamtla and Misantla, in the State of 
Veracruz, on account of the excellent quality of the bean and the 
high price which it brings. It grows in a region which is subject to 
intermittent and remittent fevers, and sometimes yellow fever, and 
where labor is very scarce ; for these reasons it has not attained a 
greater development. I hardly think there is any locality where the 
vanilla vine grows better than in Mexico. 

Vanilla requires a hot, moist climate, and, therefore, the lowlands 
are best suited for its culture. Very little of the vanilla produced in 
Mexico is at present grown at an elevation exceeding looo. feet. At 
the same time it is claimed that in some places it thrives up to 3000 
feet. 

The vines will usually produce considerable vanilla in the third 
year, and they will yield considerably more during the fourth, fifth, 
sixth, and seventh years, and the production then begins to decrease. 
But before this time new rootlets have been dropped from the old 
plants, which form new vines that take the place of the old ones ; thus 
the plantation is kept in a state of continued production. The central 
portion of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec is one of the most suitable re- 
gions for its cultivation, as much wild vanilla is found growing in the 
forests there. 

The Mexican vanilla dealers have established five grades, namely : 
First, vanilla " fina," or legal, the beans and pods of six and a half 
inches long, or upwards, short in the neck, sound and black, and the 
beans which become split or open, provided they have the foregoing 
qualities and the split does not extend more than a third of the pod. 
This class is again divided into "terciada," which is composed of the 
shortest pods ; " primera chica," " primera grande," " marca menor," 
and " marca mayor," the largest of all. Second, " vanilla chica," 
those pods which differ from the " terciada " only in being shorter, two 
of them counting as one of the first class. Third, vanilla " zacate," 
the pods of all sizes, which are off color through being gathered before 
becoming properly ripe, or being over-cured ; " pescozuda," " vana," 
" cueruda," and " aposcoyonada," names for pods in a more or less 
damaged condition. Fourth, vanilla " cimarrona," the wild vanilla in 
good or fair condition, three pods counting as one of the first class. 
Fifth, the " rezacate," composed of the very short pods ; of those 
split all the way up to the stalk, of the badly damaged, of the very 
immature, and of the greatly over-cured ; of this, six pods count as 
one of the first class. 



iflora. 53 

After the sizing and classification are finished, the pods are tied up 
in bunches of 100-150, so as to weigh one pound, and wrapped in 
filtering paper and tin foil. 

Silk Culture. — The mulberry-tree and silkworm industries have a 
very great future in Mexico, and are destined to produce a veritable 
revolution in the industries of the central plateau of that country. 
The mulberry tree can be grown in Mexico almost to an unlimited ex- 
tent, especially in the central plateau, and, as wages are low, the raw 
silk can be manufactured at a great profit. Several experiments have 
been made on a small scale, more particularly in the Valley of Mexico, 
by Mr. Hipolito Chabon, a gentleman of French descent, and he has 
obtained most satisfactory results. I have no doubt that the time is 
not far distant when the silk industry will assume great proportions in 
Mexico, and we will be able to stand among the foremost silk-producing 
countries of the world. 

Cochineal. — The cochineal is a bug which feeds on the cactus ; and 
which, when fully developed, is brushed off the cactus leaves and 
roasted to prevent decomposition, being then ready for market. It is 
raised to great advantage in Mexico, and especially in the valleys of 
the State of Oaxaca. When it was the only article used to dye red it 
was very valuable, commanding sometimes between four and five dol- 
lars per pound, and it made the wealth of that State. But recent dis- 
coveries in chemistry have supplied other substances for dyeing which 
are very cheap, especially aniline, and the price of cochineal has fallen 
considerably, so that now it is hardly raised at all. When it had a 
high price, it was raised in Guatemala, and it was the beginning of the 
wealth of that State. It is now raised, I understand, in several other 
countries. 

Rice. — Rice grows very well in Mexico, and I have not seen any 
district where it is necessary to inundate the fields to favor its produc- 
tion, although I understand it is also raised in that way in some locali- 
ties. It is generally planted just as wheat and barley are in the United 
States, needing no irrigation and depending entirely on the rainfall. 
I imagine that raising rice by inundation would be more expensive, 
and also be dangerous, because it could not fail to affect the salubrity 
of the country. 

Chicle, or Chewing-Gum. — This article, like many others, grows wild 
in Mexico, where the demand that has arisen for it in the United 
States has begun to develop its production. For some time past the 
shipments from Mexico have been on an increasing scale, owing, no 
doubt, to the comparatively high prices which ruled early in 1896. 

Every year a larger extent of forests is worked for chicle, result- 
ing in a steady growth of the production since the gum first became 
an important commercial article, about ten years ago. Prior to that 



54 Geograpbical Motes on /IDejico. 

time 7 or 8 cents a pound was considered a good price, and in 1896 
it was sold at 36 cents. The importation into the United States con- 
stitutes almost the entire production, and the amounts and values are 
thus officially reported by the Statistical Bureau of the United States 
for the fiscal years ending June 30 : 

1894. 1895-96. 

Chicle 1,903,655 lib. 3,618,483 lib. 

Value $490,438 $1,167,101 

Average 25| cents per lib. 32 cents per lib. 

The following statement has been compiled from official data col- 
lected by the Mexican Government, the value of the chewing-gum 
being in silver : 

Year. Pounds. Value. 

[885-86 929,959 $ 156,402 

[886-87 1,254,853 353,641 

t887-88 1,542,794 371,673 

8-89 2,037,783 592,810 

9-90 1,827,131 714,242 

[890-91 2,457,653 1,284,682 

Ji-92 2,494,177 703,572 

)2-93 1,757,813 705,167 

[893-94 2,645,722 . 803,019 

4.-95 1,668,636 679,367 

[895-96 3,297,371 1,527,838 



Total 21,913,932 $7,892,413 

Vuca. — Yuca, or starch-plant, called manioc in South America, is 
a bush from four to six feet high, having tubers, like horse-radish, six 
to ten to every plant, and weighing from one to twelve pounds each. 
It is an important product of Chiapas and may be sown at any time, 
but it is better to do so from the stems when the rains begin, say in the 
month of May, by opening ditches five feet apart, and planting the 
cuttings, eight inches long, in them consecutively, leaving one foot be- 
tween. Vegetable and sandy soil is best adapted for it, although it 
can be planted and will thrive in any kind of land. In arid and hard 
soil it needs plowing. If the land has been thoroughly cleared before 
planting it requires but little weeding during cultivation. A year after 
being sown, if the soil is rich, it will begin to yield tubers which must 
be dug up at the time the tree begins to flower. In replanting after 
digging the tubers, a slip is left standing and this will bear in twelve 
months. Besides extracting the starch from the tubers, the leaves are 
used as fodder for stock. 

Sir Henry Bering, the British Minister to Mexico, sent recently to 
the Foreign Office some practical notes on the cultivation in Mexico of 
the " Yuca" or cassava plant, pineapple, ginger, " chicle " or chewing- 



jflora. 55 

gum, sarsaparilla, jalap, licorice, canaigre, and ramie, and I shall quote 
here from his notes on some of those products. 

The yuca is to the peon, in the tropical section of the Republic, 
what potatoes are to the poor and working people of Ireland. Yuca is 
a native of the country, and its rise dates back before the conquest of 
Hernan Cortez, and it has always formed a portion of the food of the 
ancient and present Mexicans, especially those living in Veracruz, 
Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, and Yucatan. It has been estimated that 
the returns of yuca cultivation are immense ; the yield of an acre 
contains more nutritive^ matter than six times the same area of wheat. 

Ginger. — Ginger is found growing wild in various parts of Mexico. 
The returns from an acre of land vary considerably, but when culti- 
vated under favorable conditions, the crops ought to be 4000 pounds 
and upward. A ten-acre patch would yield annually from $5000 to 
$7000. 

Canaigre. — Though for years canaigre has been used in Mexico, 
both for medicinal and tanning purposes, it has but recently attracted 
the attention of the outside commercial world as a valuable source of 
tanaic acid. The result of investigations has been to create a great 
demand for canaigre in the tanning business of European countries, 
and more recently in the leather-making centres of the United States. 
The only supply now to be obtained of this plant is from the wild 
growth along the rivers and valleys of Western Texas, New Mexico, 
and Mexico, and a fear has been felt for some time that with the con- 
stantly increasing demand the present sources of supply must become 
exhausted. 

Peppermint. — Water mint {mentha vulgaris) thrives very well on 
the central plateau of Mexico and in some sections of the warm zone, 
especially along the rivulets and small lakes. There is no reason 
why the peppermint {mentha piperita), as well as spearmint and tansy, 
should not grow in abundance in Mexico, as they belong to the same 
family and require the same climatic conditions. As the oil of pep- 
permint is very extensively employed in medicines and the arts, the 
cultivation of this plant will be profitable to Mexico. 

Cabinet and Dye Woods. — In the low, hot countries we have all the 
cabinet woods growing wild and a great many dye woods, some of 
which are indigenous to Mexico, like the Campechy wood, not being 
found in other countries. It would take too long to enumerate the 
different kinds of cabinet woods we have, and I will only say that it 
happens with them as with our fruits, that only such of them as have 
been introduced here, like mahogany, cedar, rosewood, ebony, and a 
few others, are known in this country and in Europe, while hundreds 
of other kinds as hard as those and of as fine, if not a finer grain, are 
found in the wild woods of Mexico. 



s6 aeoGcapbical Botes on /iDejico, 

Grasses. — In the lower regions of Mexico, especially at the sea-level^ 
we have various grasses which can be grown at very little expense and 
which make very good food for cattle, fattening them very much, and 
in comparatively short time. While I lived in Soconusco, I used to 
buy lean cattle, three years old, at $io per head ; and letting them pas- 
ture on the grass, the expense being little more than that of a few men 
to take care of the cattle, without providing them with any shelter,, 
pens, or anything of that kind, only giving them about once a month 
some salt, at the end of four or five months they became very fat and 
could be sold on the spot at $25 a head. The fattening grasses can be 
very easily cultivated, because they are of such rank growth that they 
do not allow any other vegetation to spring up on the same spot, and 
so save the expense of cleaning the ground of weeds ; which, in the 
hot regions is very great, as vegetation is there very rank. 

Alfalfa. — The alfalfa grows very luxuriantly in almost every place 
in Mexico, and it is so abundant there, that it has very little com- 
mercial value. It is nowhere dried and kept for fodder, but of course 
such use can be made of it. Land good for alfalfa has a very low 
price, and we are greatly surprised when we hear that in California, the 
alfalfa land is worth $100 an acre. 

Cattle Raising. — Mexico has special advantages for the raising of 
cattle, not only because of its mild climate, which renders unnecessary 
the many expenses required in the northern section of this continent^ 
but also on account of the grasses that grow in several localities and 
that constitute very good food for cattle, as I have just stated, 

Mexico will be, before long, a very large producer of cattle and other 
animals, and they will form a large share of her exports, Mexico has 
sent within two years about 400,000 small undeveloped cattle to the 
United States at about $15, Mexican silver, per head, and has also sent 
nearly her entire output of cotton-seed meal to the United States and 
Europe at about $16, silver, per ton. The meal sent to the United States 
is fed to cattle. The Mexican cattle sent there take the place of the 
better stock which is sent to Europe, causing virtually a five-thousand- 
kilometre railway haul against the short haul in Mexico to reach the 
coast. In addition we have to pay import duties in the United States. 
This is a sufficient evidence that a large profit could be made by fat- 
tening cattle with the cotton-seed meal in Mexico, and shipping the 
fattened cattle direct to Europe, even using the best cattle of the 
country. But rapid improvement should be made in the class of cattle 
for beef purposes. Cotton-seed meal is the feed to be relied on chiefly. 
The quantity of it produced already is sufficient to fatten a large num- 
ber of stock. The cattle should also be fed with a small amount of 
corn along with the meal during the last month of feeding to harden 
and whiten the meat, as feeding only with cotton-seed meal makes the 



meat dark, and militates against its selling value to some extent, and 
the corn can be easily and profitably supplied. The total cost of fat- 
tening a steer should not reach $15 silver. There is an unlimited de- 
mand in Europe for choice meats at about 12c., gold, per pound, and no- 
import duties have to be paid. Poor classes of meat are a drug in all 
markets of the world. With these great advantages placed within easy 
reach, the producers in Mexico of grain and stock have a guarantee of 
ready sale at good prices for all they can produce. 

Inquiry was made in Liverpool about the possibilities of the Mexi- 
can live-animal trade with England, and it was found that the initial 
difficulty is the small size of the Mexican cattle, as cattle weighing 
1200 pounds are considered small by the trade there, and from 900 ta 
1000 pounds is therefore extremely small. The smallest Texan cattle 
ever imported in Liverpool averaged 1226 pounds. 

The best Mexican steers can be made to weigh 1200 pounds if well 
fattened. The difference in cost of transportation on account of 
lighter weight is but small in proportion to the cheapness of Mexican 
cattle. Cattle breeders in Mexico, on the whole, have not advanced 
much in developing good breeds of cattle. They do not appreciate 
their value, nor would they pay one-half their actual cost, though they 
can be had from the United States at half of what they would cost 
from Europe. Herefords are the best breed, I am sure that the rail- 
roads will do all they can to encourage that industry by charging as 
low rates as possible, as they would thus develop an industry which in 
the course of time would become very profitable to them. 

A great need of Mexico is a reliable supply of good and healthy 
water through artificial means, well distributed over the stock ranges 
to prevent the great loss by death through lack of water, as well 
as the heavy shrinkage of meat and tallow, by so much unnecessary 
travelling of stock to water. They cannot grow fairly, much less fat- 
ten, and over one-half the annual increase die of exhaustion, while the 
value of the stock lost in one year would supply permanent water at 
convenient distances and prevent three-fourths of the loss and shrink- 
age now sustained. It has been amply proved that stock water can be 
secured under the most unfavorable conditions. 

It would be to the advantage of the breeder to import some Eng- 
lish short-horn bulls, with the object of breeding larger cattle, so as to 
make profitable the export of cattle to England, as animals should 
weigh from 1200 to 1300 pounds. This has been done in Texas and 
in the Argentine with beneficial results, and the improvement in the 
cattle from the latter place has been most marked during the last five 
years. With the proper attention, the same good results could be 
achieved in Mexico. 

The English steamers that bring a large quantity of merchandise 



58 (Beoatapblcal Botes on /IDejico. 

to Mexican ports have trouble in even securing ballast to get out of 
those ports, and have to traverse the Gulf and United States coasts to 
secure loads for the return trip. Their owners are willing and ready 
to supply facilities for the exportation of live stock and frozen meats if 
assured of a sufficient traffic to justify them in the expense, for they pre- 
fer reloading direct for Europe to going elsewhere for freight. The 
time required to return direct from Mexican ports is but little more 
than from New York and Baltimore, and is sufficiently short to warrant 
good service in transportation of live stock, and the cost would prac- 
tically be the same as from United States ports. The United States is 
beginning to export beef and stock from Galveston to Europe, which 
is practically the same distance as from the Gulf ports of Mexico. 

Mexico could export annually and easily after the next ten years 
400,000 of fattened cattle, which would increase considerably the 
amount of our exports, and this trade would greatly assist the develop- 
ment of many other industries. 

The desired result in question could be hastened by mixing good 
foreign labor with the native labor. The latter would be better fed, 
clothed, and educated, as well as encouraged, taught, and compelled 
to do better work, and thus the country's physical and mental welfare 
would be greatly promoted. 

Sheep. — The same conditions apply to the sheep and wool industry. 
It is a great mistake for the Mexican sheep-owners to raise a class of 
sheep that yield each only from one to two and one-half pounds of 
very coarse and inferior wool, annually, while they themselves wear 
goods manufactured from foreign wools, and the domestic-cloth manu- 
facturers are also under the necessity of importing largely of fine wools. 
Mexico possesses natural resources for producing all the wools of every 
grade that she needs, with a large quantity over for export, not to speak 
of choice grain-fed mutton for domestic and foreign consumption. 

The custom of killing so much poor stock is a terrible waste of re- 
sources, as one well-fattened animal will render twice as much as a thin 
or poor one. 

Products of Cold and Temperate Regions. — I will not speak of the 
products of the cold and temperate regions of Mexico, such as Indian 
corn, wheat, oats, barley, and others, because their cultivation is well 
understood in the United States, and I could say here nothing new to 
the American reader, but will only state that they all grow very well in 
the proper regions of Mexico. 

FRUITS. 

We produce in Mexico a great many tropical fruits that are no! 
sent to the United States because there is no market for them for 
the reason that they are not known here. Some of them are delicious, 



jfrufts, 59 

and with the facilities of communication, I have no doubt that they 
will become known and a taste will be developed for them in this 
country. I will speak here only of such of our tropical fruits as come 
to the United States. 

The advantage of tropical fruits growing in their proper zone and 
climate is immense, as the expense of planting and cultivating them 
outside of their proper limits is very great and there is always danger 
of their destruction. 

Oranges. — Orange trees, like any other fruit trees, depend in Mexico 
on the rain, and, except in a private garden or private grounds, are not 
irrigated. While the orange tree is a hardy plant, it thrives best and 
yields the most luscious fruit in the tropics. Elevation exceeding 2500 
feet is not, as a rule, desirable for orange culture. 

The advantages of irrigation in orange culture are great in the sub- 
tropical regions of Mexico. The fruit of the irrigated orange tree is 
of a very superior quality, while the tree itself has a longer lease of life 
and is less subject to attacks from insects and diseases of a fungoid 
nature. One of the conditions primarily requisite to the growing of a 
marketable orange is that the trees be watered at judiciously regulated 
intervals during and for a short time after the blossoming season. At- 
tacks from insect and fungoidal pests, which are most disastrous, and 
to which the trees are peculiarly subject during the blossoming period, 
are rendered even more dangerous by the prevalence of a considerable 
amount of humidity in the atmosphere which is always conducive to 
the development of parasitic germs or fungoidal spores. An abund- 
ance of moisture in the ground but a comparatively small amount in 
the air is the condition most to be desired during and just after the 
blossoming season. This is to be had by irrigation, but, generally 
speaking, not without it. Under irrigation, the soil is also much less 
subject to deterioration, owing to the superior fertilizing properties of 
water taken from wells and streams. Rain water, aside from contain- 
ing a small percentage of ammonia, which it receives from the air, only 
acts as a medium to transmit the nutriment from the soil to the tree, 
while water taken from wells or streams holds in solution the renewing 
materials which are directly communicated to the plant proper. 

In the more elevated orange districts of Mexico, the trees should be 
watered about once every twenty days during the dry season. 

In some places our oranges are as sweet as if they had been preserved 
in sugar, and this, notwithstanding the fact that no attention is paid 
to their cultivation, that they grow almost wild, and without irrigation. 

I think that the distillation of orange blossoms would prove very 
profitable. The production of flowers per tree is given at from 22 to 
55 pounds in the case of sweet oranges, and from 60 to 100 pounds 
per tree from the bitter variety. 



6o aeoarapbical Botes on /iDejico, 

In flavor and productiveness the Mexican orange is unsurpassed. 
In the majority of the districts but little care or attention is given to 
the cultivation of the trees. Scientific orange culture in Mexico is 
practically unknown. The introduction from other countries of dif- 
ferent varieties of the plant for experimental purposes is just being 
commenced. 

The price of oranges in Mexico at the present time, in districts 
reasonably near lines of transportation, is about $ii per thousand, 
Mexican money, on the tree. It is the practice of the producer to sell 
the fruit on the trees, the buyer picking, packing, and shipping it at his 
own expense. 

About one hundred trees are usually set out to the acre, the average 
yield being from 800 to 1000 oranges to the tree. I know of trees in 
Mexico which have a record of having produced 10,000 oranges. This, 
however, is very exceptional. 

A properly cultivated and prudently managed grove at the end of 
five years' growth should prove as profitably as a coffee plantation of 
the same size, at the end of five years. 

The production of the orange trees begins in the third or fourth year 
and increases up to the twelfth, and, in some cases, to the fifteenth or 
sixteenth year. It is considered best to cut the fruit up to the fifth 
year, not permitting it to mature. 

A book prepared by Frederico Atristain, entitled Cultivo y explota- 
xion de Naranja^ and published by the Department of Fomento of the 
Mexican Government, contains a great deal of reliable information on 
the subject of orange culture in Mexico. 

After an orange tree has been yielding sweet oranges for many years, 
it very likely exhausts the substances of the earth which give the sweet 
taste to the fruit, and it begins to lose its sweetness, until finally, if the 
land is not manured, as is almost always the case in Mexico, the oranges 
become bitter. 

A recent cyclone, which lowered considerably the temperature in 
Florida, destroyed in one day, I understand, about 12,000,000 orange 
trees, thus causing ruin or serious loss to thousands of men engaged 
in that large industry, while the orange region in Mexico is entirely 
free from frosts and consequently from such dangers. 

Lemons. — In the hot and temperate regions of Mexico lemons grow 
very well. There are some districts of the country, like Soconusco, 
where the natives plant the lemon trees very close together, for the 
purpose of making a hedge or fence, and, notwithstanding that the trees 
have not the necessary conditions of sunlight and air for their proper 
development, they grow very well. I do not know of any place in 
Mexico where lemons have been cultivated for commercial purposes ;. 
but I am sure they could be made a very lucrative industry. 



fruits, 6 1 

Limes and Shaddocks. — Lime trees prosper very well in Mexico, 
bearing large amounts of delicious fruit. I have not seen in the United 
States any of our limes, at least such as are imported here are not like 
ours, and I have no doubt that if known our limes would find a good 
market in this country. The lime should not be planted at an altitude 
exceeding looo feet. We grow also a very large kind of shaddock, 
which we call " toronja," and which is not imported in this country, 
but which if known here would find a good demand. It grows very 
luxuriantly and attains at times a very large size, even eight inches in 
diameter, having a very thick peel. 

Bananas. — The banana thrives anywhere from the sea-level to an 
elevation of 5000 feet, and is one of the many Mexican fruits which 
yield to the planter an immense profit. The whole Mexican coast 
produces the banana spontaneously and in very great abundance. On 
the lands near the sea, at an elevation of 600 to 700 feet, large planta- 
tions of bananas can be started at a cost of five cents per plant, in- 
cluding all expenses. At the end of the first year, the plants begin to 
bear, and 1000 plants, which have cost $50, will produce $1000 as a 
minimum. The following year the yield is double that amount, and 
almost without expense. At the end of one year, the plant produces 
one bunch which is worth in the United States from 75 cents to %\ 
gold, the cost to the farmer being not more than 25 cents per bunch 
in Mexican currency. After the first year, the sprouts from the old 
plant grow up and give double the first year's yield. 

There is perhaps no tropical plant easier of cultivation than the 
banana. The suckers having been planted out at the commencement 
of the rainy season, they will grow vigorously, and produce fruit in 
about a year. The land must be kept free from weeds, and an oc- 
casional turning up of the soil will prove beneficial. Before the plant 
throws out its flowering stem, suckers will make their appearance above 
the ground, and these will require careful attention. While the plant 
is young, all the suckers except one should be cut away, the best plan 
being to sever them with a sharp spade. Thus all the vigor of the 
plant is thrown into the fruiting of the first stem, and the growth of 
the one to supplant it, and, in this way, fine large bunches can be 
reckoned on. The second stem usually produces a finer bunch of 
fruit than the first, but, as the land becomes exhausted, the bunches of 
course decrease in size, and this shows the necessity for manure in 
some form or other. 

Bananas are used extensively as shade for young coffee and cocoa 
trees, and in places where an export banana trade has been established, 
the formation of a cocoa plantation is a very inexpensive matter, as the 
return in fruit from the bananas will pay for the cultivation of the 
cocoa until the trees are able to give a small crop. 



62 ©eqorapbical IFlotes on /iDejico. 

The important feature, and the one upon which the success and 
profit of the industry depend largely, is that of cheap and certain trans- 
portation facilities. That requisite is easily obtainable ; for instance, 
there are extensive and cheap lands for sale along the Tampico branch 
of the Mexican Central Railroad, from which the fruit can be shipped 
either all by rail, or by rail to Tampico, and thence by boat. 

We have many kinds of bananas in Mexico, of different sizes, 
colors, and flavors, ranging in length from two to eighteen inches, and 
from one-half of an inch to three inches in diameter. The largest, 
which in some places are thought unfit for food, are in others, like So- 
conusco, considered the best ; very likely on account of their different 
quality. When roasted the latter are very juicy, and taste exactly as if 
they had been preserved in sugar. Some people on the coast live al- 
most entirely on bananas, this fruit forming their principal food. The 
banana is likewise a tropical plant, and thrives best on the lowlands. 

Pineapple. — The Toltecs and Aztecs knew how to cultivate the pine- 
apple, and when the Spaniards conquered Mexico, they found the 
fruit in the markets of the towns on their way from Veracruz to the 
great Tenochtitlan. " From time immemorial," Sir Henry Bering 
says, "the pineapple has been cultivated in Amatlan, a town five miles 
south of Cordoba, from where the ancient Mexicans used to get their 
main supply." Now it is grown in tropical Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, 
Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Morelos, Guerrero, Michoacan, Colima, 
Jalisco, and Tepic. " Besides the fruit being very delicious and whole- 
some," Sir Henry Bering says, ** a fine wine and vinegar are made of 
the juice. The leaf furnishes a fibre of extraordinary strength and 
fineness, making it even more valuable than the fruit. The fibre is 
made into ropes, cables, binding twine, thread, mats, bagging, ham- 
mocks, and paper. A pineapple rope three and a half inches thick 
can support nearly three tons. A textile fabric as fine and beautiful 
as silk is made of this fibre too. It is believed that the fine cloth of 
various colors used by the upper classes among the Aztecs was made 
of the pineapple fibre. The modern Mexicans do not manufacture it 
much now, except in the Isthmus, where the Zapotec Indians still 
make a cloth from it and from wild silk. One cause for its disuse is 
the slow and wasteful manner in which it is separated." Pineapples 
will grow at elevations of from 2000 to 3000 feet above the level of the 
sea, but the best and most delicate fruit is produced on the lowlands. 

Cocoa-Nut. — We have in our lowlands near the sea many kinds of 
palms called corozo, bearing different kinds of fruit, growing in large 
bunches and the fruit very abundant, being in the shape of a small egg, 
very rich in oils, and making also a very good food, although it is 
hardly used now for any purpose. The palm tree bearing the cocoa-nut 
grows, of course, very luxuriantly, and does not require any care after 



J 



jflowers* 63: 

it is once planted. The cocoa-nut prefers the sea-coast and high tem- 
perature. The saline breezes from the sea are very beneficial to it., 
I have not seen in Mexico the species of palm bearing the date,, 
perhaps because it has not been planted there ; but I am sure that we 
could raise it, as we have several sections with a climate similar ta 
that of Egypt and Asia Minor, where the date palm grows so well. 

Mangos. — The mango is a very fine fruit, but requires a cultivated 
taste, and is generally disliked the first time it is eaten. It has a very 
large bone, although that is not the case in fine qualities, called Manilla 
mango, which has a very thin one and a great deal of pulp. The 
mango occasionally comes to the United States, but being a very frail 
fruit, has to be taken from the tree when very green. It does not 
ripen well, and, if taken when beginning to ripen, it reaches its desti- 
nation in a decayed condition. 

Alligator Pear. — The alligator pear is one of the most delicious 
fruits that we raise in Mexico, and is properly called vegetable butter, 
being a good substitute for butter. It is not eaten by itself ; the most 
usual way to eat it is in salad. We have several kinds and sizes of this 
fruit. The seed of the alligator pear is oval-shaped and quite large, 
about 4 inches in length by i^ in diameter, and of some oily substance^ 
which, I have no doubt, has some good medicinal properties. 

Mamey. — The same is the case with the seed of the mamey, a fruit 
unknown in the United States, having a red pulp, and a very large 
seed covered with a thin shell. The Indian women extract an oil 
from that seed and use it for their hair, and I think it must have many 
more useful medicinal properties. 

A great many other of our fruits have seeds containing substances 
which I have no doubt will be found, when analyzed, to be very valua- 
ble to therapeutics. 

Zapote. — The zapote is one of our tropical fruits which does not 
come to this country. I have just heard that the seeds of the zapote 
have recently been found by a Mexican doctor to be a very good nar- 
cotic, which does not produce the ill effects of the drugs now in use. 

Papaya. — This fruit, which grows in our hot lands resembles the 
melon in shape, pulp, and seeds, but its color is of a yellowish-red. It 
was considered a very common fruit, but recently it was found to be a 
powerful digestive, and it is already used in Europe as a medicine under 
the name of Papaine. 

Flowers. 

Mexico is a favored country for flowers. They grow wild in 
a great many places, and they can be raised at very little cost, as there 
is no need of hot-houses or any other expensive appliance to cultivate 
them. The Indians in the small towns around the City of Mexico 



64 Geoatapbical IRotes on Mexico. 

make a business of raising flowers, and they sell handsome bouquets, 
as artistically made as any in this country, for a mere trifle. A 
bouquet which, for instance, in New York would cost $5 in winter, 
could be had in the City of Mexico all the year round for 25 cents ; 
and I look forward to the time when flowers will be exported in large 
quantities from Mexico to the United States if the protective policy of 
the country does not interfere. 

IRRIGATION. 

At the time of the Spanish invasion of Mexico, the Indians in those 
parts of the country where the population was greatest were dependent 
upon irrigation for a large part of their cereals, and for cotton, which 
played so important a part in their economy. As the same method had 
been employed from time immemorial in Spain, it followed that on the 
partition of the soil among the Spanish conquerors, irrigation became 
an important factor in their agriculture ; but with expansion of popu- 
lation large tracts of land have come to depend entirely upon the rain. 

In recent years Mexican agriculture has depended almost altogether 
on the rainfall, except in a few places well supplied with water, and 
where irrigation is both cheap and easy ; but the inhabited portions 
of the country have been depleted of their timber by the natives for the 
purpose of using the wood for fuel or lumber. In more recent years, 
the building of railroads has increased considerably the demand for 
wood both for sleepers and for fuel for locomotives, and the consequence 
is that a great change is taking place in the climatic conditions of the 
country and that fuel is exceedingly high. In no other country is there 
so much timber — a good deal of it not yet full grown — consumed an- 
nually as in Mexico. The consumption of timber for railroad purposes 
alone, not to mention that used in mines, smelters, and as fuel in cities 
and towns, is incalculable. 

Competent authority in Mexico, among whom is the Inspector of 
Manufactories, created for the purpose of insuring the collection of the 
internal-revenue tax, considers that only in the Federal District of 
Mexico the consumption of wood exceeds 4000 English cords daily, 
used as fuel in the factories, railroads, and other plants of that city. 

The consumption of charcoal by private families in the old-style 
open cooking grates is at least 500,000 pounds in the Federal District 
of Mexico, which is equivalent to 2,500,000 pounds of wood taken from 
the scanty forests of the central plateau, and that consumption would 
be very much reduced if, instead of those old-fashioned grates, iron 
cooking stoves should be used ; and to encourage their use, when I was 
last in the Treasury Department of Mexico, I was instrumental in re- 
ducing considerably the duties on the same. 

Another cause of the destruction of the forest in Mexico consists 



•ffrriaatfon* 65 

in the primitive way in which the Indians raise their crops. They own 
in common a large tract of land, and they begin to till near their towns, 
commencing by destroying the forests and planting every year in a dif- 
ferent locality, because, more especially in the lowlands, the vegetation 
springs up so rank after the first year's crop that it is very difficult to 
keep the ground clear of weeds. In this way they clear new land every 
year, going farther and farther from their town, until sometimes their 
crops are raised at a distance of as much as thirty or forty miles from 
their homes. The natural result is the destruction of the forests around 
the towns and at some considerable distance from the same, and con- 
sequently the diminution of the rainfall. I was greatly struck, on my 
last visit to Mexico, in 1896, by the scantiness of water at an Indian 
town called San Bernardino, in the sierra district, about five miles 
north of Teotitlan, the county seat of the district, which I had visited 
in November, 1855, ^^^ found then exceedingly abundant in rainfall 
and consequently in water, as well as all the mountains north of that 
place, which extend for about eighty miles to the lowlands on the Gulf 
of Mexico. On my recent visit, however, I found a great scarcity 
of water : a small stream of probably not more than one-half an inch 
in diameter, carried in very primitive wooden troughs, was all the water 
the town had, and that only during the rainy season, the people being 
obliged to go a considerable distance for water in the dry season ; this 
being only one illustration of what the destruction of the woods is 
doing in Mexico. 

The city of Oaxaca, at the foot of the Sierra, used to be, in my 
young days, very well supplied with water, using for that purpose several 
streams coming from the mountains ; but during the last dry season 
the scarcity of water has been such as to cause a real water famine. 

The diminution of the rains, together with other atmospheric phe- 
nomena, which takes place from time to time, produces in some years 
drought that prevents the crops from being raised ; as the country pro- 
duces at present only the corn necessary for its consumption, which 
cannot be kept from year to year on account of its being eaten by in- 
sects. This diminution was very disastrous before the railroad era, caus- 
ing serious famines. Since the railways were built, we import in such 
years corn from the United States, spending several millions of dollars 
in providing ourselves with that staple. All that will be changed, and 
we shall be able to produce cereals enough not only for home consump- 
tion, but even for export, when we begin to use irrigation. The con- 
figuration of the country allows dams that will retain sufficient water 
both for irrigation and manufacturing purposes, to be built at compara- 
tively little expense. 

Large tracts of land in Western Asia, Northern Africa, and South- 
ern Europe — countries which, according to historians, were once densely 

VOL. I— 5 



66 (Beoarapbfcal Botes on /iDejico, 

populated and gardens of the world — are now uninhabited and barren, 
wildernesses ; and this has been brought about by the wholesale de- 
struction of the forests and the absence of any law to protect them 
and provide for their replanting. In the United States it has been seen 
that not only does the decrease of the forest area lessen the rainfall, 
but also the fall of snow in the winter months, the consequence being 
a marked decrease in the supply of water for irrigation purposes from 
the streams and rivers dependent for their supply on the snowy moun- 
tain tops. 

Along the Mississippi River it is a common observation of the river 
pilots and old steamship hands that the summers are becoming more 
and more dry and the streams smaller, and that the big river itself has 
shown a marked decrease of " navigability " every year during the past 
twenty years. All this is caused by the indiscriminate chopping dowii 
of the forests at the head of the principal tributaries of the big river. 
Statistics from Russia, Germany, Spain, Italy, Palestine, Australia, and 
India all prove beyond a doubt that the protection of the forests is a, 
matter of vital importance. 

Mexico is not only suffering from an annual decrease in rainfall,, 
owing to the continual decrease in the timber-bearing area, the rainfall 
being more and more unequal every year during the past twenty years 
but the winters are becoming more and more severe, and the frosts are 
reaching farther and farther south each year. This is undoubtedly due 
to the wholesale destruction of timber now going on throughout that 
Republic. 

The Government can cope with this matter only by legislation, and 
having before it the example of the rest of the world, the Mexican Gov- 
ernment should act without delay and in a manner that would benefit, not 
only the present, but also future generations ; and I understand it has 
been studying the advisability of prohibiting the use of wood for the 
locomotives and sleepers. Experience has shown that in tropical coun- 
tries iron sleepers last much longer, and are, on the whole, cheaper 
than wooden ones, and our supply of coal will soon be ample enough 
to furnish all the fuel necessary for the railway and mining industries. 

One of the most profitable investments for capital in the near future 
will undoubtedly be the construction of reservoirs in the mountainsy 
dams in the rivers, artesian-well boring, the erection of pumping ma- 
chinery on a large scale, together with the introduction of modern 
devices and appliances that will facilitate the successful cultivation of 
the soil and assure crops of all descriptions in all parts of the country 
where it has been proved that irrigation must be resorted to. Not onl^ 
are these requirements essential for the conservation of water for irriga- 
tion purposes, but many large cities throughout the Republic are with-_ 
out any certain water supply ; and many that have a sufificient supph 



HrriQation. 67 

show by their death-rates that that supply is bad, and during the 
greater part of the year is the cause of wide-spread disease. 

Again, much is to be gained by the use of these waters for the gen- 
erating of power for the use of factories, mines, electric lighting, rail- 
ways, and street cars, even should one hundred miles or more intervene 
between the generating plant and the machinery it is proposed to apply 
to it. 

It seems marvellous that the Mexico of to-day — presenting, as it 
does, more natural resources, a greater variety of climate, cheaper 
labor, and better facilities for the construction of dams, reservoirs, 
canals, etc., than almost any other country — should be so far behind 
the times in a matter that has become an absolute necessity before the 
greater portion of its area can be thoroughly populated. The great 
increase in value of a piece of land after it is irrigated ought to be in- 
ducement enough for capital to be invested in such works. Compe- 
tent engineers contend that Mexico, owing to its topographical and 
geological features, will be found to present most favorable conditions 
for the construction of reservoirs, dams, gravitation canals, the erection 
of pumping plants driven by wind, steam, gasoline, electricity, or even 
water power, and also for the cutting off and bringing to the surface 
of the underflowing waters, which are known to exist in greater abun- 
dance there than elsewhere on the face of the globe, as nature has 
been very prodigal to it in these respects. 

Irrigation in arid countries is the corner-stone of civilization, and, 
to make a country self-sustaining, agriculture should be the first aim 
of its inhabitants. Agriculture must come first ; manufacturing and 
mining cannot thrive until the food supply is forthcoming. 

With the extension of railway lines and the notable impulse given 
to agricultural enterprise within the last twenty years, Mexican land- 
owners have improved more and more upon the earlier methods, and 
have, to an increasing extent, applied the principles of engineering 
science to the methodical cultivation of the large tracts into which 
their holdings are usually divided. 

The Nazas Irrigation. — Some notice of an irrigation enterprise in 
Mexico will show how much we are now doing in this line. 

The great plan of northern Mexico embraces nearly the whole of 
the States of Chihuahua and Coahuila, being bounded east and west 
by the sierras of the Pacific and Gulf coasts respectively. It consists 
of two watersheds, — that of the Rio Grande to the north, and the 
the so-called desert of the Bolson of Mapimi in the south. It is 
about four hundred miles wide by six hundred long, and maintains 
a general level of about four thousand feet above the sea, although 
much broken by local mountain ranges. The Bolson of Mapimi 
has much the same formation as the basin of the Great Salt Lake. 



68 (Beoatapbical IRotcs on /IDejfco. 

It receives the drainage of all the eastern slopes of the Durango 
sierras and the western slopes of the Coahuila ranges, but possesses no 
outlet. As a consequence, throughout its whole area, the rivers run 
into broad, shallow lakes, whence the waters are gradually lost by- 
evaporation during the dry season. Of these rivers, the largest is the 
Nazas, which has a course of nearly three hundred miles from its 
source to where it is dispersed over the shallows, called on modern 
maps Lake Mayran. Sixty or seventy years ago the Nazas discharged 
its waters into a series of extensive lagoons, occupying what is now 
the fertile Laguna district of Durango and Coahuila. 

At that time a phenomenal and long-continued rainfall so over- 
charged the, then, bed of the Nazas as to cause it to open a new 
course, and leave the Cayman lagoons thirty miles on one side. In 
the course of years these lagoons were converted into a mesquite wil- 
derness, almost dead level, and composed of a deposit of the finest 
detritus, of unknown depth. The central depression of this lake-bed 
filled a broad valley running north and south, and surrounded by a 
parallelogram of mountains. The area thus comprised was about two 
hundred and ten square miles of pure vegetable loam,locally known as the 
Lake of Tlahualilo. This cuenca, or bowl, was the spot chosen about 
six years ago for the establishment of the great irrigation enterprise. 

The problems involved called for courage and high administrative 
qualities, as well as technical engineering knowledge. It had early 
developed that the lands left dry by the changed course of the river 
were of extraordinary fertility, and half a century ago these tracts, 
immediately adjacent to the river, had been taken up and brought 
under irrigation after the rough methods then practised. The result 
was that, by 1890, about 250,000 acres of this land were under ditch, 
and the region was producing the greatest part of the cotton grown in 
Mexico, as well as heavy crops of corn and wheat. The Tlahualilo 
basin was known to be the richest portion of this district, but the 
thirty miles of sun-baked desert separating it from the present course 
of the river presented an obstacle to utilization which proved too 
formidable for the cultivators of the Laguna country. In 1889 a 
project was formulated for carrying a ditch across the intervening 
desert to the head of the Tlahualilo cuenca, and converting the 
whole of the latter area into a huge hacienda. 

Preliminary survey showed that the lowest level of the basin to be 
irrigated was about 100 feet below the point on the river Nazas 
which it was proposed to dam ; that the main canal, on account of 
topographical conditions, would require a development of 39 miles ; 
and that the slope of the lands within the basin was such that about 
175 square miles out of the 210 composing the basin could be advan- 
tageously irrigated. A company was formed to undertake the work. 



"ffrrlQation, 69 

A dam of piles and riprap was thrown across the river at a point where 
it is about 1500 feet wide at flood. From this dam the line of the 
main canal was traced to the entrance of the Tlahualilo, — a distance 
of 39 miles. The canal terminated in a distributing tank at the en- 
trance to the irrigable area, whence it bifurcated, one arm being car- 
ried along the western side of the basin. 

The rainfall in the Bolson of Mapimi is confined to a few days of 
heavy showers about the beginning of June and the beginning of De- 
cember. But up in the mountains of Durango, where the Nazas takes 
its rise, the rainfall at the same season is very heavy and protracted, 
resulting in high water in the river, which lasts for several weeks at a 
time. It is during these freshets that the cultivated lands in the Nazas 
district are irrigated. For the rest of the year they receive no water, 
except from occasional brief showers. In the Tlahualilo basin, a week 
or ten days of irrigation is all that is needed in the course of a year, 
the water soaking easily and quickly through the almost impalpable 
silt, and the hot sun forming a protecting crust which checks evapora- 
tion, and retains the moisture in the subsoil for a surprisingly long 
time. In fact, owing to their long roots, the cotton plants strictly re- 
quire irrigation only once every other year, but corn and wheat, of 
course, must receive it at each planting. The distribution of the 
waters is regulated by government schedule, each property on the 
river being allotted its proportion of water, according to priority of 
settlement. Each canal on the river is permitted to take as many irri- 
gations as it desires during the season of high waters, but in strict 
rotation. That is, after a property has taken one quota, it cannot re- 
peat the process until all the others have taken theirs, when its second 
quota is available. Where another property, as often happens, does 
not care to use all the water to which it is entitled, its further allot- 
ments may be used by its neighbor. The waters, on leaving the river, 
are heavily charged with sediment largely volcanic in its origin, and 
this is deposited on the lands at each flooding in the shape of extremely 
fine mud. 

Six years of experience with this property demonstrates the fact 
that irrigation, when applied to fertile land under a carefully planned 
and thoroughly executed system, where the water supply is owned by 
the user, puts agriculture among the least dubious of industries. The 
system adopted by the Tlahualilo Company is especially worthy of atten- 
tion, because of the notable unity of plan pursued from the inception 
of the enterprise to its fullest development, and of its resultant econo- 
mies. It was on this property that a disastrous experiment of colo- 
nization from Alabama took place in the year 1896, when hundreds of 
negroes were taken from Alabama and other points of the southern 
portion of the United States under the supposition that they could 



70 aeoarapfoical IRotes on /IDesico. 

withstand the down-pour of the tropical sun of Mexico, and by their 
knowledge of the cultivation of cotton succeed in carrying out the 
purpose of the men who undertook the enterprise. Unused to food 
conditions in Mexico, especially for want of bacon and corn bread, 
they were infested with sickness, which caused great mortality among 
them, and frightened and demoralized they fled from Tlahualilo, this 
experiment showing very plainly that Mexican planters cannot rely for 
labor on the colored people of the United States. 

The production of cotton and corn in the vicinity of Torreon can 
be increased eightfold by building reservoirs in the Nazas River and 
its tributary canons, to hold the water back for the irrigation of the 
vast area of fine cotton and corn lands that are yet unproductive, 
simply through the non-retention of the great amount of water flowing 
to the sea, unused, annually, and the same result could be obtained 
by doing the same thing with many other rivers in Mexico. With one- 
fourth of the water now needed to produce a good crop, the same 
amount of grain can be produced by good cultivation. The reason is 
that by the methods now in vogue in most parts of the country, so little 
soil is loosened by the plow that nearly all the water runs off, where 
rain is relied on, and only with a great amount of rain can a crop be 
raised. When irrigation is used, the water required to keep the hard 
ground moist is entirely in excess of the reservoir, rain, and river sup- 
plies. This is the reason of the short grain supply and of the necessity 
for importing during years of drought large quantities of corn. If the 
ground were plowed deep and well, it would absorb most of the rainfall 
and create sufficient surface moisture to meet the moisture from below, 
which would counteract the dry action of the atmosphere on the soil 
and roots of the grain, which, by its luxuriant growth, would soon shade 
the ground, and thus contribute still further to the retention of moisture. 

The fact is, taking Mexico as a whole, that there is not a year so| 
dry but that with good cultivation, sufficient grain can be raised tc 
supply domestic demands, while all the excess above that quantity ir 
favorable seasons should be used as feed for stock, which would supply' 
the large quantities of lard, tallow, hard-oil, etc., now being imported, 
and would leave a large amount for export, together with a consider- 
able quantity of meat for the same purpose, thus helping to cover the 
balance of foreign trade and keeping our silver dollars in the hands 
of the farmers and stockmen, to improve and increase their lands, 
herds, and flocks. 

FAUNA. 

The present Mexican fauna belongs, like its flora, to the North_ 
American zone, so far as regards the plateau regions, and to the AnJ 
tilles in respect to the coast lands round the Gulf, while that of the 



Ifauna. 71 

Pacific seaboard is intermediate between the Californian and South 
American. In the general aspect of its terrestrial animals, Mexico 
is connected more with the United States, whereas in its marine forms 
the reverse movement has taken place. Thus the prevailing species in 
the Gulf of Mexico as far as Tamaulipas and Texas, and the Pacific 
coast northwards to Sonora and Lower California, have migrated from 
South America. The species in the two oceanic basins differ almost 
completely ; and, despite the proximity of the Pacific and Atlantic 
shores, their shells are quite distinct. 

The fauna includes three species of large felidse, the puma or 
American lion, jaguar, and ocelot ; among the smaller is the wildcat. 
Wolves are common in the northern States, and also the coyote ; be- 
sides which there are bears, wild boars, and bisons, A species of 
sloth is found in the southern forests, with five varieties of monkeys. 
Of the other wild animals the principal are hares, rabbits, squirrels, 
two or three kinds of deer, beavers, moles, martens, and otters. 

All the domestic animals introduced by the early Spanish settlers 
liave multiplied prodigiously. The horses, though small, retain the 
spirit and graceful form of the Andalusian or Arabian stock, from 
which they mainly sprang. 

The waters of the estuaries and coast streams teem with fishes, all 
the numerous varieties of which differ on the two oceanic slopes, but 
still present a certain analogy in their general distribution. Turtles 
are taken in considerable numbers on the coast, and the carey, or 
turtle-shell, of Yucatan and Guerrero is the object of a trade valued at 
^20,000 yearly. 

The ophidians are represented by a few boas in the southern forests, 
and several species of snakes, some extremely venomous, as the rattle 
and coral snakes. The largest lizard is the iguana, whose flesh is by 
some of the natives used as food. Noxious insects infest the hot 
regions in myriads ; alacranes, or scorpions, in two different varieties, 
are everywhere feared, and many children were every year killed by 
their sting in the city of Durango before the proper antidote was 
found and used, Scolopendras, gigantic spiders, tarantulas, and mos- 
quitoes abound. 

Bees are numerous and their wax is an article of export, and the 
silkworm, though comparatively neglected, yields an annual profit of 
some importance. The birds of prey are eagles, hawks, and zopilotes, 
or turkey-buzzards, the scavengers of the coast towns, with three or 
four species of owls. Domestic fowl are extremely abundant. The 
parrots, humming-birds, trogons, and so forth, vie in richness of 
plumage with those of Brazil, and the Mexican songsters, the prince 
of which is the zenzontle, or mocking-bird, are unequalled by those of 
any other country. 



72 



Oeoarapbical IRotes on /IDejico. 



Of all the Mexican fauna, two only have been domesticated : the 
huahulotl {Meleagris Mexicana), which is a species of duck, and the 
turkey, introduced into Europe by the Spaniards from the West Indies, 
hence by the French called " coq d'Inde." The techichi, an edible 
dumb dog, was soon exterminated when taxed by the Spanish authori- 
ties. The other farmyard animals have all been introduced into Mex- 
ico by the conquerors. 

In the Gulf of California, and especially near La Paz, and the neigh- 
boring archipelagoes, extensive beds of pearl oysters are fished. Some 
other islands in the same gulf are frequented by myriads of various 
species of aquatic birds, and have already yielded many hundred car- 
goes of guano. 

It is noteworthy that the Pacific islands, lying at some distance 
from the coast, have all a fauna different from that of the mainland. 
Thus the little Tres Marias group, about sixty miles off the coast of 
Jalisco, has a special species of humming-bird. The Revillagigedo 
Archipelago also forms a separate zoological zone, and the island of 
Guadalupe, over one hundred and fifty miles distant from Lower Cali- 
fornia, has eleven species of land birds, every one of which differs 
from the corresponding species on the adjacent continent. 

ETHNOLOGY. 

Mexico is inhabited by native Indians found there during the Span- 
ish conquest, by descendants of the conquerors of Mexico and other 
European races, and by a mixture of the two. There are so few in- 
habitants of African descent that it is hardly worth while speaking of 
them. The proportion of this population is about as follows : Of Eu- 
ropean descent, 19 per cent. ; native Indians, 43 per cent. ; mixed races, 
38 per cent. 

Mexican Indians. — The native Indians found by the Spaniards be- 
long to several nations and tribes, having different features and entirely 
distinct languages. The principal of these tribes are the following^ 
some of which are now extinct : 



Otomi, 


Apache, 


Tarahumara, 


Chichimec, 


Irritilas, 


Tepehuan, 


Huaxtec, 


Tamaulioecs, 


Sabaibos, 


Totonac, 


Zacotec, 


Acaxee, 


Mixtec, 


Huastec, 


Xixime, 


Zapotec, 


Zoqu6, 


Concho, 


Mahuas, 


Opata, 


Manosprietas, 


Toltec, 


Guaicuri, 


Comanche, 


Olmecs, 


Yaqui, 


Cuachichils, 


Xicalancs, 


Mayo, 


Tarascos, 


Tula, 


Seri, 


Mix6. 



Btbnologi?* 73 

These tribes have been classified in the following families : 

Mexican Family ; Totonaca Family ; 

Sonorense Opata-Pima Family ; Mixteco-Zapoteca Family ; 

Guaicura y Cochimi Laimon Fam- Matlalzinga 6 Pirinda Family ; 

ily ; Maya-Quiche Family ; 

Seri Family ; Chontal Family : 

Tarasco Family ; Huave Family ; 

Zoque-Mixe Family ; Apache Family ; 

Otomi Family. 

There is a great deal of similarity between the Mexican Indians 
and the Malay Asiatic races — especially the Japanese branch — which 
gives foundation to the idea that the aborigines of Mexico originally 
came from Asia, or vice versa} Their intensely black hair and eyes, 
their brown or yellow color, their small stature and the slight obliquity 

' The following extracts from the San Francisco, Cal., Bulletin of June 7, 1897, 
confirm my views on the subject : 

" Information is received from Australia concerning the reports of F. W. Christian 
of the Polynesian Society, who has returned to Sydney after an extended tour of the 
islands of the South Seas, the Caroline group especially, where he has been on a suc- 
cessful search for ethnological specimens. These reports are of great importance to the 
scientific world and are said to let much light on a vexed question which has puzzled the 
most learned savants for years. Mr. Christian has discovered extensive traces of the 
Chinese and Japanese in the islands of the Pacific, and claims to have discovered evi- 
dence pointing to the existence of a civilization of nearly two thousand years ago, which 
is linked with the ancient civilization in Central America, and will probably explain the 
origin of the Aztec races. 

" Under the auspices of the Polynesian Society, according to advices from Sydney, 
via Honolulu, received per Coptic yesterday, Mr. Christian worked. The gentleman 
spent nearly two years looking for traces of the Chinese in the islands, and was lucky 
enough to find ancient records, specimens of handiwork and weapons which proved 
that Asiatic races were extensive traders among the South Sea group thousands of years 
ago. Evidence of a very decisive nature was secured which shows that a large trade 
was carried on via the islands of the Caroline group, between China and Central Am- 
erica, and that the ancient Chinese were more inclined to emigrate than their latter-day 
brethren and colonized extensively. 

" Extensive inquiries were made as to the traditions of the islanders, and many 
discoveries were made concerning the early history of the Malays with regard to naviga- 
tion, all proving that the Torres strait's route to the Pacific was not taken, but that 
voyages were made to many of the Caroline islands. 

" The coincidence is a strange one that a despatch from Hermosillo, Mexico, dated 
June 6th, reports that a rock recently discovered in the mountains of Magdalena dis- 
trict, State of Sonora, which is covered with Chinese inscriptions, has just been visited 
by Sen Yup, a well-educated Chinese of Guaymas. He says the inscriptions are Chi- 
nese, but are somewhat indistinct. He made a copy of them, and has translated enough 
of the lines to show that the writing was probably inscribed on the rock at least two 
thousand years ago. " 



74 (Beoarapbical Botes on /iDejico. 

of their eyes, are features common to the Mexican Indians and the 
Japanese. When I first came to Washington, at the end of 1859, not 
having been out of Mexico before, I retained very vivid recollections 
of the Mexican Indians, with whom I had been somewhat closely asso- 
ciated ; and shortly afterwards the first Japanese Embassy came to this 
country and was received in a very solemn manner by Mr. Buchanan, 
then President of the United States. The Embassy consisted of about 
forty persons altogether, comprising ministers, secretaries, interpret- 
ers, servants, etc., and were dressed in their national gala costumes, 
not having yet adopted the European one. The Diplomatic Corps 
having been invited to the reception, I attended as a member of the 
same, and was greatly struck by the remarkable similarity which I found 
between the Japanese members of the Embassy and the Mexican In- 
dians, whom I had just left. It seemed to me that had I collected at 
random forty Mexican Indians and dressed them in the same gorgeous 
costumes that the Japanese wore, nobody could have detected the 
difference. 

Some of the Indian languages seem to me to resemble strongly the 
Oriental ones, though of course I cannot speak with authority, as I do 
not know any of those languages and have heard only the Chinese, 
Japanese, and Korean spoken ; but I am sure that if any educated and 
intelligent Chinese should go to Mexico and spend some time among 
the Indians, he would find traces in the language which would con- 
tribute greatly to clear up this problem. Mr. Tateno, a former Japanese 
Minister, who visited Mexico, found, during his short stay in that coun- 
try, several words that are used in Japan and that have the same mean- 
ing in both countries. I am aware that Senor Pimentel, a very learned 
philologist, who made a special study of the languages of the Mexican 
Indians, finds no similarity at all between them and the Chinese or 
other Oriental languages ; and that even the Otomi language, which is 
monosyllabic, he finds to have no similarity to the Chinese. But, 
notwithstanding that great authority, I believe that the aborigines of 
both continents, that is, Asiatic and American, were originally of the 
same race, and that there must be some relationship between their 
respective languages. 

The Indians of the different tribes do not generally mix with one 
another, but intermarry among themselves, and this fact contributes 
largely to their physical decay, and makes very difficult, at least for 
some time to come, the complete assimilation of all the Mexican popu- 
lation. 

The Mexican Indians are on the whole a hard-working, sober, 
moral, and enduring race, and when educated they produce very dis- 
tinguished men. Some of our most prominent public men in Mexico, 
like Juarez as a statesman, and Morelos as a soldier, were pure-blooded 



J 



Btbnolog^, 75 

Indians,' and fortunately there is no prejudice against their race in 
Mexico, and so when they are educated they are accepted in marriao-e 
among the highest families of pure Spanish blood.^ 

I have been a great deal among them, and my knowledge of their 
characteristics only increases my sympathy and admiration for them. 
In the State of Oaxaca, for instance, where I spent the early years of 
my life, I have seen Indians from the mountain districts, who, when 
they had to go to the capital, especially to carry money, would form 
parties of eight or ten to make a ten days' round trip, carrying with 
them their food, which consists of roasted ground corn, which they 
take three times a day ; stopping at a brook to mix it with water, and 

' Sir William Hingston, President of the Surgery Section in the Second Pan- 
American Medical Congress, held at the City of Mexico in October, 1896, in an in- 
terview which was published by The Gazette of Montreal, Canada, of December 2, 
l8g6, said, concerning his visit to Mexico, among other things : 

" The pure-blooded Indian was seen on all sides. 

" The Spaniards would seem to have pursued the same course as was followed by 
the original French settlers, they did not shove aside the native Indians as useless lum- 
ber, to be gotten out of the way, as a distinguished Harvard professor puts it, but they 
treated them as people in possession of the soil, with whom it was not only right but 
proper to ally in marriage. I have always regarded our North American Indian as 
the best type of the aborigines in stature. I still believe he is, but not so in intellect. 
The broad, massive forehead of the native of Mexico, and his soft but prominent and 
intelligent eye, are evidences of mental power. . . ," 

' I take from a spicy article published by Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, in Har- 
per's Magazine for June, 1896, the following description of the dress of the poorer 
classes in Mexico : 

" Herbert Spencer might extend here his comments on the relation of color to 
sex. It is the theory that all the males of birds have gay plumage in order to make 
them attractive to the other sex, while the females go in sober colors. This is also 
supposed to hold true of barbarous nations. The men who dress at all, or use paint 
as a substitute, wear bright colors and more ornaments than the women, while the gen- 
tle sex is content to be inconspicuous. Needless to say that in what we call civiliza- 
tion, this rule is reversed. The men affect plain raiment, while the women vie with 
the tropical birds of the male gender. Tried by this test Mexico has not reached the 
civilization of the United States. The women of the lower orders are uniformly sober 
in apparel, and commonly wear drawn over the head a reboso in plain colors. The 
scant dress is usually brown or pale blue. It is the men who are resplendent, even the 
poorest and the beggars. The tall conical hats give to all of them an " operatic " dis- 
tinction ; the lower integuments may be white (originally) as also the shirt and the 
jacket ; or the man may have marvellous trousers, slit down the sides and flapping 
about so as to show his drawers, or sometimes, in the better class, fastened down 
with silver buttons ; but every man of them slings over his left shoulder or wraps 
about him, drawing it about his mouth on the least chill in the air, a brilliantly col- 
ored sarape, or blanket, frequently of bright red. Even if he appears in white cotton, 
he is apt to wear a red scarf round his waist; and if he is of a higher grade, he has 
the taste of a New York alderman for a cravat. This variety and intensity of color 
in the dress of the men gives great animation and picturesqueness to any crowd in the 
streets, and lights up all the dusty highways." 



76 aeo^rapbtcal IRotes on /IDejtco, 

sleeping on the bare ground, preferring always the open air ; getting 
up before daylight and starting on their journey at daybreak imme- 
diately after their early meal, speaking no Spanish and travelling 
about forty miles a day. When they reached the city of Oaxaca, they 
would remain there one or two days, and go back to their homes with- 
out taking part in any dissipation. They prefer to live in the high, 
cool localities, and they have their patch of ground to raise corn and 
a few vegetables in the hot lowlands, sometimes thirty miles away from 
their homes, and carry their crops on their backs for all that distance. 
They make very good soldiers, and military leaders have used them to 
great advantage during our revolutions. 

Professor Starr's theory that we are all on this Continent assuming 
the type of the Indian, is, in a measure, true. It is nothing new, for it 
was already indicated by an English physician travelling in the British 
colonies before the United States were thought of. 

The great task of the Mexican Government is to educate our 
Indians and make them active citizens, consumers, and producers, 
elevating their condition. Before we think of spending money to en- 
courage European immigration to Mexico, we ought to promote the 
education of our Indians, which I consider the principal public need 
of the country. 

Increase of Mexican Population. — In the beginning of the century 
Baron Humboldt, who visited Mexico and studied very carefully the 
conditions of the country, thought that the Indian race, which was 
then very numerous, would continue to increase and would be the pre- 
ponderant race of Mexico, as far as .^umbers were concerned, as it 
showed a large proportion in a census made in 1810 by Don Fernando 
Navarro y Noriega, and which appears in Baron Humboldt's Political 
Essay of New Spain. According to that census the population of 
Mexico was then divided as follows : 

European and American Spaniards 1,097,928 

Indians 3,676,281 

Mixed races or castes 1,338,706 

Secular ecclesiastics 4,229 

Regular ecclesiastics 3,112 

Nuns 2,098 

Total 6,122,354 

Including among the Europeans the ecclesiastics and nuns, the 
population was, according to that census : — 

Europeans 1,107,367 or 18 per cent. 

Indians 3,676,281 " 60 " " 

Mixed races 1,338,706 " 22 " " 

Total 6,122,354 "100 " " 



Btbnoloai?* 77 

In the census of 1875 the following results appear : — 

European race and descen- 
dants of the Spaniards 1,899,031 or 20 per cent. 

Mixed race 4,082,918 " 43 " " 

Native Indian race 3,5 13,208 " 37 " " 

Total 9,495,157 "100 " " 

The increase of population in the 65 years which elapsed between 
the two censuses mentioned, deducting from the census of 1810 the 
inhabitants of Texas, New Mexico, and Upper California, who had 
passed to the United States, numbering 58,338, was 

Population of 1810 6,064,016 

Census of 1875 9,495,157 

Increase of the population in the 65 years 3,431,141 

From the preceding data it appears that the European race nearly 
doubled its population in the space of 65 years, and at the rate of i.i 
per cent, of increase per year ; that the mixed race trebled it at the 
rate of 3.25 ; and that the native race diminished it at the rate of 0.058 
per cent, per annum. 

Families in Mexico are generally very large, often having ten or 
fifteen children. I remember how much surprise it caused in Wash- 
ington, my stating in the presence of Senor Don Jacobo Blanco, the 
Mexican Commissioner in the late International Boundary Com- 
mission, who was recently here for a year finishing his office work and 
maps and preparing his report, that he was the twenty-fourth child in 
his family, his father having been twice married. 

Decrease of the Indian Population. — It further appears that the In- 
dian population has been decreasing since the beginning of the present 
century, notwithstanding the fact that the Indian race on the whole is 
very prolific. 

The causes of the decrease of the Indian population in Mexico are 
various ; bad nourishment, insufficient shelter from the inclemency of 
the weather, wretched attendance in sickness, and many others, some 
of which I shall mention here, having contributed toward the degener- 
ation and decline of the race. 

The small-pox, owing to the carelessness or indolence of the par- 
ents in regard to vaccination, or their repugnance to it, causes deplor- 
able ravages in this race, more especially among the individuals that 
live at any considerable distance from the cities. 

Indian women, even when far advanced in pregnancy, do not ab- 



78 Oeoarapbical Botes on /iDejfco, 

stain from hard labor, and, without any care for their coming offspring, 
continue grinding their corn until the moment of parturition. Then, 
before the proper time for taking the child from the breast, it is fed 
with food unsuitable for its age and difficult of digestion, which occa- 
sions diarrhoea or other maladies that either cause its death or at least 
contribute to its imperfect development. 

Another circumstance which causes the degeneration of the Indians 
is their premature marriages. In Mexico the marriageable age for wo- 
men has been fixed by law at eighteen years, and in the tierra caliente, 
or hot country, at fourteen ; but in some places Indian girls are married 
at twelve. Every Indian father considers it his duty to marry his 
children, whether boys or girls, as soon as they are of age, the parents 
of course making the match to suifthemselves. 

This used to be the case not only with the Indians, but even with 
persons of Spanish descent. I once heard General Degollado, a very 
good and prominent man in Mexico, say, that the day he married he 
took, immediately after the ceremony was over, his bean-shooter and 
went to shoot birds, because he had no conception of what he had done, 
his parents having arranged the match for him ; but he added that he 
could not possibly have made a better choice of a wife. 

The Indians are strong by nature ; and in this is to be found the fact 
that so many of them reach an advanced age, in spite of their scant 
and poor food, their unhealthy mode of living, and their damp and un- 
wholesome habitations, consisting of miserable huts where whole 
families are huddled together. 

The Spaniards in Mexico. — The Spaniards are a money-making, 
wonderfully frugal race, since they have been battling with hard con- 
ditions at home for centuries. The Spaniard in Mexico is — as Richard 
Ford who spent thirty years in the peninsula, and who was a close ob- 
server, depicts him — a hardy, temperate man, well fitted, under favor- 
able conditions, to become a dominant influence. 

In Mexico, the energy of the Spaniard is remarkable. He is force- 
ful of word and phrase, energetic in his movements, immensely vital, 
tremendously persistent, and wonderfully enduring. After thirty years 
behind a counter selling groceries, he retires, a man of fortune ; not 
always large, but sufficient, and is still a man of force and ready for 
undertakings demanding good brain power and courage. They come 
over mere lads, from ten to fifteen, toil and moil, feed frugally, and 
sleep hardly, and they become millionaires, bank directors, great mill 
owners, farmers on a grand scale, hot-country planters and monopolists, 
for the Spaniard is born with the " trust " idea ; while his sons are toO' 
often dudes and spendthrifts. 

The thrifty Spaniard toils and saves, and his ambition is to marry a. 
rich girl, frequently the daughter of a Mexican landowner, and so he 



Btbnolooi?. 79 

lays the foundation for permanent wealth ; for everywhere, the world 
over, the man who gets the lands and holds on to them is the wealthy 
man. Speculators and financiers come and go like bubbles on a river, 
but the landed proprietor keeps a permanent clinch on humanity. 

There is one check to the growth of Spanish influence in Mexico, 
and that is the climate. All Europeans, no matter what their nation- 
ality, become physically modified by residence in the new world ; and 
nowhere is the effect of climate more noticeable than in the tropics. 
The children of the Spanish residents are less energetic than the parents, 
and the third generation are altogether Creoles. Just as the Mexican 
of Spanish descent is, as a rule, less energetic, not so vascular, and less 
vigorous than the Spaniard, so is the American less full-blooded and 
leaner than the Englishman. The change that takes place in the hu- 
man organization, transplanted from the old world to the new, is a pro- 
found one. 

English and Germans in Mexico. — The present century has seen 
many changes in the commercial world of Mexico ; the great Engjish 
houses have almost all disappeared ; especially has this been marked in 
the dry-goods, or draper's business. The Germans, with superior econ- 
omy, if with no more of enterprise, drove the English out of that pro- 
fitable business, and in time themselves succumbed to the still closer 
methods of the Barcelonettes who gained a foothold in the business 
which they have successfully maintained. The dry-goods business in 
the Republic is largely in the hands of men who speak the French 
language. From the great houses of the capital go forth bright young 
men, trained to business habits who are established over branch con- 
cerns in the interior and coast towns. Their employers become their 
backers, and a close intimacy is maintained, to the mutual advantage of 
older and younger merchants. 

Very few of the foreigners who settle in Mexico, and especially 
Spaniards, are educated, as most of them hardly know how to read 
and write. They very seldom become naturalized Mexicans, and almost 
always keep their allegiance to the country of their origin. That 
seemed natural when Mexico was in constant turmoil, and many of the 
foreigners going there expected to make large fortunes by means of 
diplomatic claims ; but that reason can hardly hold good now, when 
the country is at peace, and perfect security is extended to every in- 
habitant. If the foreigners continue keeping their old nationality 
when they become permanent settlers of Mexico, some changes may 
be necessary in the legislation of the country affecting their condition. 

Americans in Mexico. — It will be very difficult for the fun-loving, 
self-indulgent, Anglo-Saxon Englishman of America to compete with 
these self-denying Spaniards, capable of living with the nose to the 
grindstone twenty, twenty-five, or thirty years, eating always sparingly, 



8o (5eoarapbical IRotes on /iDejico. 

drinking wine, but in moderation, spending no money, dressing poorly, 
and ever with a fortune accumulating. The American wants to cut a 
dash and so does the EngHshman, else the English would have main- 
tained their commercial supremacy in Mexico. They lost it to the 
more frugal and economical Germans. 

The American is a speculator, a dreamer of golden dreams ; he lives 
for the eyes of other people ; he is not capable of the patience that 
keeps a man tied to a desk or shop for half a lifetime, making a savings 
bank of himself. 

Some Mexicans are afraid that a free influx of citizens from this 
country may Americanize it. This is true as to the means of trans- 
portation, the introduction of electric lights, improved hotel accomo- 
dations, and where similar improvements are concerned. But there is 
no doubt of the persistence of traditions and habits, and the influence 
of climate. It is difficult to introduce the American push and restless- 
ness in business, and to overcome the habits formed in many centuries 
of ^letting the morrow take care of itself. There must be the mid-day 
siesta, and the number of working days is reduced by several feast 
days, saints' days, and holidays, besides the Sundays. There is no 
doubt that the productiveness of nature is an inducement to very 
leisurely labor, and the lack of any sharp division of seasons is a sort 
of moral discipline, as well as a stimulus to extra exertion in summer 
to prepare for winter. What must be the effect upon character when 
this stimulus is wanting? It is possible, of course, that industry will 
be stimulated by the inflow of settlers from the north, and that Mexico 
will take on new enterprise and productive vigor ; but I think it is 
easier for Americans in Mexico to fall into Mexican ways and Mexican 
moral views than it is to convert the Mexicans to the American view 
of life. I do not doubt that Mexico has a great industrial, agricultu- 
ral, and manufacturing future, but I fancy that its power of absorp- 
tion, like that of Egypt, is greater than its facility of adaptation. 

Ruins. — We have in Mexico some of the most ancient and remark- 
able ruins, and although there are different surmises about the time at 
which they were built and the people who built them, nothing is known 
positively about them. 

The principal ones are in Uxmaland and Chichen Itza in Yucatan 
Comalcalco in Tabasco, Teotihuacan and Cholula in Puebla and 
Tlaxcala, and Mitla in Oaxaca. 

Uxmal. — Uxmal is not far from the city of Merida, the capital of 
the State of Yucatan, supposed to have been built by the Mayas, and 
different books have been written about them, especially one by Dr. 
Augustus Le Plongeon, a French savant, who passed many years in 
Yucatan, studying its magnificent ruins, and published in New York, 
in 1896, a book entitled Queen Mod and the Egyptian Sphinx, in which 



Btbnolog^, 8i 

he contends that the empire of the Mayas, which had its seat at Yuca- 
tan, was the cradle of civilization, and that from there it went to India, 
Egypt, and finally to Greece and Western Europe. 

Palenque, — Very likely the same Mayas built the large ruins which 
still exist in the district of Palenque in the State of Chiapas, and in 
some places in Guatemala. 

Cholula. — The great pyramid of Cholula, made known to the scien- 
tific world by Humboldt, which is eight miles from Puebla, has been 
pictured and described. Its base is looo feet on each side, and it is 
built in two great terraces, the first being 71 feet, and the second 66 
feet, in height. The top is 203 by 144 feet. So far as investigations 
have revealed, the great pyramid is artificial and is constructed of sun- 
dried brick. 

Teotihuacan. — Teotihuacan, an ancient city lying twenty-five miles 
northeast of the City of Mexico, and occupying an area of about one 
and a half or two miles, contains some of the most remarkable series 
of ruins. To the north of the ruins is a truncated pyramid, rectangu- 
lar in form, squared to the points of the compass, and known as the 
Pyramid of the Moon. South of it, at a distance of about 1300 yards, 
is another pyramid of similar form, known as the Pyramid of the Sun. 
Its perpendicular height is 223 feet, and its base measures about 735 
feet from east to west. Both pyramids are united by a straight street, 
which starts from a circular plaza at the south side of the Pyramid of 
the Moon, and loses itself in the barranca south of the Pyramid of the 
Sun. 

These colossal pyramids are regarded as among the most ancient 
monuments of Mexico, far antedating the civilization found by the 
Spaniards. They are wonderful illustrations of what perseverance and 
time will accomplish. Now even the means which the builders used 
for handling the immense blocks of volcanic stone with which they 
constructed is unknown. Other ruins, in the character of little 
mounds, are found scattered over the extensive plain in which the two 
pyramids are situated. The street or avenue which united the latter 
is called the " Road of the Dead." Along its entire length, parallel to 
it on both sides, there is a terrace constructed of cement, clay, and 
broken lava, faced with a coating of mortar or plaster, highly polished, 
and painted red and white. Desire Charnay removed the rubbish 
from one of the mounds on the side facing this road, and discovered 
what he calls a " palace," with two large halls and various small rooms. 
In 1886, Sefior Don Leopoldo Batres made an excavation in one of 
the mounds, and found two polychrome frescos painted on the wall 
of the building which was laid bare. The question is naturally asked, 
how these monuments came to be covered ? Was it by an earthquake, 
or by the hands of the builders themselves ? Sefior Batres inclines to 

VOL. I — 6 



82 (Beoarapbfcal IRotes on /IDejico. 

the latter view, as he found the roofs of the houses perfectly preserved, 
while the interior of the rooms was in every case filled with stones 
neatly fitted into the spaces, and joined with a clayish cement to form 
a compact mass. His conclusion as to the pyramids is, that they are 
two great temples erected to two old Mexican divinities. Each pyra- 
mid consists of five terraces, which diminished in size until the height 
of 223 feet was reached. Each has on one of its sides a stairway six 
and one-half feet in width, which makes five zigzag turns, and leads to 
the sanctuary or shrine on the summit. The outer surface of the 
pyramids, and perhaps the interior as well, was plastered over with a 
mortar of lime, hard and smooth, and decorated with frescoes, repre- 
senting quasi-historical events and scenes. 

The small mounds scattered over the area occupied by the ruins 
were, according to Batres, dwellings and small shrines. Each con- 
tained from six to twelve rooms, quadrangular and rectangular in form. 
The cornices as well as the walls were beautifully ornamented in colors. 
On some as many as twenty tints had been used. The doors were rec- 
tangular, never trapezoidal in form, although the latter style has been 
erroneously attributed to ancient American architecture. They meas- 
ure eight feet in height by about three feet in width. The houses had 
neither windows nor balconies. The city was crossed by subterranean 
aqueducts constructed of stone, the walls of which were plastered with 
firm and smooth mortar. Near the Pyramid of the Moon, among the 
rubbish, there was a monolithic statue of colossal dimensions. It rep- 
resents a woman with a characteristic head-dress, and wearing a neck- 
lace of four strings of beads. Travellers in Teotihuacan can find 
countless miniature heads modelled in clay anywhere on the freshly- 
plowed stretches of level land that lies across the broad, straight 
Micoatl, or " Path of the Dead." They vary in length from one to two 
inches, and invariably have nothing more than a neck attached to 
them. They may be distinguished by this peculiarity from those that 
are applied as ornaments to terra cotta vases, and from fragments of 
"idols." The features and peculiar head-dresses that adorn these 
little heads of Teotihuacan vary greatly, and this diversity has given 
rise to, and been quoted in proof of, the migration of tribes, of the mix- 
tures of widely dift'ering races, or of their succession to each other in 
the occupation of the Valley of Mexico. Owing to the unfamiliar 
aspect of some of these head-dresses, it has been asserted that they 
could not be even " Toltec," but must be relics of still more remote 
and unknown races of men. Various uses have been assigned to them, 
the commonest supposition being that they were in some way associated 
with ceremonies relating to the dead. There is probably no subject 
connected with Mexican archaeology, except the calendar, that has given 
rise to more discussion. Dr. E. B. Tylor regarded them as a puzzle. 



Btbnoloai?. 83 

and Professor F. W. Putnam has spoken of them as the " riddle of the 
many heads," Desire Charnay saw in some of them Chinese and 
Japanese masks, and even types of the white race, proving in his opin- 
ion how many races must have been mingled or succeeded each other 
on this old continent. 

Mitla. — About twenty miles east of the city of Oaxaca is an Indian 
town called Mitla, near which still remain the ruins of great edifices 
and palaces. The temples were built, it is supposed, by the ancient 
Zapotecas, and are the most interesting relics of the earlier civilizations 
of Mexico. The first description of these ruins was given by the 
Spanish priest, Burgoa, who accompanied the conquerors of Monte- 
zuma. The interior of the principal hall or room of the main paiace 
is supposed to be the teocali of the high priest. The peculiar archi- 
tecture and elaborate and grotesque decoration can easily be observed. 
It is astonishing to see the enormous size of the stones used in the 
walls of these temples. Professor Bickmore said that he had seen 
nothing to equal them except at Baalbec, in Syria. At Mitla are found 
some clay images, mostly miniature, doubtless of gods, but some of 
them no doubt portraits, and some of these bore a striking resemblance 
to the little heads found at the pyramids of the Sun and Moon in 
the Valley of Mexico ; that is, some of them had the slant Oriental 
eyes, and others Ethiopian features, very different from any races we 
now know in these regions. The ruined temples of Mitla are covered 
with stucco, which was painted Pompeiian red. There is a pyramid 
also at Mitla, and there are some elaborately wrought sepulchral 
chambers. 

I borrow from Mr. Vivien Cory the following extracts of his de- 
scription of the ruins of Mitla. 

" There are four of these places ; the first is almost entirely destroyed, only some 
huge monolithic slabs supported horizontally upon tottering piles of broken stones re- 
maining ; while everywhere amongst the ruins have sprung up the grass huts of the 
Mexican Indians, and of the fourth or one farthest from the hamlet nothing but indi- 
cation of the site is left, upon which the Spaniards have reared a modern church. It 
is in the two palaces that lie between, each slightly raised above the surrounding country 
on a separate eminence, that the interest centres. 

" One of these is in the form of a double Greek cross, its stem running north and 
south, and its arms extended east and west. In the centre is the large court, surrounded 
on all sides by rising ground and ruined mounds of stones : there are traces still remain- 
ing of the foundations, that speak of four apartments built upon these mounds to face 
the court, but of these those on the west and south sides have disappeared ; on the east 
side, only two colossal pillars and a portion of the walls remain, while to the north side 
the whole apartment forming the head of the cross has been spared and stands almost 
unharmed in its original beauty and richness. The fa9ade of this apartment extends 
the whole length of the court, one hundred and forty-one feet, and its height is a little 
over fifteen feet : the material is freestone, the color a faint, dull, amber tint, soft as the 
light seen in the sky at evening. In the centre are three square portals and above these 



84' Oeoarapbical IRotes on /IBesico. 

forming the head-piece to them all extends one long and narrow panel of carving, a 
high relief of the natural stone on a crimson ground. The whole fajade is composed of 
a series of these panels, from the straight line of the foundation-stone to the straight 
line of the summit, nine panels being on each side of the entrance, arranged in three 
tiers, divided by horizontal bands of the natural stone. In some of the panels, the 
ground retains still a faint tint of its former rich vermillion, in others, all color has 
subsided into the soft neutral shade of the freestone. The designs are wonderfully rich 
and varied, thirteen different patterns being represented on this fa9ade alone ; all these 
designs are remarkable for the straight lines in which they are executed and the absence 
of all curves. Throughout all the ruins, upon the walls of which appear twenty-three 
different models of carving, only two of these represent any curve in their design. In 
one of these two there is visible the form of the Arabic letter ' L ' placed horizontally, 
and in the other a double curve ' S,' possibly intended to represent or suggest the snake. 
With these exceptions the designs are of the Greek key pattern, variations on this, or 
parallelograms. 

" Behind this fa9ade is a narrow court, roofless as all the courts are, and empty, save 
for six colossal pillars standing at even distances down the centre, and giving to this 
chamber the name of Hall of the Monoliths. Each pillar is one solid stone, eleven 
feet high and eleven feet in circumference. A low stone passage leads from this 
chamber northward to the smallest and richest court of all, entering it at the southeast 
corner. There is comparatively little trace of the destructiveness of the elements or 
the iconoclasm of man here. The court and all the four chambers opening from it are 
perfect and singularly rich in carving. The court is perfectly square and the chambers 
are entered from it, each through one square doorway, the roof of which is formed by 
a huge monolith, thirteen feet long and with a richly carved face. Of these four lin- 
tels each has a separate design. Each of the four walls has six panels, the uppermost 
extending the whole length of the wall, two smaller panels being on either side of the 
entrance, and one long narrow one above it. Between the panels stand out in high 
relief the horizontal and vertical edges of the freestone, forming a symmetrical frame 
to each panel. 

' ' Within the four chambers the walls are designed differently, the carving running 
simply and evenly round the entire room in three straight horizontal bands, each band 
possessing a separate pattern and being about three feet in width. Beneath these 
bands of carving was originally, evidently, a dado of vermillion stucco, of such fine 
and delicate quality that the smooth and polished surface resembles marble. Portions 
of this delicate stucco still adhere to the crumbling walls in places and are of various 
colors, cscarlet, black and white. In some instances this stucco seems to have been 
plain, simply bearing a brilliant polish, in others, there remains distinctly traced in 
white upon a crimson ground, a wierd, fantastic, yet handsome design, the head ; half 
horse, half dragon, repeated in four inch squares. This latter ornamented stucco, how- 
ever, does not appear except in the fourth palace, containing the Spanish church, where 
it is visible on the walls of one of the courts, now used as a stable for the padre's horse. 
Leaving the richest of the centre palaces, passing through a gap in the ruined wall on 
the south side, descending the elevation on which it is placed and ascending the op- 
posite eminence, the patio of the second palace is reached. This is almost wholly in 
ruins ; three of the fa9ades that face the court remain indeed, but the great smooth 
slabs with which the walls were faced have been torn away at the base, and most of the 
beautiful panels of carving stripped from the front. Yet it is in this ruined palace that 
one lingers longest and to which one's feet return, drawn by an irrisistible fascination ; 
for this palace contains the tomb and the pillar of death. 

" This subterranean vault is called by general consent a sepulchre, but there is no 
line of history, no record, no tradition even, left to explain to us its origin and use. It 



Xanouaaes* • 85 

may have been a torture-chamber, sacrificial hall, or tomb. The excavation is but a little 
below the surface of the court, now carried down so deeply that the light is wholly ex- 
cluded. From the entrance there is enough to fill the interior with a sad, gray twilight. 
The vault is in the form of a simple cross lying north and south ; its walls are massive 
and heavily decorated with panels of carving let into their sides, while it is roofed by 
enormous monolithic slabs that reach from wall to wall. In the centre of the cross, 
just where by descending a few steps one enters the tomb, stands the pillar of death, 
round which, the Indians say, should a man clasp his arms he must shortly afterwards 
die. Does not this very tradition, handed down perhaps through the long file of count- 
less years, seem to indicate that this pillar was some ancient stone of sacrifice to which 
human victims were bound or chained, and from which death alone released them ? 
As one gazes at the massive column, that one man's arms alone could not entirely en- 
circle, the eye notices an indentation round the base where the column sinks into the 
floor. The stone is corroded and worn away as by the long friction of ropes or chains. 

" Most of the panels do not consist of actual carving, though they produce that 
effect at a few yards' distance ; they are formed in reality by small slabs of the freestone 
cut perfectly square and inserted edgeways into the wall, the remaining edges standing 
out at various distances from it and thus forming the different designs. This, although 
a work of infinite patience, does not necessarily presuppose a high stage of civilization, 
no instrument sharper than hard stone being required to cut the slabs of soft freestone ; 
and that only a stone instrument was employed by the workers seems indicated by the 
fact that, in the large panels where the stone is actually carved, the edges are not sharp, 
but rounded, as if made with a blunt tool. The effect of the panels of inserted squares 
of stone, however simply produced, is that of the most finished and clear-cut carving 
and the designs themselves are rich and elaborate. There is ho crudity, no harshness 
in them, no suggestion of the primitive savage's scratching on his native rock ; but 
rather that of Greek work on some Athenian temple. The patterns have a complicated 
elegance and distinction of line that can only be produced by a people of cultivated 
mind and eye. 

" Evidence, too, of what high grade of civilization in some ways at least they must 
have arrived at, lies in the gigantic stones that they have placed as lintels over their 
doorways and which in their immense weight and bulk have defied the greed or rage of 
all the succeeding races to remove or destroy. The mystery here is the Egyptian 
mystery of the Pyramids ; that these enormous blocks of stone are resting here in po- 
sitions and elevations where it would require all the modern knowledge of mechanics, 
engineering skill, and mechanical appliances to place them ; and, as in Egypt, so here 
the mystery will never be solved, as the builders have passed hence and left no clue. 
The solid stone rests there upon its supporting, pillars before the eye as it has rested 
for a thousand years, but how the perished hands lifted and placed it there remains its 
own inviolable secret. 

' ' Leaving the palace court by the south side and following the road to the dry and 
stony bed of a wide river, if one turns aside here a little to the eastward he finds him- 
self facing a Zapotecan mound, a solid base composed of earth and stones, in which are 
visible at intervals large slabs of cement, portions of terraces and tiers that originally 
formed its sides. Ascending this, from the summit one can overlook the whole valley." 

LANGUAGES. 

About one hundred and fifty different Indian languages are known 
to have been spoken by the Mexican Indians. The Spanish monks 
accompanying the conquerors and who went to the country soon after- 



86 



Geo^rapbical IRotes on /iDejico. 



wards compiled grammars and even dictionaries of some of these 
languages ; but the Indians falling into a semi-barbarous state after 
the conquest, having lost their civilization and literature, their lan- 
guages have either disappeared completely or become very primitive, 
and it is ascertained that some of them have become entirely extinct. 

The Spanish is, of course, the language of the country and most 
of the Indians speak it, although very imperfectly and incorrectly ; 
only a small portion of them speaking no language but their own. 

The chief languages spoken in Mexico proper, excluding Chiapas 
and Yucatan, are as follows : 

Nahuatl or Mexican (Aztec) with Acaxee, Sabaibo, Xixime, 
Cochimi, Concho and other members of the same family. 

Seri, Upanguaima, and Guaima. 

Papago, Opata, Yaqui, Mayo, Tarahumara, Tepehuan, Cora, etc. 

Apache or Yavipai, Navajo, Mescalero, Llanero Lipan, etc. 

Otomi or Hia-hiu, Fame, Mazahua, etc. 

Huaxtec, Totonac. 

Tarascan, Matlaltzincan. 

Mixtec, Zopotec, Mixe, Zoque, Chinantec. 

Seiior Don Manuel Orosco y Berra wrote a treatise on the language| 
of the Indian tribes in Mexico entitled " Geography of Languages,' 
which describes the languages of the races who inhabited Mexico, and* 
Sefior Don Francisco Pimentel enlarged upon that work, making 
philological comparisons, and from the data collected by both authors 
Senor Don Antonio Garcia Cubas a distinguished Mexican geographer 
made the following synopsis of the Indian languages spoken in Mexico. 

SYNOPSIS OF THE INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO, FORMED ACCORD- 
ING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF DON FRANCISCO PIMENTEL. 
Note. — The sign * indicates that the classification is doubtful. 



GROUPS. 



FAMILIES. 



Mexican. 



LANGUAGES. 



1st Order. — Languages polysyllabic, 
polysynthetic of sub-flexion. 



I. Mexican, Nahuatl or Azteca 

*2. Cuitlateco 

3. Opata, Teguima or Teguima Sonorense 

4. Eudebe, have or hegue, dohme or dohema- 

batuco 

5. Joba, joval ova 

6. Pima, nevome, ohotama or Otama 

7. Pepehuan 

8. Papago or Papabicotan 

9 to 12. El Yuma comprising Cuchan, Coco- 

maricopa or Opa, Mojave or Mahao, Die- 
gueno, or Cuneil, Yavipai, Yampai, and 

yampaio 

13.* Cajuenche, Cucapa or Jallicuamay 

14. Sobaipure 

15. Juiime 



DIALECTS. 



r Conchos, Si- 
I naloense, * Ma- 
1 zapil, Jaliscien- 
se, Ahualulco, 
[Pipil, Niquiran. 



( Tecoripa. 
( Sabaqui. 
Various. 



Xangua^es* 



87 



GROUPS. 


FAMILIES. 


LANGUAGES. 


DIALECTS. 






1st Order. — Languages polysyllabic, 
polysynthetic of sub-flexion. 






II. 

sonorense or 
Opata-Pima. 


16. Tarahumar 


rVarogio or Chi- 
J nipa, Guaza- 






) pare, Pachera, 
[.and others. 

( Yaqui, Mayo, 
-s Tehueco or Zua- 
(que. 




18. Guarave or Vacoregue 




ig. Chora, Chota, Cora del Nayarit 


TMuutzicat, 






(.Ateanaca. 




21. Tubar 


Various. 








23. Zacateco 






24. Acaxee or Topia, comprising Sabaibo, Tebaca, 
and Xixime, the last of doubtful classi- 
fication 




< 


III. 

Comanche So- 
shone. 


25. Comanche, Nauni, Paduca, Hietan or Getan. 

26. Caigua or Kioway. 

27. Shoshone or Chochone. 

28. Wihinasht. 

29. Utah, Yutah or Yuta. 

30. Pah-Utah or Payuta. 

31. Chemeeue or Cneme-huevi. 

32. Cahuillo or Cawio. 

33. Kechi. 

34. Netela. 

35. Kizh or Kij. 

36. Fernandeno. 

37. Moqui and some others spoken in the United 

States 


Various. 


C 


IV. 

Texana or Coa- 
huilteca. 






d 








V. 

♦Kkres ZuSi. 




fKiwomi or Ki- 
vome_, Cochi- 

- teumi or Qui- 

me, Acoma and 

Acuco. 




40. Tesuque or Tegua 




41 . Taos, Piro, Suraa, Picori 














43. Zuni or Cibola 






VI. 

MUTSUN. 


44. Mutsun. 

45. Rumsen. 

46. Achastli. 

47. Soledad. 

48. Costefio or Costanos and other languages of 

California 






VII. 

GUAICURA. 


49. Guaicura, Vaicura or Monqui. 
so. Aripa. 

51. Uchita. 

52. Cora. 

53. Concho or Lauretano 






VIII. 
Cochimi-Laimon. 


54 to 57. Cochimi, divided into four sister lan- 
guages, viz. : Cadegomo and the languages 
used in the missions of San Javier, San 






58. Laimon or Layamon 






IX. 

Seri. 


Sg. Seri or Ceri • ■ 






61. Upanguaima 






X. 

Tarasca. 




















XI. 

ZoQUE-MlXE. 


64. Mixe 


Various. 



















88 



(5eoorapbical IFlotes on /IDejico. 



I 



XII. 

TOTONACA. 



LANGUAGES. 



67. Totonaco (mixed language). 



XIII. 

Mixteco-Zapo- 

TECA. 



XIV. 

PiRINDA OR Ma- 
TLALZINCA. 



XV. 

Maya. 



XVI. 
Chontal. 



XVII. 

Derivatives of 
Nicaragua. 



XVIII. 

Apache. 



2d Order. Languages polysyllabic 
polysynthetic of juxtaposition. 

68. Mixteco 

69. Zapoteco 

70. Chuchon 

71. Popoloco 

72. Cuicateco 

73. Chatino 

74. Papabuco 

75. Amusgo 

76. Mazateco 

*77. Solteco , 

'^78. Chinanteco 

7g. Pirinda or Matlalzinca.; 



3d Order. — Languages Polosyllabic 
Synthetic. 



Yucateco or Maya 

Punctunc 

Lacandon or Xochinel 

Peten or Itzae 

Chaiiabal, Comiteco, Jocolobal 

Choi or Mopan 

Chorti or Chorte 

Cakchi, Caichi, Cachi or Cakgi 

Ixil, Izll 

Coxoh 

Quiche, Utlateco 

Zutuhil, Zutugil, Atiteca, Zacapula 

Cachiquel, Cachiquil 

Tzotzil, Zotzil, Tzinanteco, Cinanteco 

Tzendal, Zendal 

Mame, Mem, Zaklohpakap 

Poconchi, Pocoman 

Atche, Atchi 

Huaxteco 

Haitiano, Quizqueja or Ids, with their af- 
finities, Cubano, Borigua and Jamaica 



Eleven. 
Twelve. 
Two. 

Two. 



Two. 



Various. 



*ioo. Chontal doubtful in its morphologic char- 
acter 



*ioi. Huave, Huazonteca. 
*io2. Chiapaneco 



103. Apache 



XIX. 
Otomi. 



4th Order. — Languages cuasi-mo- 
nosyllabic. 

104. Otomi or Hiahiu 

105. Serrano 

106. Mazahua 

107. Pame 

108. Jonaz or Meco. (Perhaps the rest of the 

ancient Chichimeco) 



Various. 



' North American! 
Apache, Mexi- 
can Apache, 
Mimbreno, 
Pinaleno, Nava- 
jo, Xicarilla or 
Faraon, Lipan 
Mescalero. 



Various. 



I>opulatton. 89 

POPULATION. 

We have until recently taken a regularly correct census of our 
population. The first reliable census was made in 1795, under Revil- 
lagigedo's viceroyalty, the second in 1810 by Don Fernando Navarro 
y Noriega, the third one was estimated by Mr. Poinsett, United States 
Minister in Mexico, in 1824, and the others have been taken by the 
Mexican Government. 

The following is a statement of the general results of our various 
censuses : 

Years. Inhabitants. 

1795 5,200,000 

1810... 6,122,354 

1824 6,500,000 

1839 7,044,140 

1854 7,853,395 

1869 8,743,614 

1878 9,384,193 

1879 9,908,011 

1886 10,791,685 

1895 12,570,195 

The population of Mexico appears to be, from our last census^ 
taken in 1895, 12,570,195, which would give 16.38 for each square 
mile ; but from my personal knowledge of the country, I am quite 
sure that it is not less than 15,000,000. It is very difficult to take a 
correct census in Mexico, because there is not the proper machinery 
in operation for that purpose, and especially because a great many 
districts are inhabited by Indians, who are impressed with the fear 
that if they inscribe themselves in the census they will be taxed or 
drafted into the military service, and they try to avoid registration. 

A great many of our people live in such remote districts that they 
are practically cut off from communication with other portions of the 
country, and in fact are almost isolated ; and this constitutes still 
another difficulty in the way of taking a correct census. These people 
generally raise everything they need for their living, as well as for 
their clothing. They also raise their domestic animals, and wear either 
cotton or woollen clothes, manufactured by the women. The configu- 
ration of the country, which makes transportation very expensive, to- 
gether with the very sparse population, has caused their isolation, and 
this explains why some agricultural products which are very cheap in 
other countries are very dear in certain districts of Mexico, as prices 
can be easily controlled, there being no possibility of competition. 
While sugar, for instance, costs 25 cents per pound in some districts, 
it can be had in others for one cent. This fact shows also that a year 
of good crops was often a real misfortune to these districts. 



90 Geoai*apbical Botes on /IDejico, 

The upper lands being the healthiest, most of the population in 
Mexico is settled in the central plateau ; a relatively small portion 
lives in the temperate zone, while the torrid zone is very thinly popu- 
lated. I imagine, at a rough calculation, that about 75 per cent, of the 
population make their abode in the cold zone, from 15 to 18 per cent, 
in the temperate zone, and from 7 to 10 per cent, in the torrid zone. 

From the synopsis of our censuses, inserted above, it appears that 
the population in Mexico has duplicated during the last century, and 
although that increase does not keep pace with the increase in the 
United States, because this has been really wonderful, it compares 
favorably with the increase in other countries. Mexico also, as a new 
country and one full of possibilities, ought to have increased its popu- 
lation more rapidly, but its slow progress can be accounted for in 
several ways. 

Under the head of Ethnology I enumerated the different races 
inhabiting Mexico and stated the number of inhabitants belonging to 
each, and I gave at length the reasons for the slow increase of the In- 
dian population, which is the largest in Mexico. I will only add here 
that while the Indians lead a very abstemious and simple life, marry 
while very young and generally have a family of several children, they 
are at the same time subject to epidemics. Notwithstanding that the 
race on the whole is sturdy and little subject to disease, the mortality 
is very large among the children for want of proper nutrition and care. 
The losses caused by our civil wars could not at all explain the slow 
increase of our population, and the only way in which I can account 
for it is that they are not so well prepared as the people of the United 
States and other more advanced countries, to bear the discomforts of 
life and climate, and that, therefore, they cannot bring up all the 
children born in the family, among whom there is annually a great 
mortality. 

Classification of Mexican States. Under the Spanish rule Mexico 
was divided into several provinces, the Spaniards trying to divide the 
provinces in accordance with the different nationalities of the aborig- 
ines found there, and each province possessing a very large extent 
of territory. After our independence and when we established a Fed- 
eral government, each province was made a state, and since then some 
of the largest states have been divided into two or even three smaller 
ones. In the chapter on Political Organizations I shall give further 
information on this subject. 

The Mexican states are classified in several ways, and generally as 
Northern, Southern, Central, Pacific, and Gulf States ; but it is difficult 
to make a proper division of them, because there are several included 
in two denominations. I will, therefore, divide them into Northern 
States, calling so those bordering on the United States ; Southern States, 



{population. 



91 



those bordering on Gautemala and Belize ; Gulf, Caribbean Sea, and 
Pacific States, those bordering on their respective waters ; and Central 
States those which do not belong to any of the above denominations, 
although I do not consider this a proper classification, because the 
State of Tamaulias included among the Northern States, and the States 
of Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan among the Southern States, are 
all on the Gulf of Mexico, and are, therefore. Gulf States, the latter 
being also washed on their southern side by the Caribbean Sea, and 
the State of Sonora, classified as a Northern State, borders on the 
Pacific ; the State of Chiapas, included among the Southern States, also 
borders on the Pacific, and, therefore, is, like Sonora, also a Pacific 
State. 

Our last official census, taken in 1895, gives the following results 
by States, which I compared with the census of 1879, 

AREA AND POPULATION OF THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES. 



AREA IN 
SQUARE 

MILES. 



POPULATION 



in 1879. in 1895 



POPULA- 
TION PER 
SQUARE 
MILE. 



POPULA- 
TION. 



*^ tfi C ' 



Tamaulipas . 
Nuevo Leon. 
Coahuila .... 
Chihuahua . . 
Sonora 



S S g ^ . Yucatan... 
.J= M SPS-^ J Campeche. 

= S-S 3 c1 Tabasco... 
«|l^ ichiapas... 



4§ c ■) Veracruz. 
45 I 



Oaxaca . . . . 

Guerrero. . . 
Michoacan.. 

Colima 

Jalisco 

Sinaloa .... 



■ Aguascalientes. . 

Durango 

Guanajuato .... 

Hidalgo 

Morelos 

Mexico 

Puebla 

Queretaro 

Tlaxcala 

San Luis Potosi. 
Zacatecas 



•i «• (Tepic 

h-c -< Lower California. 



HS ( 



Federal District , 
Islands 



Totals. 



32,585 
24,324 
62,376 
87,820 
76,922 



35,214 
18,091 
10,075 
27,230 



35,392 
25,003 
22,881 
2,273 
31,855 
33,681 

2,951 
38,020 
",374 
8,920 
2,774 
9,250 
12,207 
3,558 
1,595 
25,323 
24,764 



11,279 
58,345 



463 
1.471 

767,226 



140,137 
203,284 
130,026 
225,541 
115,424 



302,315 
90,413 
104,747 
205,362 



542,918 



744,000 
295,590 
661,534 
65,827 
983,484 
186,491 

140,430 
190,846 
834,84s 
427,350 
159,160 

710,579 
784,466 
203,250 
138,988 
516,486 
422,506 



30,208 
351,804 



204,206 
309,607 
235,638 
266,831 
191,281 


6.3 

I3-I 
3-7 
3-0 
2.4 


297,507 
90,458 


8.4 
S-o 


134,794 

313,678 


13-3 
11.5 



855,975 



882,529 

417,621 

889,795 
55,677 

1,107,863 

256,414 

103,645 

294,366 

1,047,238 

548,039 

159,800 

838,737 

979,723 
227,233 
166,803 
570,814 
452,720 

144,308 
42,287 



484,608 



24.9 

16.7 

38.8 

24-S 

34-8 

7.6 

35-1 
7-7 
92.1 
61.6 
57-6 
90.7 
80.2 
63.9 
104.6 
22.5 
18.2 

12.8 
0.7 



1046.7 



Ciudad Victoria. . 

Monterey 

Saltillo 

Chihuahua 

Hermosillo 

Merida 

Campeche 

S. Juan Bautista.. 
Tuxtla Gutierrez . 

Jalapa . . 

Oaxaca 

Chilpancingo 

Morelia 

Colima 

Guadalajara 

Culiacan 

Aguas Calientes. . 

Durango 

Guanajuato 

Pachuca 

Cuernavaca 

Toluca 

Puebla 

Queretaro 

Tlaxcala 

San Luis Potosi . . 
Zacatecas 

Tepic 

La Paz and 

Ensenada de 

Todos Santos . . 
City of Mexico . . . 



14,57s 
56,855 
19,654 
18,521 
8,376 



36,720 
16,631 
27,036 
7,882 



18,173 



32,641 
6,204 
32,287 
19,305 
83,870 
14,205 

31,619 
42,165 
39,337 
52,189 

8,554 
23,648 
91,917 
32,790 

2,874 
69,676 
40,026 

16,366 
4,737 

1,259 
339,935 



9,908,011 



92 6eoarapblcal Botes on /iDejfco. 

RELIGION. 

All Mexicans are born in the Catholic Church, that being the pre- 
vailing religion of the country ; but there is no connection between 
Church and State, and the Constitution guarantees the free exercise of 
all religions. m 

While Mexico was a colony of Spain and for many years afterwards, 
the catholic religion was the only one allowed in the country, and 
anybody professing any other would expose himself to great hardships 
if he avowed that he was a dissenter, especially while the Inquisition 
was in existence. 

The clergy became one of the principal pillars of the Spanish dom- 
ination in Mexico. In the early part of the present century the Church 
was flourishing, and it was the high-water mark of clerical pros- 
perity. The humble Mexican priests did the hard laborious work, 
while the Spanish-born ecclesiastics filled the great bishoprics and 
other great posts and lived at their ease, and the great convents in 
their most lucrative positions of control were practically in Spanish 
hands. 

Huge convents occupied a considerable part of the site of the 
City of Mexico, Puebla, Morelia, Guadalajara, Quer^taro, and other 
cities. The incomes of the convents were derived from endowments, 
amounting to a large sum. To support the high ecclesiastics, great 
sums were derived from tithes. The archbishop of Mexico had an 
income of $130,000 a year; the bishops of Puebla, $110,000; of 
Michoacan, $100,000 ; and of Guadalajara, $90,000. Meantime, the 
parish priests, who bore the brunt of Christian work among the masses, 
were living on very moderate sums. The Church erected in Mexico 
buildings which are remarkable for their dimensions and taste.* 

' Mr. Charles Dudley Warner in the Editor's Study of Harper's Illustrated 
Monthly Magazine for July, 1897, speaks in the following way of the church edifices 
in Mexico : 

" Somebody of authority, by the way, ought to explain why Mexico has so many 
church edifices that go to the heart of the lover of beauty, and why the United States 
has so few that are interesting. Aside from the great Gothic monuments in Spain, 
Mexico surpasses Spain in interesting ecclesiastical architecture. It has more variety, 
more quaint beauty, more originality in towers and fa9ades. The interiors are gener- 
ally monotonous, and repetitions of each other. The Spaniards, in an age of faith, 
built churches, convents, monasteries, all over the county, in remote and unimportant 
Indian villages, and as far north as their patient ministers of religion wandered, even 
to the bay of San Francisco. In these edifices the Spanish ingenuity and enthusiasm 
prevailed, but they were largely executed by Indian builders and artists ; and if there 
is Sarasenic feeling shown, there are also, especially in ornamentation, traces of that 
aboriginal artistic spirit which, long before the Spanish conquest, executed both in stone 
and in pottery singularly attractive work. Even within a hundred years of our own time 
Indian genius has been distinguished. Those who think that this genius is only exhib- 



I 



IRelfgion, 93 

Not all the great dignitaries of the Church exhibited an unchristian 
selfishness, for many often spent their income in pious and charitable 
works, and in prosecuting missionary undertakings among the Indians 
of the remote distances. 

The wealth of the Church was loaned out at a moderate rate of in- 
terest to landed proprietors, who formed the moral support of the 
Church among the laity and whose influence was prodigiously strong. 
The wealth of the Church was mostly in mortgages, while it held a 
large amount of real estate. In the City of Mexico and other places, 
the clergy owned a large portion of the real estate and held a great 
many mortages, and, to its credit be it said, was not at all usurious, ex- 
acting only a fair rate of interest and being hardly ever oppressive in 
dealing with delinquent debtors. 

After the Revolution which effected the independence of the 
country, the ecclesiastical life began to cease having many of the 
attractions it had before. While many men became friars from 
genuine inclination and vocation, not a few went into the religious life 
because it gave them support without hard labor, and because it was 
one of the best careers opened to young men at the time. 

The nunneries sheltered a great many pious women, who effected 
some good as educators of the young, as almoners for the wealthy, and 
as nurses of the sick. There were abuses, of course, but on the whole 
the religious life afforded a refuge for many thousands of good women 
who felt drawn to works of charity and usefulness. Rich young girls 
were often over-persuaded to enter the convents, by avaricious and 
scheming priests, but such abuses are common to all religions. The 
Liberal party thought that the best way to destroy the Church influence 
in Mexico was to suppress convents, both of friars and nuns, because they 



ited in bizarre forms, and in such small details of design and color as the potter can 
attain, should see at Queretaro the work of Tresguerras, architect, sculptor, and pain- 
ter. Any modern architect, who is led away by straining after effect in a grotesque 
combination of distinct Greek styles with mediaeval and early English, having no note 
of originality anywhere, could study with profit the simple elegance — as simple as the 
Old Louvre — of the Bishop's Palace in Queretaro, or the wood-carving in the church 
of the sequestered Convent of Santa Rosa. In my remembrance there is not, on such 
a great scale, any wood-carving in the world equal to it in freshness and largeness of 
execution and in beauty of design. It could not have been all done by the hand of 
Tresguerras, but it was all from his designs and under his superintendence. Of course, 
as to civic and ecclesiastic architecture, climate and lack of popular taste for the beauti- 
ful put limits upon our architectural work, but it is worth the while of the American 
architect to consider whether he cannot learn more from our sister republic below the 
Tropic of Cancer than he is likely to get from the well-studied structures of Europe. 
In many petty and poverty-stricken Indian villages are charming towers and curious 
fa9ades which would be a most valuable education in the principles of taste to any 
American community." 



94 Oeoatapblcal Motes on /IDejico, 

were considered a nest of superstition, and they thought that the best 
interest of the country required to close them. 

During our civil wars the clergy contributed large amounts to the 
support of the conservative governments, which it often established. 
It is thought that in 1853, General Santa Anna abandoned the Con- 
servative Government, which he then presided over, because the Arch- 
bishop of Mexico did not give him all the money he required to carry 
on the war waged against him by the Liberal party. 

The wealth accumulated by the Church of Mexico was used for the 
purpose of supporting the conservative governments, whose policy was 
to keep the statu quo, and was therefore opposed to progress of any 
kind. The Church became a very prominent factor in politics, and 
could upset and establish governments at its pleasure, fomenting 
the many revolutions which were constantly breaking out. It was 
thought necessary, therefore, to destroy the political power of the 
Church before we could establish and maintain peace, and tnat work 
was done by what we call our Laws of Reform, issued in 1859, which 
established a complete independence between the Church and the 
State, and were intended to completely end the domination of the 
Catholic Church in civil affairs in Mexico : the Church property was 
confiscated, so that even the houses of worship are now the property 
of the government ; all convents of friars and nuns were closed, all 
religious ceremonies — such as processions and wearing a distinctive 
dress, — were ordered to be confined to the interior of the edifices ; 
the cemeteries were secularized, and marriage made exclusively a civil 
contract. No religious instruction or ceremony is allowed in the public 
schools, and never is a prayer offered as a part of the program of a 
national celebration. In an article, which I published in the North 
American Review^ of January, 1895, entitled " The Philosophy of the 
Mexican Revolutions," I dwelt especially on this subject, and to that 
article I refer the reader who may desire more detailed information. 

The Liberals were not the first to dispose of the Church property 
and revenues, as the Spanish Government, under the rule of Godoy, in 
1805 and 1806, to secure funds to form a redemption provision for the 
royal vales or credit notes, pounced on the property of the Church in 
Mexico, and that, later on, when the Mexicans rose in their war for 
independence, the royal authorities took another part of the Church's 
wealth to fight the patriots. 

The bigoted Catholic element which used to be decidely opposed to 
any liberal government and was always conspiring to overthrow it, has 
since the downfall of Maximilian, become satisfied that the condi- 
tion of things has changed having accordingly changed their course, 
and now there are thousands of progressive catholics in Mexico 
sincerely devoted to their Church, who see only danger and eventual 



IReliaion. 95 

disastrous defeat in the adoption of a program of reaction. They go 
with the times and support the administration of Gen. Diaz because^ 
on the whole, it suits them, and manifests no hostility to their con- 
scientiously held convictions. The pope's influence seems to be 
directed to assuaging ancient rancors, and to the calming of passionate 
resentments, which is a great deal better for the Church. 

Protestantism in Mexico. — The Liberal party proclaimed as an 
inherent right of man, freedom of conscience and the free exercise 
of one's religion ; but the question was really only a theoretical 
one, since excepting a few foreigners, no one in Mexico had any- 
other religion than the Catholic. The clergy, the Church party,, 
and all strict Mexican catholics were greatly opposed to the intro- 
duction of Protestantism, because protestants were looked upon as- 
heretics whose purpose was to divide the Mexican people into dif- 
ferent sects, disturbing their religious unity, which they considered a 
source of national strength, and ultimately aiding in what some 
Mexicans fear is the aim of this country, that is : the final absorption of 
Mexico. When the struggles between the Liberal and the Church 
party terminated in favor of the former in 1867, with the withdrawl of 
the French army from Mexico and the downfall of Maximilian, the 
time came to put into practice the principles of the Liberal creed, and 
protestant organizations in the United States sent missionaries to 
Mexico for the purpose of establishing and propagating the protestant 
religion there. The Mexican Government could not refuse to allow 
the missionaries the free exercise of the Protestant or any other faith, 
because that right was guaranteed to all men in our constitution, and 
also because it has been a principle for which the Liberal party had 
been contending during many years. 

But we went, then, further than allowing the Protestants the free ex- 
ercise and preaching of their religion, and as I am in a measure respon- 
sible for that step, I think it proper to give my reasons for the same. 
My opinion has never been favorable to missionary work, because al- 
though I recognize that some religions have higher moral principles than 
others, I think that on the whole they are all intended to accomplish the 
same purpose, that all are good, when practised in good faith. It has- 
always seemed to me that Christian missionaries sent to heathen 
countries would be looked upon in the same manner as would be 
heathen missionaries sent to Christian countries. But even supposing^ 
that it should be proper and desirable for the Christian religion, on 
account of its high morals and principles, to send missionaries to 
heathen countries for the purpose of converting them to Christianity, 
that principle would scaracely hold good in Christian countries of 
different denominations, and Catholicism is a Christian religion — what- 
ever abuses it may have committed, — and I think the natural tendency 



96 Oeograpbical Botes on jflDejico. 

of all religions when they are predominant is to absorb and misuse 
power ; but that Protestants should send missionaries to a Catholic 
country seems to me inconsistent. In principle, therefore, Mexico is 
hardly the proper field for Protestant missionaries, notwithstanding 
that there is a great deal of room for improvement there, in so far as 
religious matters are concerned. 

After having witnessed the terrible consequences of religious intol- 
erance and political domination of the Catholic Church in Mexico, 
I was of course greatly impressed with the condition of things existing 
in the United States, where all religions are tolerated and none attempts 
to control the political destinies of the country. I thought that one of 
the best ways to diminish the evils of the political domination and 
abuses of the clergy in Mexico was to favor the establishment of other 
sects, which would come in some measure into competition with the 
Catholic clergy and thus serve to cause it to refrain from excesses 
of which it had been guilty before. When, after having lived for 
ten years in the United States, from 1859 to 1868, I returned to 
Mexico and took charge of the Treasury Department there, just at 
the time when the religious question was being solved, I, therefore, 
favored the establishment of a Protestant community as planned by 
Mr. Henry C. Riley, since made a Bishop, a gentleman of English 
parentage, born in Chili, who had been educated in London and New 
York and was graduated with high honors at Columbia College, New 
York, who spoke equally well English and Spanish, and eagerly desired 
to establish a Mexican National Church in competition with the Roman 
Catholic, in which undertaking, I understand, he used his own funds. 
He proposed to buy one of the finest churches, the main church of the 
Franciscan convent, which had been built by the Spaniards, located in 
the best section of the City of Mexico, and which could not now be 
duplicated but for a very large amount of money ; and with the hearty 
support of President Juarez, who shared my views and who was perhaps 
a great deal more radical than I was myself on such subjects, I sold 
the building which had become national property after the confiscation 
of the Church property, for a mere trifle, if I remember rightly about 
^4000, most of that amount being paid in Government bonds which 
were then at a nominal price. 

The magnificent building sold to Dr. Riley's community was bought 
recently by the Catholic Church to restore it as a Catholic temple, for 
the sum of $100,000, as I understand. My assistance was rendered to 
the Protestant cause for the reasons that I have stated, and not because 
I had adopted the Protestant faith ; therefore the action of the Mexi- 
can Government in the matter at the time I speak of, was all the more 
praiseworthy. Dr. Butler bought about the same time another part of 
the same convent of San Francisco, where he established a Methodist 
Church in a very creditable building. 



IReliaion. 97 

It is true that a great many Mexicans, namely the Indians, do not 
know much about religion and keep to their old idolatry, having changed 
only their idols, that is, replaced their old deities with the images of the 
Saints of the Catholic Church, but it would be difficult for the Protest- 
ant' missionaries to reach them. The Spaniards labored zealously to 
make the natives adopt the Catholic religion, and although they suc- 
ceeded wonderfully, it was a task too difficult to fully accomplish in the 
three centuries of the Spanish domination in Mexico. 

I do not think that the American Protestant missionaries in Mexico 
have made much progress, and I doubt very much whether Mexico is 
a good field for them ; but they are satisfied with their work, and they 
think that under the circumstances, they have made very good progress. 

The number of Catholic churches and chapels in the country was, 
in 1889, 10,112, while the number of Protestant places of worship was 
119. On August 12, 1890, there were in the municipality of Mexico 
320,143 Catholics and 2623 Protestants. 

The American missionaries, and especially Dr. Riley, whom I con- 
sider a very benevolent and unselfish man, have established Protestant 
schools and asylums for children, spending considerable money in main- 
taining such institutions. Of course poor parents were glad to send 
their children to the Protestant schools and asylums when they could 
not afford to keep them at home or send them to more desirable places, 
and these Protestant institutions were of a very benevolent character 
and worthy, therefore, to be encouraged. Parents in such cases de- 
clared themselves to be partial to Protestantism, but only for the sake 
of having their children accepted in the Protestant schools and asylums, 
and this made the Protestants think they were making a great many 
converts. 

Now and then a Catholic priest would renounce Catholicism and 
accept Protestantism, and such occurrences were always considered as 
great triumphs for the Protestant cause, but although in some instances 
such changes have been made in good faith, in others they were made 
for selfish purposes, and they never had any great weight with the 
community. 

I have no prejudice against Protestantism ; on the contrary, I ad- 
mire greatly many of its principles, and in speaking on this subject I 
consider myself perfectly impartial and unbiassed. 

" In February, 1888, the Evangelical Assembly, representing the vari- 
ous Protestant denominations and Evangelical Societies conducting 
missionary operations in the Republic of Mexico, was held in the City 
of Mexico. They claimed that, notwithstanding the difficulties of 
language and climate and the other obstacles with which they had to 
contend, they found that they had over 600 congregations, 192 foreign 
and 585 native workers, over 7000 in the day schools, and about 10,000 



98 (Beoarapbical Botes on /iDejico, 

in the Sunday-schools, 18,000 communicants and a Protestant commu- 
nity of over 60,000 souls. Ten small publishing-houses are turning out 
millions of pages each year, and their church property is valued at 
nearly a million and a quarter dollars in silver. 

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. 

Mexico was the largest and richest American colony of Spain, and 
for this reason it was called New Spain. The City of Mexico grew 
during the Spanish rule to be larger than Madrid, the capital of the 
Spanish Kingdom, the population of the country being estimated in 
1810, just before the independence movement began, at 6,122,354; 
while the public revenue of the whole colony amounted to the very 
large sum of $20,000,000 yearly, the only exports of the country 
being silver and gold, and commodities of great value in small volume 
and weight, such as cochineal, vanilla, indigo, and a few others. 

Mexico accomplished her independence in 1821, and since then 
has had two Federal Constitutions, both modelled after the Constitu- 
tion of the United States ; two Central Constitutions, which organized 
the country into a centralized republic, and two ephemeral empires, 
one under Iturbide, lasting ten months, from 1822 to 1823, and the 
other under Maximilian, established by French intervention, lasting 
from 1864 to 1867. 

Mexico is now organized, under the Constitution of the 5th of 
February, 1857, with its several amendments, into a Federal Republic, . 
composed of twenty-seven states, two territories, and a federal district, . 
and the political organization is almost identical with that of this , 
country. The powers of the Federal Government are divided into ) 
three branches — Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The Legislative 
is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate ; the mem- ■ 
bers of the House are elected for two years and the senators for four, 
the Senate being renewed by half every two years. Representatives 
are elected by the suffrage of all male adults, at the rate of one mem- 
ber for every 46,000 inhabitants. The qualifications requisite are to 
be at least twenty-five years of age and a resident of the State ; and for 1 
senators thirty years. 

The Executive is exercised by a President elected by the electors 
popularly chosen, who holds his office for four years, without any 
provision forbidding his re-election. He has a cabinet of seven mem- 
bers, namely : Secretary of Foreign Affairs, of the Interior, of Justice 
and Public Instruction, of Fomento, which means promotion of Pub-' 
lie Improvements, and includes public lands, patents, and coloniza-i 
tion ; of Communications and Public Works, of the Treasury, and 
of War and Navy. No Vice-President is elected, but by an amend- J 
ment to our Constitution, promulgated April 24, 1896, in the per-: 



political ©roani3ation. 99 

manent or temporary disability of the President, not caused by 
resignation or by leave, the Secretary of State, and after him the Secre- 
tary of the Interior, shall exercise that office until Congress elects a 
President pro tempore. In case of resignation, Congress, accepting it, 
elects a President pro tempore, and in case of leave the President re- 
commends to Congress the person to fill that office. 

The Federal Judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, consisting 
of eleven Judges, four substitutes, one Attorney-General, and one Fis- 
cal, chosen for six years; three Circuit and thirty-two District Courts. 

The States are independent in their domestic affairs, and their 
governments are similarly divided into three branches : the Governor, 
the Legislature, and the State Judiciary. 

As we adopted the federal system rather to follow the example of 
the United States than to suit the conditions of Mexico, that system 
did not work with us so easily or so satisfactorily as it works here ; 
and the tendency is rather to centralization and to the increasing of 
the powers given by the Constitution to the Federal Government. In 
the article above mentioned published in the North American Review, 
for January, 1896, entitled, "The Philosophy of the Mexican Revo- 
lutions," * I dwelt particularly on the results of our having copied al- 
most literally the political institutions of the United States, and gave a 
general idea of our political condition. 

Political Division. — When the federal system was established in 
Mexico, in 1824, each of the old provinces under the Spanish rule was 
organized as a State, and our Constitution of October 4, 1824, enumer- 
ated nineteen States. After the war with the United States we lost 
Texas, New Mexico, and California ; but since then as I stated in 
the chapter on population some of the larger States have been divided 
into two, or even three States, as was the case with the old State of 
Mexico, out of which were formed the three present States of Mexico, 
Hidalgo, and Morelos, Our present Constitution, of February 5, 1857, 
enumerates twenty-four States ; but we now have twenty-seven. 

The tabular statement published above, under the head of " Popu- 
lation," shows the number of States which form the Mexican Con- 
federation, their area, population, and capital cities. 

Army and Navy. — During our civil wars, and for some time later, 
we had to keep a very large standing army, and our army acquired re- 
cently a very high degree of discipline and efficiency. The Liberal party 
always favored the reduction of the army, while the Church party 
favored a large army, as our old regular army, on the whole, took sides 
with the Church. Soon after the restoration of the Republic, in 1867, 
the Mexican army consisted of : Infantry, 22,964 ; engineers, 766 ; ar- 

' This article will appear in this volume under the head of ' ' Historical Notes on 
Mexico," 



loo ©eo^rapbical Botes on /IDejico* 

tillery, 2304 ; cavalry, 8454 ; rural guards of police, 2365 ; gendarmerie, 
250 ; total, 37,103 ; and was commanded by 11 Major-Generals, 73 
Brigadier-Generals, 1041 Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, and Majors, 
and 2335 Commissioned Officers. The total fighting strength, including 
reserves, is stated to be 132,000 infantry, 25,000 cavalry, and 8000 
artillery. Every Mexican capable of carrying arms is liable for mili- 
tary service from his twentieth to his fiftieth year. 

Notwithstanding that General Diaz is himself a soldier, he has fol- 
lowed the policy of the Liberal party of reducing the army as much as 
possible, and in his report of November 30, 1896, in which he informs 
his fellow citizens of his results of his sixteen years administration, he 
gives the following figures, showing the reduction he has been able to 
accomplish in the army since 1888 : 

The army had, in 1888, according to President Diaz's report, the 
following personnel : 

Major-Generals 16 

Brigadier-Generals 84 

Commissioned Officers i>2o5 

Non-Commissioned Officers 2,566 

Soldiers 29,367 

Total 33,238 

In 1896 the personnel had been reduced in the following numbers : 

Generals 24 

Commissioned Officers 166 

Non-Commissioned Officers . 299 

Soldiers 8,170 

Total , 8,659 

The Mexican navy is now in its inception, as it consists of a fleet of 
two dispatch vessels, launched 1874, each of 425 tons and 425 horse- 
power, and severally armed with a four-ton muzzle-loading gun, and 
four small breech-loaders. A steel training ship, the Zaragoza, of 
1200 tons, was built at Havre, in 1891 ; four gun-boats are building, 
and a battle-ship and cruiser are projected ; five first-class torpedo- 
boats have been ordered in England. The fleet is manned by ninety 
officers and five hundred men. 

EDUCATION. 

In 15 2 1, the City of Mexico fell into the hands of the conquering 
Spaniards, and exactly eight years after that event there was established 
in the City of Mexico the College of San Juan de Letran, for giving 
secondary education to intelligent Indians as well as to the sons of the 



B^ucatfom loi 

invading race. Thus, ninety years before the landing of the Pilgrims, 
the City of Mexico had its "Harvard." 

Universities Established by the Spanish Government. — The first vice- 
roy of New Spain, as Mexico was called then, fourteen years after 
the conquest, petitioned the King of Spain to permit him to found 
a university in Mexico, and, anticipating from his knowledge of the 
good-will of the Spanish-rulers that the desired permission would 
be given, the viceroy took the responsibility of establishing certain 
classes in the higher learning, a fact which does not support the 
commonly held theory that Spain has always been the enemy of edu- 
cation and of popular enlightenment. Owing to the slow means of 
communication in those days, and the legal steps necessary to be 
taken in the mother country, the university was not formally established 
until 1553, or eighty-three years before Harvard College was opened. 
The great event of setting on foot the university came under the 
enlightened rule of the second viceroy, Don Luis de Velasco, who 
did so many great things for Spain's new dependency. 

Later on, in 1573, there were founded in Mexico the colleges of 
San Gregorio and San Ildefonso, the latter still open, but modernized 
into the national preparatory school, a really great institution in that 
city of many schools. A few years later, long before the 17th century 
had dawned, came the founding of two more colleges and a divinity 
school, so that in the first sixty-five years of Spain's control in Mexico 
no less than seven seats of the higher learning had been established on 
secure foundations. 

No wonder that Mexico's capital became known as the Athens of 
the new world, producing men of great learning, such as Don Juan 
Ruiz de Alarcon and such notably erudite women as Juana Inez de la 
Cruz. The extensive library of " Americana," belonging to Don Jose de 
Agreda, of that city, containing over 4000 books, many of them invalu- 
able, attests the literary, antiquarian, scientific and artistic activity of 
the Spaniards who planted there in a short space of time so much of 
learning and such vast institutions dedicated to the instruction in all 
the higher branches of knowledge. 

At the outset the University of Mexico gaye instruction only in 
mathematics, Latin and the arts. Medicine and surgery were not 
esteemed highly during the middle ages, and it was not until long after 
the revival of learning in the Renaissance that the physician came to 
be considered as a true man of science. So it is not to be marvelled 
at that the University of Mexico waited until 1578 to establish a chair 
of medicine — the first in the new world discovered by Columbus. The 
first chair of medicine was a morning class, and a single professor 
carried his students through a four years' course unaided. In 1599, a 
second medical professorship was added ; in i66i, anatomy and surgery 



102 (5eoarapbical IRotes on /IDejico. 

were added, and, consequently dissection was authorized. At the 
outset the viceroys appointed the professors, but after a time the 
candidates for chairs had to win the coveted prizes through competitive 
examinations. 

The early students were not railroaded through. They had to study 
four years to obtain the diploma of a bachelor of medicine ; then 
went out into active life, and, on gaining practical knowledge, received, 
passing a fresh examination, the diploma of licentiate of medicine, and, 
later, that of doctor of medicine. 

School of Medicine. — In 1768 a decree was issued for the establish- 
ment in the City of Mexico of a royal college for surgeons, similar to 
institutions in Cadiz and Barcelona. This college was a very com- 
plete one, instruction being given in anatomy and dissection, in 
physiology, operations, clinical surgery, and medical jurisprudence. 
There were graduated also from the college all the dentists, bone- 
setters, phlebotomists, and midwives. A knowledge of Latin was not 
essential to receive a medical degree until 1803. 

In 182 1, Mexico having achieved her independence, the same care- 
ful watch over education continued, and in 1833 a general revision of 
educational institutions was ordered under the administration of Don 
Valentin Gomez Farias a leader of the Liberal party and the univer- 
sity was closed, because it was considered to have conservative tend- 
encies, and a general board of education organized, which, among other 
things established what was called the School of Medical Science, with 
ten professors, giving a remarkably complete and modern course. On 
account of a revolution which occurred in 1834 which overthrew the 
Gomez Farias Government, the new school of medicine was closed, 
and the old university reopened ; but, as the officials of the university, 
on making a careful study of the conditons of the new school of 
medicine rendered an impartial report, setting forth its manifold ad- 
vantages it was decided to keep open the institution. 

The incessant revolutions and consequent changes of government 
brought many evil things to pass, and the medical professors at times 
found themselves without salaries, and nobly devoted themselves to 
their classes without remuneration. They at one time were deprived 
of their building and literally thrown into the street. Better times 
came, however, the successive governments began to give substantial 
aid to the school, and in 1845 it took the name it still bears, the 
National School of Medicine. After more vicissitudes, many movings 
and trials which bore hard on the enthusiastic professors, the National 
School of Medicine finally was located where it now remains, in a 
part of the enormous edifice belonging formerly to the Inquisition. 

In the chaos of succeeding revolutions the salaries of the professors 
were often unpaid, but the devoted men of science struggled on, 



B&ucatton, 103 

assisted by wealthier students and contributing often out of their own 
slender means to keep the school alive ; but, in 1857, a better era 
commenced, and not since then, with rare exceptions, have there been 
any interruptions in financial aid from the various governments. All 
the other institutions of learning suffered the same fate and were ex- 
posed to similar ups and downs. 

School of Engineering. — Our mining college is the best in Spanish 
America, and it was established when engineering was hardly taught, 
and endowed by a portion of the taxes levied by the Spanish Govern- 
ment on mines. Its edifice is one of the best built by the Spaniards 
in their colonies, and still stands as a great monument, embellishing 
the City of Mexico. 

The above given facts will show how early did Mexico open 
great schools for the higher education, and how solicitous was the 
Spanish government to maintain them. But, three centuries of devo- 
tion to learning, antedating the war for independence, planted there 
firmly a love of knowledge which is now exhibited in the great 
government schools, in a city full of students, in innumerable pri- 
vate schools, in the well-filled public primary institutions, in night 
schools for adults, and in the thirty-five bookstores of that city. 

Mexican Technical Schools in the Present Time. — The edifice of 
the first University in America, founded by the Spanish crown in 
155 1, is to-day occupied by the National Conservatory of Music. 
The National Academy of Art, ancient Academy of San Carlos, 
stands where Fray Pedro de Gante founded, in 1524, the first school 
of the New World — a school for Indians. The Normal School for 
males, with its six hundred pupils and its first-class German equip- 
ment, occupies the old convent of Santa Teresa, (1678). The Normal 
School for females has fourteen hundred pupils, an expensive building 
of 1648. The fine old Jesuit College of San Ildefonso, erected in 1749 
at a cost of $400,000 is now filled with a thousand pupils of the 
National Preparatory School. The National College of Medicine is 
housed in the old home of the Inquisition (1732), an edifice whose four 
hanging arches at each corner of the lower corridor are famous. The 
building was taken for its present purpose in this century, the Holy 
Office dying in America with the Independence, but the medical col- 
lege was established by royal decree of 1768. It has now several 
hundred pupils. San Lorenzo (1598) is now the manual training- 
school where poor boys are gratuitously taught lithography, engrav- 
ing, printing, carpentry, and many other trades. The similar institution 
for girls is of course modern, dating only from 1874. The National 
Library, with its 200,000 volumes, dwells in the splendid sequestered 
Church of San Agustin. The National Museum occupies part of the 
million-dollar building erected in 1731 for the royal mint. And so on 



I04 ©eoatapbical IRotes on ^ejico, 

through a list that would rival that of any other country. The School 
of Mines and Engineering, however, stands as one of the first. Its 
magnificent building of Chiluca, the nearest to granite the valley affords, 
was built for it by Tolsa in 1793, and cost three millions. The institu- 
tion named the Colegio de la Paz, better known as the Vizcainas is one 
of the principal establishments for the education of young women, 
founded in 1734, at a cost for construction alone of about $2,000,000, 
subscribed by three Spanish merchants, who also provided funds for 
its support. These funds, when insufficient to meet expenses, are sup- 
plemented by the Federal Government, We have also a very high 
grade Military School located at the historical grounds of Chapulte- 
pec, which educates fine soldiers. J| 

As late as 1824 Humboldt declared, "No city of the New Con-™ 
tinent, not excepting those of the United States, presents scientific 
establishments so great and solid as those of the capital of Mexico." 
Except as to the buildings, of course, so much could not be said to- 
day, as wealth and numbers have made other countries take more 
rapid strides in higher education. Some of the universities of the 
United States pay even $10,000 a year to professors and they there- 
fore can secure the best talent. 

From the time of the Spanish domination in Mexico to but a few 
years ago, the Mexican Government considered itself bound to give to 
the people free secondary education, and for this purpose colleges for 
all literary and scientific professions were established in the City of 
Mexico, and each State did the same in its respective capital, in so 
far as its means allowed it, so that anybody who intended to follow a 
scientific career could do so without any expense to himself. 

The result of the free technical schools has been that most of the 
young men of well-to-do families in Mexico follow a literary career 
and that does not cost them anything, and we have more lawyers, 
doctors, engineers than we really need for the country. 

Reorganization of the Technical Colleges. — We had before 1868 sev- 
eral higher colleges and in each of them the same careers were taught, 
as law, medicine, engineering, etc., but in the reorganization of our 
national colleges which took place in that year, it was thought proper 
to establish a special college for each career, and a preparatory col- 
lege for such elementary studies as would be required for all careers, 
such as elementary mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc., etc., so that 
we now have in the City of Mexico, supported by the Federal Govern- 
ment a special school for engineering, one for law, one for medicine^ 
another for agriculture, etc., etc., but each State generally supports 
one technical college where all literary careers are taught. 

Primary Education. — Comparatively little attention was paid to the 
primary education, and the public schools were so deficient that 



I6^ttcatfon♦ I OS 

parents of some means did not send their children to them, but to 
private schools where they were better attended to. The fact that the 
elevation of the people depends on their primary education has caused 
common schools to be established in the country, and now the States 
vie with each other for the purpose of establishing the best system of 
common schools and increasing their number. 

The Mexican Government has been too much disturbed since its 
independence to earnestly promote the education of the Indians. I 
consider that one of the first duties of Mexico is to educate the large 
number of Indians which we have, and when that is accomplished the 
whole condition of the country will change, as it will be able in a few 
years to increase by several millions its productive and consuming 
population. 

In 1896 the Federal Congress of Mexico passed a law which was 
promulgated on June 3d of that year, making primary education obliga- 
tory on all the inhabitants of the Federal District and Territories, and 
placing public education under the control of the Federal Government, 
having been before under the respective municipalities. 

In almost all the States education is free and compulsory, but the law 
has not been strictly enforced. Primary instruction is mostly at the ex- 
pense of the municipalities, but the Federal Government makes frequent 
grants, and many schools are under the care of the beneficent societies. 

School Statistics. — Statistical reports on public instruction for 1876 
showed an aggregate of 8165 primary schools, with an attendance of 
368,754 children of both sexes throughout the Republic. Reports for 
1895 show a total number of public schools for both sexes through- 
out the Republic amounting to 10,915, in which are instructed 722,435 
scholars, at an aggregate cost of $5,455,549.60. The proportion of 
children of both sexes attending the school is, with respect to the 
general population, nearly five per cent., and that of the children of 
school age, actually attending school about 27 per cent, with an aver- 
age yearly outlay per capita of $7.55. The entire number of private 
schools for both sexes, including those supported by religious and civil 
associations, is 2585, with a total attendance of 81,221. Adding these 
to the preceding figures we have an aggregate of 13,500 schools with 
an attendance of 803,656 scholars. The number of schools in the 
country for professional technical education is 136, attended by 16,809 
pupils of both sexes. 

In the Federal District there are 454 public primary schools with 
an attendance of 44,776 pupils, and 247 private schools with an attend- 
ance of 19,334 pupils. In the matter of education Mexico now stands 
upon a plane as high, if not higher, than any of the Spanish American 
Republics, out-ranking even Chili and the Argentine Republic, bothx 
of which greatly surpassed her in former years. 



io6 (5coarapbical IRotes on /IDejico, 

The statistical part of this paper will contain detailed information 
about the number of schools established in each State, their cost, etc., 
during the year 1895, which complements the information embraced 
in this chapter. 

Libraries, — Many great and noteworthy public and private libraries 
attest the ineradicable love of learning characteristic of the Mexican 
people. In 1894 there were in the Republic the National Library, with 
200,000 volumes, and 102 other public libraries. There were in that 
year 22 museums for scientific and educational purposes, and 3 meteo- 
rological observatories. Our National Library at the City of Mexico 
collected all the books possessed by the libraries of the different con- 
vents when they were suppressed by the National Government, and 
has therefore a very large number of rare and valuable books. 

Newspapers. — The number of newspapers published was 363, of 
which 94 are published in the capital : 4 in English, 2 in French, and i 
in German, showing that the Press has not attained there the great de- 
velopment that it has in this country. 

THE VALLEY OF MEXICO. 

The Valley of Mexico is one of the finest spots in the world. Sur- 
rounded by high mountains — almost at the foot of the two highest in 
the country, Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl — with a very rare and clear 
atmosphere and a beautiful blue sky, especially after a rain ; it is really 
a centre of magnificent scenery. The rareness of the atmosphere 
makes distant objects appear to be very near, and when looking from 
the City of Mexico at the mountains which surround the Valley, one 
imagines that they are at the end of the City, while some of them are 
at a distance of forty miles. The view of the Valley from Chapultepec 
Hill, which is about one hundred and fifty feet high and distant about 
three miles from the City, towards its western extremity, where our 
military school now is and where the President has made his summer 
residence, is one of the most beautiful with which the earth is endowed. 
I have seen the Bosphorus, Constantinople, the Bay of Naples and other 
spots in the world which are considered to be most remarkable for their 
natural beauty, but I think the view of the Valley of Mexico from 
Chapultepec can be advantageously compared with any of them, if it 
does not excel them all. 

Six lakes are within the limits of the Valley, — Chalco, Zochimilco, 
Texcoco, Xaltocan, San Cristobal, and Zupango, the two former being 
of fresh water and the others of salt water — and, as they have no 
natural outlet the City of Mexico has been deprived for some time of 
a proper drainage and its health has been affected very materially 
thereby. But the colossal undertaking of making an artificial outlet is 



XTbe Ctti? of /IDejico* 107 

now practically finished. In an article which I published in the 
Engineering Magazine in January, 1895, I dwelt especially on the work 
done during four centuries to accomplish that great end.' 

The prevailing wind in the Valley of Mexico is northwest and 
north-northwest, which blew 250 times during the year 1883 ; while 
the southern winds, which are very dry, are rare, as they only blew 5 1 
times in that year ; but at the same time they have greater velocity 
than the others, and the greatest relative velocity of the winds is 3.0. 
The west and northwest winds are very damp. 

At the present stage of industrial development, speaking especially 
•of the Valley of Mexico, the question of a cheaper combustible is the 
one of supreme importance. In the absence of water-power of im- 
portance and permanence of volume, the only solution of the problem 
so vital to the growth of manufactures there lies in procuring abundant 
and cheap fuel. 

THE CITY OF MEXICO. 

The City of Mexico, located in the western end of the valley, on 
the Anahuac plateau, at an altitude of 7350 feet above the sea level in 
19° 26' north latitude and 99° 07' 53" .4 longitude west of Greenwich, 
covering about twenty square miles, is one of the most ancient cities 
of this continent, was the capital of the Aztec Empire, of the Spanish 
Colony of New Spain and now of the Mexican Republic, and of the 
Federal District of Mexico. 

Mexico dates either from the year 1325 or 1327, when the Aztecs, 
after long wanderings over the plateau were directed by the oracle to 
settle at this spot. For here had been witnessed the auspicious omen 
of an eagle perched on a nopal (cactus) and devouring a snake. Hence 
the original name of the city, Tenochtitlan (cactus on a stone), changed 
afterwards to Mexico in honor of the war god Mexitli. The eagle 
holding a snake in her beak and standing on a cactus upon a stone, is 
the coat-of-arms of the Mexican Republic. With the progress of the 
Aztec culture the place rapidly improved, and about 1450 the old mud 
and rush houses were replaced by solid stone structures, erected partly 
on piles amid the islets of Lake Texcoco, and grouped around the cen- 
tral enclosure of the great teocalli. The city had reached its highest 
splendor on the arrival of the Spaniards in 15 19, when it comprised 
from 50,000 to 60,000 houses, with perhaps 500,000 inhabitants, and 
seemed to Cortes, according to Prescott's, " like a thing of fairy crea- 
tion rather than the work of mortal hands." It was at that time 
about T2 miles in circumference, everywhere intersected by canals, 
and connected with the mainland by six long and solidly constructed 
causeways, as is clearly shown by the plan given in the edition of 

' That article is appended to this paper. 



io8 aeoarapbical motes on /iDejico. 

Cortes's letters published at Nuremberg in 1524,' After its almost 
destruction in November, 15 21, Cortes employed some 400,000 natives 
in rebuilding it on the same site ; but since then the lake seems ta 
have considerably subsided, for although still 50 square miles in extent,, 
it is very shallow and has retired two and a half miles from the city. 

During the Spanish rule the chief event was the revolt in 1692, 
when the municipal buildings were destroyed. Since then Mexico has. 
been the scene of many revolutions, was captured by the United States 
Army after the battle of Chapultepec, on September 13, 1847, and by- 
the French Army under Marshall Forey in 1863. But since the over- 
throw of Maximilian, and the French Intervention in 1867, peace has 
been established and it has become a great centre of civilizing in- 
fluences for the surrounding peoples. 

The City of Mexico is 263 miles by rail from Veracruz on the 
Atlantic, 290 from Acapulco on the Pacific, 285 from Oaxaca, 863: 
from Matamoros on the frontier with the United States, and 1224 miles 
from El Paso. Mexico is the largest and finest city in Spanish America, 
and at one time larger than Madrid, the capital of Spain, forming a 
square of nearly 3 miles both ways, and laid out with perfect regu- 
larity, all its six hundred streets and lanes running at right angles 
north to south and east to west, and covering within the walls an area 
of about ten square miles, with a population now of 539,935. 

The present City of Mexico is almost twice as large as the old one, it 
having increased towards the northwest, and, strange to say, the new" 
portion is not laid out as regularly as the old one. All the main 
thoroughfares converge on the central Plaza de Armas, or Main 
Square, which covers 14 acres, and is tastefully laid out with shady 
trees, garden plots, marble fountains, and seats. Here also are grouped 
most of the public buildings, towering above which is the Cathedral, 
the largest and most sumptuous church in America, which stands on 
the north side of the plaza on the site of the great pyramidal teocalli 
or temple of Huitzilopochtli, titular god of the Aztecs. This church, 
which was founded in 1573 and finished in 1657, at a cost of $2,000,- 
000, for the wall^ alone, forms a Greek cross, 426 feet long and 203 feet 
wide, with two great naves and three aisles, twenty side chapels, and a 
magnificent high altar supported by marble columns, and surrounded 
by a tumbago balustrade with sixty-two statues of the same rich gold, 
silver, and copper alloy serving as candelabra. The elaborately carved 
choir was also enclosed by tumbago railings made in Macao, weighing 
twenty-six tons, and valued at about $1,500,000. In the interior, the 
Doric style prevails, and Renaissance in the exterior, which is adorned 
by five domes and two open towers 218 feet high. At the foot of the 

' Reproduced in vol. iv. of H. H. Bancroft's History of the Pacific States, San; 
Francisco, 1833, p. 280. 



Ubc Cits ot /Ifterico, 109 

left tower was placed the famous calendar stone, the most interesting 
relic of Aztec culture, which is now at the National Museum. 

The east side of the plaza is occupied by the old vice-regal resi- 
dence, now the National Palace, with 675 feet frontage, containing 
most of the Government offices, ministerial, cabinet, treasury, military 
headquarters, archives, meteorological department with observatory, 
and the spacious halls of ambassadors, with some remarkable paintings 
by Miranda and native artists. North of the National Palace, and 
forming portions of it, are the post-office and the national museum of 
natural history and antiquities, with a priceless collection of Mexican 
relics. 

Close to the cathedral stands the Monte de Piedad, or national 
pawnshop, a useful institution, endowed in 1744 by Don Manuel 
Romero de Terreros with $375,000, and now possessing nearly $10,- 
000,000 of accumulated funds. Facing the cathedral is the Palacio 
Municipal, or City Hall, 252 feet by 122, rebuilt in 1792 at a cost of 
$150,000, and containing the city and district offices, and the mer- 
chant's exchange. 

Around the Plaza San Domingo were grouped the convent of that 
name, which contained vast treasures buried within its walls, the old 
inquisition, now the school of medicine, and for some time the Custom 
House, which has now been removed to the city boundary. In the 
same neighborhood are the Church of the Jesuits and the School of 
Arts, which is, in the language of Brocklehurst, " an immense work- 
shop, including iron and brass foundries, carriage and cart mending, 
"building and masonry, various branches of joinery and upholstery 
work, and silk and cotton hand-weaving." 

Other noteworthy buildings are the national picture gallery of San 
Carlos, the finest in America, in which the Florentine and Flemish 
schools are well represented, and which contains the famous Zas Casas, 
by Felix Parra ; the national library of St. Augustine, with over 200- 
000 volumes, numerous MSS., and many rare old Spanish books ; the 
mint,' which since 1690 has issued coinage, chiefly silver, to the amount 
of nearly $3,000,000,000 ; the Iturbide Hotel, formerlj^ the residence of 
the Emperor Iturbide ; the Mineria, or schools of mines, with lecture- 
rooms, laboratories, rich mineralogical and geological specimens, and 
a fossil horse, three feet high, of the Pleistocene period. 

^ The Spanish Government intended during last century to build a spacious, 
costly, and magnificent mint in the City of Mexico, and its plans and specifications 
were approved by the king, but by a mistake of the clerks in Madrid, they were 
forwarded to Santiago, Chili, instead of being sent to the City of Mexico, and it was in 
consequence built there. The building was so fine that, not having any mint at 
Santiago, it was used as the Government House, and it is now the Executive Mansion 
and Departments, and it is called " La Moneda," an abbreviation of " La Casa de 
Moneda," which is the Spanish name for mint. 



no Geoarapbical Motes on /IDejico. 

Among the twenty scientific institutes, mention should be made of 
the Geographical and Statistical Society, whose meteorological depart- 
ment issues charts and maps of unsurpassed excellence. 

Owing to the spongy nature of the soil, the Mineria and many 
other structures have settled out of the perpendicular, thus often pre- 
senting irregular lines and a rickety appearance. 

Before i860 half of the city consisted of churches, convents, and 
other ecclesiastical structures, most of which have been sequestrated 
and converted into libraries, stores, warehouses, hotels, and even 
stables, or pulled down for civic improvements. Nevertheless there 
still remain fourteen parish and thirty other churches, some of large 
size, with towers and domes. San Francisco Street is the leading 
thoroughfare, and is rivalled in splendor only by the new Cinco de 
Mayo Street, running from the National Theatre to the cathedral. 

It would take a great deal more space than it is convenient to give 
in this paper, should I attempt to make a longer description of the City 
of Mexico which, being one of the oldest on this continent and the 
largest and principal one during the three centuries of the Spanish 
rule, it has quite a number of remarkable buildings and monuments 
and a very important history, a great deal of romance being connected 
with it. 

The City of Mexico is not only the capital of the country, but the 
real head of the Republic ; and the aim of all other Mexican cities is 
to follow in its footsteps and imitate as much as possible the City of 
Mexico, which to them is a beau ideal and a real paradise. 

The City of Mexico is now literally encircled with a belt of fac- 
tories — cotton, paper, linen, etc., packing houses, brick works, cork 
factories, soap works, etc., and cheaper fuel will add largely to their 
number. They have been able to show profits under the load of a dear 
combustible, and they will welcome the introduction of any fuel, which 
will enable them to work even more successfully. 

Climate. — From the official reports of Professor Mariano Barcena, 
Director of the National Meteorological Observatory of the City of 
Mexico, of the weather conditions in 1895, it appears that there were 
121 cloudy days. But the rains were mostly at night or late in the 
afternoon, of short duration, and immediately succeeded by sunshine 
showers. Long periods of rainy weather are unknown there. The 
total rainfall for the year, less than twenty inches, will convey a fair 
idea of the dryness of the climate. The mean temperature in the shade 
for 1895 was 60 degrees, the highest being 65, reached in April, and 
the lowest 53, in January, a temperature rather which avoids both 
extremities. The mean temperature for the summer months were : 
June, 64 degrees ; July, 62 ; August, 62 ; September, 61. 

The table on page 112, prepared by the Weather Bureau of the City 



XTbe Citp of /IDejico. m 

of Mexico, contains the average annual climatological data of that city 
from the years 1877 to 1895. 

More detailed data about the climatological conditions of the City 
of Mexico during the year 1896, prepared also by our Weather Bureau, 
is appended on page 113. 

Mortality in the City of Mexico. — During the year 1896 the total 
mortality in the City of Mexico, under a recorded population of 330,698, 
was 15,567, not including 1275 still-births, equivalent to 4.70 percent. 
The principal diseases which caused that mortality were those affecting 

* A BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE METEOROLOGY IN THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC. 

Priest Jose Antonio Alzate stands in the first place among those who have culti- 
vated the meteorological science in our country, being he who first devoted himself to 
its study, and made regular observations during more than eight years, as he himself 
says in \l\% Descripcion topogrdjica de Mexico (1738 to 1799). Of these observations, he, 
unfortunately, only published those belonging to the last nine months of the year 1769, 
in his famous Gaceta de Literatura de M/xico, 1788 to 1795. He also published many 
articles describing some phenomena and instruments, climates of towns, value and 
usefulness of observations, as he had done in others of his publications : Diario Lite}-- 
ario de Mexico, 1768 ; Asuntos varies sobre Ciencias y Artes, 1772 to 1773 ; and Ob~ 
servaciones sobre la Fisica Historia Natural y Artes Utiles, 1787. He was the first in 
determining the height of the City of Mexico. 

After these labors of Father Alzate, we find in the journal El Sol regular series 
of observations published, daily, from the 14th of June, 1824, to the 14th of January, 
1828. Dr. John Burkart in 1826 ; Sr. Francisco Gerolt from 1833 to 1834, at the 
School of Mines ; Sr. Jose Gomez de la Cortina, Conde de la Cortina, from 1841 to 
1845 ; the members of the Geographical Section of the Army Staff from 1842 to 1843 ! 
the Astronomer Sr. Francisco Jimenez in 1858 ; the School of Mines in the years 
1850, 1856, 1857, and 1858; Sr. Ignacio Coinejo, M.E,, at the same school from 
1865 to 1866 ; and Sr. Juan de Mier y Teran at the " Escuela Preparatoria " from 
1868 to 1875, respectively, made some meteorological observations. 

A series of observations from 1855 to 1875 were made at the Hacienda de San 
Nicolas Buenavista, and another one at the city of Cordoba from 1859 to 1863, by 
Dr. Jose Apolinario Nieto ; Sr. Carlos Sartorius at the Hacienda del Mirador (State 
of Veracruz) ; Sr. Miguel Velazquez de Leon, and his sons, Joaquin and Luis, engi- 
neers, from 1869 up to the present, at the Hacienda del Pabellon ; Sr. Gregorio Bar- 
reto from i86g to 1880, at the city of Colima ; General Mariano Reyes, Sr. Jose 
Maria Romero, engineer, and Sr. Pascual Alcocer, from 1870 to the present date, at 
the city of Queretaro ; Sr. Lazaro Perez from 1874 to 1885, at the city of Guadalajara ; 
Sr. Isidoro Epstein at the City of Monterrey, 1855 ; Sr. Vicente Reyes, a civil engi- 
neer and architect, at the city of Cuernavaca, 1873, 1874, and 1876 ; Sr. Joaquin de 
Mendizabal Tamborrel, an engineer, at the city of Puebla, 1872 to 1873 ; Sr. Augustin- 
Galindo at the same city, 1875 ; Professor Manuel M. Chazaro at San Juan Michapa 
(State of Veracruz), 1872 to 1873 ; Priest Pedro Spina, S. J., at the city of Puebla, 
1876, and perhaps many others from whom we have no notice, have devoted them- 
selves to making meteorological observations. 

The " Sociedad de Geografia y Estadistica " the most ancient scientific society in 
Mexico, distributed, in 1862, some instruments and instructions to observers. 

Finally, on the 6th of March, 1877, being President of the Republic, General 



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114 (Beoarapbical IRotes on ilDejico. 

the digestive and respiratory organs, the former amounting to 4472 or 
1.35 per cent, of the population and the latter to 3904 or 1,18 per cent, 
of the population, and both causing 8376 deaths or 53.81 per cent, of 
the total number of deaths. Deaths by typhus and typhoid fevers and 
small-pox, which are supposed to make such great ravages in the City 
of Mexico, were in reality insignificant, the deaths by the former 
amounting in that year to 480 or 0.14 per cent, of the population, and 
the deaths by small-pox were, in the Federal District, embracing the 
City of Mexico and twenty-three suburban towns, 217 or 0.047 P^r cent, 
of the population of the District which is 473,820. Small-pox only 
attacks the very poor people, and, strange to say, also foreigners, even 
in case they have been vaccinated in their country, and to be free from 
small-pox they must be vaccinated in Mexico. 

The months of the greatest mortality during the same year were 
from February to May, and of the smallest the month of August, show- 
ing that the unhealthy months are the dry months, that is before the 
rains set in. 

The mortality in the City of Mexico is indeed very large, and it is 
due principally to two causes, first, the want of proper drainage and 
sewerage for the refuse of the city, a trouble which is now almost com- 

Porfirio Diaz, and by the suggestion of General Vicente Riva Palacio, then Secretary 
of Public Works, the Central Meteorological Observatory was established. P'rom 
that date up to the present, an uninterrupted hourly observation is regularly taken 
during the day and the night in the Central Meteorological Observatory. Some mag- 
netical observations have also been made, and the Observatory is now thought of be- 
ing removed to a more suitable spot. 

After the establishment of the Central Meteorological Observatory, some official 
or private meteorological stations have also been established as follows : Aguascalien- 
tes (Institute del Estado) ; Guadalajara (Escuela de Ingenieros), observer, Augustin 
V. Pascal ; Guanajuato (Colegio del Estado), observer, Genaro Montes de Oca ; Leon 
(Escuela Secundaria), observer, Mariano Leal ; Mazatlan (Observatorio Astronomico 
y Meteorologico), observer, N. Gonzalez ; Oaxaca (Colegio del Estado), observer. Dr. 
A. Dominguez ; Pachuca (Institute del Estado), observer. Dr. N. Andrade ; Puebla 
(Colegio Catolico and Colegio del Estado), observers, Priest P. Spina and B. G. Gon- 
zalez respectively ; Queretaro (Colegio Civil), observer, J. B. Alcocer ; San Luis Po- 
tosi (Institute del Estado), observer, Dr. G. Barroeta ; Toluca (Institute del Estado), 
observer, S. Enriquez ; Veracruz, observer, G. Baturoni ; Zacatecas (Institute), J. A. 
Bonilla. Dr. Manuel Andrade, of Huejutla ; Dr. Matienzo, of Tampice; Father 
Perez, of Morelia ; Father Arreola, of Colima ; Father Castellanos, of Zapotlan ; Sr. 
Pascual Borbon, of Tacambaro, are enlightened observers to vvrhom the Central Me- 
teorological Observatory is indebted for their valuable co-operation, and also to the 
telegraph operators of the " Telegraph system," wrho send, daily, seme weather obser- 
vations to this office. 

The staff of the Central Meteorological Observatory is new as follows : Director, 
Mariano Barcena ; Vice-Director, Jose Zendejas, C.E. ; Second Observer, Francisca 
Tore ; Assistants, Rafael Aguilar, Francisco Quiroga, Angel Robelo, Jose Torres^ 
and J. I. Vazquez. 



IRailwai^s. 115 

pletely remedied, and the second, the unhygienic way of living of the 
poor classes, among whom takes place the largest mortality. 

The very large number of still-births which occurred in the City of 
Mexico in 1896, almost exclusively among the poor classes, shows the 
little care that the poor women take of themselves, and is enough to ex- 
plain the present large mortality. 

RAILWAYS. 

For many years the government earnestly endeavored to further 
the construction of railroads in Mexico, but the broken surface of the 
country made the building of these roads very expensive. Until 1873 
the means of internal locomotion were mainly limited to a few wagon 
roads, over which travelled twenty-four regular lines of diligences, 
under one management ; and bridle-paths from the central plateau 
over the sierras and terrace lands down to a few points on both coasts. 

In 1854 the first railroad was finished, connecting the City of Mex- 
ico with Guadalupe, about three miles in length, and another from 
Veracruz to Tejeria towards the City of Mexico about twelve miles in 
length ; these being the only railroads that were built, up to 1861. 
During the French Intervention the French army extended the Tejeria 
road to Paso del Macho, about thirty-five miles further, to the foot of 
the mountain, so as to be able to transport their army, with the shortest 
delay possible, out of the yellow-fever zone, toward the central plateau ; 
and an English Company, which had a grant for a road from the City of 
Mexico to Veracruz, which was supposed at the time to be the only one 
that could be built in Mexico, extended the Guadalupe road to Api- 
zaco in the direction of Veracruz and not far from Puebla. 

No construction of consequence was done immediately after the 
French Intervention, because the country was generally in a disturbed 
condition, although several efforts were made in that direction by 
President Juarez, under whose administration a new and very liberal 
grant was given to the Veracruz railway company. The Veracruz 
road was finished in 1873, during Senor Lerdo de Tejada's Presidency, 
and when General Diaz became President in 1876 he earnestly pro- 
moted railroad building ; and we now have two trunk lines connecting 
the City of Mexico with the United States — the Mexican Central to 
El Paso, Texas, with a branch from San Luis Potosi to the port of 
Tampico, and another from Irapuato to Guadalajara, which has re- 
cently been extended to Ameca, towards the Pacific ; and the Mexican 
National to Laredo, Texas, with several branches. Another trunk 
line from Eagle Pass to Torreon and Durango, which it is intended 
shall finally reach the Pacific, has also been built by Mr. C. P. Hunt- 
ington and his associates. There is besides a line from Nogales to 
Guaymas, built and owned by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe 



n6 (3eograpbical IFlotes on /IDejico. 

Company ; and these four lines connect us with the main systems of 
the United States, our lines being in fact extensions of the United 
States railway system. 

We have now two lines from the City of Mexico to Veracruz, the 
old Veracruz road passing by Orizaba, and the Interoceanic, which 
runs from Veracruz by Jalapa and the City of Mexico and is intended 
to reach the Pacific. All of our roads, excepting the one built by Mr. 
Huntington, have had large subsidies paid by the Mexican Govern- 
ment, and in one case, that of the Veracruz railroad, the subsidy paid 
was $560,000 per year, for twenty-eight years, or about $57,471 per 
English mile, although the average subsidy per mile, according to 
President Diaz's report, dated November 30, 1896, is $14,380. 

The Tehuantepec railway, running from Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf 
of Mexico to Salina Cruz on the Pacific, about one hundred and thirty 
miles in length, has been built at great expense and at a great sacrifice 
by the Mexican Government. I published in the Engineering Maga- 
zine for March, 1894,' an article stating the different efforts made by 
the Mexican Government to have that road built, and the advantages 
that we expected from it as a highway of trade between the Atlantic 
and the Pacific. The Mexican Government has recently made a con- 
tract with Messrs. E. Weetman, Pearson & Son, of London, for the 
building of good harbors at both ends of the road, and when that is 
accomplished we expect that a great deal of eastern trade will pass 
through Tehuantepec. 

With the exception of the Tehuantepec road, we have not yet any 
road running from the Atlantic to the Pacific, although several are in 
process of construction. The descent of the mountains is on the Pa- 
cific slope a great deal more difficult than on the Gulf coast, where the 
large centres of population are located near the Gulf, and this explains 
why none of the roads have so far been able to reach the Pacific Ocean. 

Our railway system extends now, in the direction of Guatemala, as 
far as the city of Oaxaca, where we are only about five hundred miles 
away from our frontier with Guatemala. In other directions, our sys- 
tem reaches the principal cities and commercial and mining centres of 
the country. 

The total mileage of railway in 1895 was 69891- English miles. 
President Diaz, in his above mentioned report gives, the total mileage 
of railways in Mexico as 11,469 kilometres or 7126 miles ; and in his 
message to Congress on April i, 1897, he stated that the railway mile- 
age had been increased by 238 kilometres 550 metres, finished and 
received by the Government, and 248 kilometres built, but not yet re- 
ceived officially, making a total mileage of 11,955 kilometres 550 
metres, or 7.429 miles. 

' This paper will appear in this volume. 



IRailwa^s. 117 

President Diaz's Railway Policy. — President Diaz deserves a great 
deal of credit for his efforts to promote in Mexico, material improve- 
ments, and especially in railroad building. When he came into power, 
in 1877, public opinion was very much divided as to the policy of 
allowing citizens of the United States to develop the resources of the 
country by building railroads, working mines, etc. Our experience of 
what took place in consequence of the liberal grants given by Mexico 
to Texan colonists made many fear that a repetition of that liberal 
policy might endanger the future of the country by giving a foothold 
in it to citizens of the United States who might afterward, if circum- 
stances favored them, attempt to repeat the case of Texas. President 
Lerdo de Tejada seemed to share such fears judging by his policy in 
this regard. But President Diaz, as a broad-minded and patriotic 
statesman, believed that the best interest of the country required its 
material development, and that it would not be advisible to discrimi- 
nate against citizens of the United States, as that country was more 
interested than any other, on account of its contiguity to Mexico, 
in developing the resources of our country by building an extensive 
system of railways, and would, therefore, be more ready than any 
other to assist in building them. He trusted, at the same time, that 
when the resources of the country should be more fully developed, it 
would become so strong as to be beyond reach of the temptation by 
foreign states or individuals. The results of the work done in Mexico 
so far show that General Diaz acted wisely, and proved himself equal 
to the task before him. 

Many in Mexico, and myself among the number, thought that, as 
the railroads were such lucrative enterprises, especially in a country 
endowed with so many natural elements of wealth as Mexico, it would 
not be judicious to give their promoters any pecuniary assistance, in 
the shape of subsidies or otherwise, the more so as the finances of the 
country were then in a critical condition, and it would not be wise to 
increase its burdens by large pecuniary subsidies in aid of private en- 
terprises. My opinion in this case was based mainly on what I had 
seen in the United States, namely : that long lines of railways are built 
in this country without any pecuniary assistance from the Govern- 
ment, and that when the Government subsidized any one line it be- 
came a source of great dissatisfaction and very unpleasant questions, 
which are yet unsettled. We feared also that such large subsidies as 
were asked by the railway promoters would amount in the end to so 
large a sum as to make it impossible for Mexico to pay it, discrediting 
the country. But in this case General Diaz's view seems to have been 
the right one, in so far as that it afforded a great inducement for the 
immediate building of large trunk lines of railways, which, without 
subsidy, might have been delayed for several years. He thought it 



ii8 Oeograpbical Botes on flDejico. 

worth while to spend large sums of money for the purpose of having 
railways built without delay, rather than trust to the fluctuations of 
confidence and credit in the foreign exchanges, that would enable the 
prospective companies to obtain the funds necessary to build their 
roads, trusting, at the same time, that the material development of the 
country promoted by the railroads would yield revenue enough to pay 
all the subsidies granted. Fortunately all railroad subsidies contracted 
by Mexico have been punctually paid, and their amount forms now a 
large item of our national debt. To pay some of them the mistake 
was made of negotiating a sterling loan on Europe, to pay a silver 
debt ; but even in that way the transaction is not altogether a bad 
one. 

General Diaz's policy was to give a railway subsidy to anybody 
asking for it without investigating the responsibility of the concern, 
with the idea that if the road was built the country would get the 
benefit of the same, and if it was not built nothing would be lost, as 
there was in all grants, a clause to the effect that if no building was 
done within a given time, the grant should by that mere fact be for- 
feited, the forfeiture to be declared by the Administration. 

The system of subsidizing railways has a great many drawbacks, 
but at the same time commands some decided advantages, like giving 
the government the strict supervision over the roads who have to sub- 
mit to it for its approval, tariffs for freights and passengers, the free 
carrying of the mails, the duty of the company to present to the 
government a yearly statement of its traffic, receipts, etc., and other 
similar advantages. In all grants to subsidized railroads there is a 
stipulation that at the end of ninety-nine years the road-bed would 
revert to the Mexican government. 

President Diaz's Statistics on Mexican Railways. — Before I close this 
chapter I think it will not be out of place to quote some remarks of 
President Diaz concerning our Mexican railroads, which occur in his 
above-mentioned report. 



" In 1875 we had 578 kilometres 285 metres of railway, in 1885 we had 5915 
kilometres, in 1886, 6018 kilometres, in November, 1888, 7940 kilometres, in June, 
1892, 10,233, and including the tramways and other local and private lines, the 
amount was 11,067 kilometres ; in September, 1894, we had 11,100 kilometres ; in 
April, 1896, 11,165 kilometres, and now we have 11,469 kilometres. . . . 

" We stand first in railroad building of all the Latin- American countries. Dur- 
ing the years 1877 to 1892 Mexico built more railroads than any other Latin-American 
State, being 11,165 kilometres ; the Argentine Republic takes the second place, with 
8108 kilometres, and Brazil the third, with 6193 kilometres, built during the years 
mentioned. The average number of kilometres built per annum in Mexico during this 
period was 689, the maximum having been reached in 



i 



IRailwa^s* 119 

1881-82 1938 kilometres 

1882-83 ' ' 1727 

1887-88 1217 

i88g 1263 " 

The number of passengers carried in 

1876 4,281,327 

1890 19.531,395 

1893 22,781,343 

1895 24,269,895 

The freight handled in 

1876 132,915 tons 

1890 2,734,430 " 

1893 3,798,360 " 

1895 4,117.511 " 

The gross receipts in 

1876 $2,564,870 

1890 21,019,960 

1893 26,121,624 

1897 28,758,450 

" The subsidies paid for railroads up to December, 1892, averaged $8935 per kilo- 
metre of road built and in operation at that date. This average is much less than that 
of the subsidies paid by other Latin-American countries, the Republic of Chili having 
averaged $17,635 per kilometre, and the Argentine Republic $31,396. 

' ' The railroad system of the Republic has given the capital direct and rapid con- 
nection with our principal states. Throughout the length of the central plateau to the 
frontier, Mexico City is connected with the capitals of the states of Queretaro, Guana- 
juato, Jalisco, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Chihuahua, and San Luis Potosi by the 
Mexican Central Railway, and with Durango by the Mexican International ; with 
the states of Mexico, Guanajuato, Michoacan, San Luis Potosi, Coahuila and Nuevo 
Leon by the Mexican National ; with the cities of Puebla, Orizaba, Cordoba, Vera- 
cruz, and Jalapa by the Mexican Railway and by the Interoceanic, and with Tehuacan 
and Oaxaca by the Mexican Southern from Puebla. Three lines connect the capital 
with the northern frontier ; the Central, which terminates in Ciudad Juarez ; the 
National, which runs to Nuevo Laredo ; and the International, which, from its junction 
with the Central at Torreon, runs to Piedras Negras. And as to our various ports 
Guaymas is connected with Nogale on the northern frontier ; Manzanillo with Colima ; 
Matamoros with Reynosa and San Miguel ; Tampico with San Luis Potosi and Mon- 
terrey ; Veracruz with Jalapa and Mexico ; and the first really Interoceanic railway of 
the Republic across the Isthmus of the Tehuantepec, united the Atlantic and Pacific 
oceans by connecting the port of Coatzacoalcos, on the gulf, with the port of Salina Cruz 
on the Pacific coast. Southward from the capital of the Republic the Interoceanic 
traverses the State of Morelos, and the Mexico, Cuernavaca and Pacific Railway has 
its line located to the City of Cuernavaca and is pushing on through the state of Guer- 
rero to the port of Acapulco. In the peninsula of Yucatan, the lines connecting 
Campeche and Merida are nearly finished ; while the port of Progreso has rail com- 
munication with Merida." 

Fma7icial Condition of Mexican Railways. — Our railroads are doing 
remarkably well, and their traffic, especially domestic, is daily increas- 



I20 



(Beoorapbical Botes on /IDejico, 



ing and grows in much larger proportion than the foreign, or inter- 
national traffic ; and they are paying the interest on their debt, which 
is due and paid in gold, notwithstanding that they collect their 
freights in silver, which has been for several years at a great discount, 
losing at the present rate of exchange about one hundred per cent, in 
the operation ; but their business is such that they can afford to suffer 
that loss. 

In the statistical section of this paper will be found a list of our 
railroads, their mileage, earnings, and several other data, showing that 
they are in a prosperous condition, all of which will be of interest to 
those who desire to have a more intimate acquaintance with the railway 
system of Mexico. I will only insert here the following statement of 
the annual building and earnings of the Mexican railways, sup- 
plementing it with a comparative statement showing the tonnage 
moved by the principal railway lines, for the ten years ending Decem- 
ber 31, 1896, which shows a great increase in their business, and con- 
sequently in their earnings. 

ANNUAL BUILDINGS AND EARNINGS OF MEXICAN RAILWAYS. 



YBAR. 


MILES OF ROADS BUILT. 


ANNUAL EARNINGS. 




Each year. 


Total. 




187'; 


5,393 

47,087 

2,265 

3.739 

40,743 

91.950 

120,328 

429,858 

1,204,118 

1,073,404 

282,523 

73,614 

49,099 

323,084 

756,522 

390,650 

784,744 

495,015 

352,171 

14,829 

118,810 


359,306 

364,699 

418,001 

414,052 

417,791 

458,539 

550,488 

670,817 

1,100,675 

2,304,792 

3,378,196 

3,660,719 

3,734,332 

3,783,433 

4,106,516 

4,863,060 

5,253,096 

6,037,752 

6,532,711 

6,884,842 

6,870,015 

6,888,811 


$2,097,104.55 
2,665,496.18 
2,799,696.13 
2,563,241.00 
3,213,434.17 
3,400,799.89 
3,828,718.65 
4,504,135.39 
5,679,193.37 
9,883,719.51 

12. 102, "183. 34 


1874. 


j8Tc 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1870 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


11,089,136.39 
10,656,551.42 
11,373,667.63 
13,310,218.79 
16,121,267.79 
18,788,142.29 
20,919,287.14 
23,762,172.87 
25,363,922.29 
25,359,244.06 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


iSqo 


1801 


1892 


1893 


i8q4 







Uele^rapbs. 



COMPARATIVE STATEMENT, SHOWING APPROXIMATE TONNAGE MOVED 

BY THE UNDERMENTIONED RAILWAYS FOR THE TEN YEARS 

ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1896. 

{Compiled from published reports and information furnished by the re- 
spective railway companies?) 



YEAR. 


CENTRAL 
RAILWAY. 


NATIONAL 
RAILWAY. 


INTF.ROCEANIC 
RAILWAY. 


MEXICAN 
RAILWAY. 


TOTAL. 




Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 


346,898 
477,530 

Inc. 34.4 

540,479 
Inc. 13.1 

609,382 
Inc. 12.7 

867,657 
Inc. 42.3 

1,091,785 
Inc. 25.8 
860,187 

Dec. 21.2 
898,484 
Inc. 4.4 
1,047,038 

Inc. 16.5 
1,231,025 
Inc. 17.5 


77,935 
372,800 

Inc. 378.3 
428,314 
Inc. 14.8 

472,045 

Inc. 10.2 
502,856 
Inc. 7.3 

588,505 
Inc. 17. 

552,123 
Dec. 6.5 

558,382 
Inc. I.I 

636,193 
Inc. 13.9 

782,106 
Inc. 22.9 


141,090 
197,231 

Inc. 39.7 
186,222 

Dec. 5.5 
281,769 

Inc. 51.3 
277,866 

Dec. 1.3 

365,191 
Inc. 31.4 

380,805 

Inc. 4.3 
444,191 
Inc. 16.6 

464,976 
Inc. 4.4 

479,744 
Inc. 3.1 


273,194 
318,893 

Inc. 16.7 

354,321 
Inc. II. I 

384,584 
Inc. 8.2 

409,185 

Inc. .6 
367,980 
Dec. 10. 

385,923 
Inc. 4.8 

433,637 
Inc. 12.3 

453,289 
Inc. 4.5 

756,330 
Inc. 66.8 


839,117 
1,366,454 
Inc. 62.7 

1,509,336 
Inc. 10.4 

1,747,780 
Inc. 15.7 

2,057,564 
Inc. 17.7 

2,413,461 

Inc. 17.3 
2,179,038 

Dec. 9.7 
2,334,694 

Inc. 7.1 
2,601,496 

Inc. 11.4 
3,249,205 

Inc. 24.8 




7,970,465 


4,971,259 


3,219,085 


4,137,336 


20,298,145 



(S.) 



A. Blake. 



City of Mexico, May 19, 1897. 



TELEGRAPHS. 

We have quite a number of miles of telegraph lines in Mexico, and 
our service is now as good as that of any other country. The first tele- 
graph line built and owned in Mexico by a private company, liberally 
assisted by the government, extended from Veracruz to the City of 
Mexico. On November 5, 1851, the first section was inaugurated from 
the City of Mexico to Nopalucan, and on May 19, 1852, to Veracruz. 

In 1853 another company established a line from the City of Mexico 
towards the north to Leon in the State of Guanajuato, and in 1865 a 
line was finished to San Luis Potosi. 

In 1868 and 1869 a private company, called the " Jalisco Company " 
established the line between the City of Mexico and Guadalajara, which 
was soon afterwards extended to Manzanillo and San Bias. After the 
restoration of the Republic in 1867, the Mexican government began to 



T22 Geoorapbical Botes on /iDejico, 

build lines to the principal centres of population of the country, and in 
1890 it bought the Jalisco line, and in 1894 the Veracruz. 

From 1869 to 1876 the States of Michoacan, Oaxaca, and Zacate- 
cas established several lines in their respective jurisdictions. When 
General Diaz became President in 1876, the National Telegraphic 
Lines only had 7927 kilometres. 

In 1885 the Federal Goverment transferred to the States, without 
any cost, all the telegraphic lines which were considered of local inter- 
est, keeping only such as could be called trunk lines. 1 

In 1893 we had 37,880 English miles of telegraph lines, of which 
24,840 belonged to the Federal Government, the remainder belonging 
in about equal parts to the States, private companies and railways. 

The following statement, which I take from the Anuario Estadistico 
de la Republica Mexicano, iSg^, shows the telegraphic lines belonging 
to the Federal Government, to the States, to private companies and to 
railroads : 

Federal Lines 43,416 k 780 m 

State Lines 5,544 068 " 

Private Company Lines 4,73° 980 " 

Railroad Lines 9,761 611 

General Total 63,453 k 439 " M 

On November 30, 1896, the total mileage of our telegraph lines was, 
according to the President's report of that date, 45,000 kilometres, 
27,962 English miles, and that amount was increased, according to 
the President's message of April i, 1897, to 45,259 kilometres, 28,123 
miles. 

In 1 89 1 the operations of the various lines throughout the Republic 
involved the transmission of 1,050,000 messages, of which about 800,- 
000 were private, and the remainder official. The receipts from this 
branch of the public service amounted to $469,305 collected at 767 
offices ; the expenditure included for repairs an average of $3 per 
kilometre, and for salaries a total of $671,431. 

The proceeds of the Federal telegraphic lines were, according to 
President Diaz's report of November 30, 1896, as follows : 

Fiscal Year, 1883-1884 $239,051 

1890-1891 462,076 

" " 1893-1894 524,634 

" " 1895-1896 537,308 

In the statistical portion of this paper will be found a detail state- 
ment of the earnings and expenses of the national telegraphic lines of 



postal Service, 123 

Mexico for the 27 fiscal years which elapsed from July i, 1869, to 
June 30, 1896, and such data as it is possible to obtain for the ten 
years which elapsed from July i, 1869, to June 30, 1879. 

Cables. — Up to 1887 there was no communication between Mexico 
and foreign countries. In 1880 the Mexican Cable Co. built their 
cables from Galveston to Tampico, Veracruz and Coatzacoalcos, on 
the Gulf of Mexico, and a telegraphic line from Coatzacoalcos to Salina 
Cruz, on the Pacific, which was extended to Central and South Amer- 
ica. Cables had been laid between Jicalango and El Carmen and be- 
tween the rivers Grijalva and Coatzacoalcos, and now through those 
cables we are in direct communication with the United States and 
Europe. 

POSTAL SERVICE. 

Our postal service has improved considerably of late. It was until 
recently quite imperfect on account of the difficult and expensive ways 
of communication. It used to be slow and so expensive that it was 
almost prohibitory, and up to 1870 the single postage of a letter, weigh- 
ing one quarter an ounce was 25 cents, and double for any distance ex- 
ceeding sixty miles. After Mexico entered into the Universal Postal 
Union, in 1870, the postage of letters for foreign countries was reduced 
to 5 cents, and that reduction made it necessary to reduce the home 
postage from 25 to 10 cents. Recently it has been reduced again from 
10 to 5 cents. 

There were in the whole country, in 1883, one head post-office at 
the national capital, 53 first-class post-offices, 265 second class, for 
the most part inefficient, and 518 postal agencies, little better than use- 
less. The entire service as it was being rendered at 837 stations. The 
evils resulting from the very high postage were further aggravated by 
the insecurity of the mails. The revenue of the postal department in 
that year amounted to $817,244. 

The total number of post-offices and postal agencies in 1893 was 
1448, and the mail pouches are now transported on railways over a total 
distance of 10,000 kilometres, or more than 6000 miles. Over the re- 
maining distances in the interior the mails are conveyed either by 
stages or by foot or mounted carriers. 

President Diaz gives in his report of November 30, 1896, the follow- 
ing statistics about our postal services : 

Post Offices. Postal Agencies. 

1877 53 269 

1888. 356 719 

1892 356 1430 

1895 469 1471 

1896 471 1500 



124 Geoarapbical Botes on /IDeslco, 

President Diaz states in his same report that the total number of 
pieces distributed by our mails in the year 1878 was 5,169,892, while 
in the year 1896 the number increased to 24,000,000. 

For the purpose of communicating with foreign countries, especially 
before railroads were finished, the Mexican government granted large- 
subsidies to steamship companies, running especially between Mexican 
and United States ports, and their amount increased considerably the 
expenses of our post-office department. 

In the statistical part of this paper I shall insert the statement of 
the earnings and expenses of the postal service in Mexico, in the twenty- 
seven years elapsed from July i, 1869, to June 30, 1896. 

PUBLIC LANDS. 

The Spanish government considered itself the owner of lands in. 
Mexico, and it granted them to private parties under certain very 
liberal regulations. The Indians having been the original owners, and 
needing the lands to raise their food, and textiles for their clothing, could 
not be entirely deprived of them, and a large portion of the land was 
left to each municipality to be held generally in common by the 
inhabitants of the same. Large tracts of land remain, however, which 
had not been granted either to the Indians nor to the Spanish settlers, 
and these we called vacant lands — Terrenos Baldios. The Mexican 
government succeeded Spain in the ownership of public lands, and 
with a view to make them available for colonization an easy system to 
dispose of them at a comparatively low price was established. 

The greatest difficulty was to find the public lands, as they had never 
before been surveyed, and a great many were occupied without title by 
private parties. As such survey would be very expensive, the 
Mexican government devised a plan of contracting that work with 
private companies, paying them with one-third of the land measured,, 
and in that way large portions of the public lands have been surveyed. • 

It appears from President Diaz's report to his fellow-citizens, dated 
November 30, 1896, that up to 1888 private companies had surveyed 
33,811,524, hectares of public lands, for which they received in pay- 
ment for their work one-third or 11,036,407 hectares. In the four years 
from 1889 to 1892, 16,820,141 hectares of public lands were surveyed 
by private companies, of which 11,213,427 hectares belonged to the 
government, and in that way in less than ten years it was possible to^ 
survey 50,631,665 hectares. Out of this amount the government sold 
to private parties and to colonization companies 1,607,493 hectares, 
and to private companies who were in possession of public lands held 
by them without any title, which we call demacias, 4,222,991 hectares. 
At the same time the government has been trying to divide the lands 
held in common by the Indian towns between the inhabitants of the 



Hmmfgration. 



125 



same, and up to 1888 it had distributed in that manner 67,368 hectares 
among 2936 titles, and from 1889 to 1892 180,169 hectares among 
4560 titles. In accordance with the provisions of our public land 
laws we sold to private parties, who pre-empted the lands for purchase, 
which we call ^^denuncio," 3,635,388 hectares among 1504 titles, and 
from 1889 to 1892 1,353,137 hectares among 1218 titles. From July i, 
1891, to August 18, 1896, 9,677,689 hectares of land were surveyed, of 
which 6,504,912 hectares belong to the government, and the balance, 
3,172,777 hectares, belong to private companies. 

Every year the Department of Fomento publishes under authority 
of law a price-list of public lands, which have different prices in each 
state and are sometimes divided into three classes ; the first, second, 
and third having each a different price. The following is the official 
price of public lands fixed by the Department of Fomento for the 
fiscal year 1895-1896 : 



STATES 


PRICE 
PER HECTARE 


STATES 


PRICE 
PER HECTARE 




$2.25 
1.80 
1. 00 
2.25 
2.00 
1. 00 
1. 00 

3.35 
1. 10 
2.25 
2.25 

3-35 
2.25 
4.50 
1. 00 


Oaxaca 


$1.10 
3.35 

3-35 
2.25 
1. 10 




Puebla 




Queretaro 




San Luis Potosi 




Sinaloa 




Sonora 


1. 00 




Tabasco 


2.50 
1. 00 




Tamaulipas 




Tlaxcala 


2.25 

2.75 
1.80 




Veracruz 




Yucatan 




Zacatecas 


2.25 




District federal 


5.60 


Morelos 


Territore de Tepic 

Territory of Lower Cal. . . 


2.00 


New Leon 


0.65 







In the statistical part of this paper I shall insert some data about 
the sales of public lands by the Mexican government from 1867 to 1895, 
and a statement of the titles issued from the years 1877 to 1895. 



IMMIGRATION, 

It has always been the aim of the Mexican government from the 
time of the independence of the country, to encourage the immigration 
of foreigners, because Mexico being so large and the population so 
scanty, it was considered a necessity to promote the development of 
the country, to increase the population by inducing the settlement of 
foreigners, and different laws have been issued for that purpose. 

Since the restoration of the Republic new laws have been sanctioned 
to encourage colonization, which allow colonists and the companies 
bringing them free importation of their personal goods and such articles 



126 (Beoarapbical Botes on /IDejico. 

as they may need for their subsistence and welfare for a reasonable term 
of years, exempting them at the same time from all kinds of taxes — 
federal, state, and municipal, — excepting only the stamp tax, and also 
exempting them from military and other personal service, and some- 
times even going so far as to give a bounty for each colonist brought to 
the country. Under such laws several contracts were made with differ- 
ent companies, and 32 colonies have been planted in different sections- 
of Mexico, of which 13 have been established by the government and 
19 by private parties. In 1892 there were only 1266 families with a 
total number of 10,985 colonists. On the whole, the efforts made and 
the expenses incurred by the Mexican government in the establish- 
ment of those settlements of colonists, have had but unsatisfactory 
results, but they have paved the way for future experiments on a larger 
scale, especially if undertaken by private parties, and with only such 
assistance from the government as can be rendered by liberal legisla- 
tion. 

The principle obstacle which has prevented us from having a large 
immigration is our low wages. Those who immigrate are generally 
poor wage earners, who want to better their condition, and they could 
not go to a country where wages are a great deal lower than in the 
United States, or even in Europe, as they could never compete with 
the native labor of our Indians. We have now a surplus of labor and 
a deficit of capital, and cannot have a large immigration until such 
conditions are changed. 

What Mexico needs is capital to develop her resources and give 
employment to labor, and then immigration will flow in as naturally as 
water seeks its level. Mexican credit will be established, so far as im- 
migration is concerned, when her natural resources are developed, this, 
being the only safe and reliable basis of such credit, and this will never 
be developed until those who have capital to invest are acquainted with 
the unparalleled opportunities for safe and profitable investment in 
Mexico. This will only be accomplished by plain, blunt, matter-of- 
fact and well-informed press agents, who lay before people who have 
money to invest the plain facts of the case. 

Itnmigration from the United States. — I have often been asked for 
my opinion of the chances of Americans going to settle in Mexico, and 
have always answered that while Mexico is desirous of attracting good 
settlers, and while that country undoubtedly offers great inducements 
to foreign settlers, especially to those having some means, there are 
serious drawbacks which ought to be pointed out to the prospective 
immigrant from the United States, as a warning against a possible 
failure and disappointment. 

The comforts of life in the rural districts of Mexico, where a settler 
from this country has the best chances, are scanty compared with simi- 



•ffmmiaratxon, 127 

lar districts in the United States. The difference of race, language, 
religion, and education between a young man brought up in this country 
and the small Mexican farmers, are enough to create difficulties at first 
sight insuperable to any young man from the United States who settles 
there. If he establishes himself in a district inhabited only by Indians 
these difficulties are considerably increased. If the settler prefers the 
hot lands, which are the most fertile and productive, the severity of 
the climate is such as to challenge the courage of the bravest. The 
mosquitoes of several varieties, the flies, and many other insects are 
very annoying, besides the sickness inherent to such climate. 

The question of labor is another great difficulty in the way, because,, 
while it is cheap and abundant in the cold regions, it is generally scarce 
and unreliable in the hot lands. 

The conditions of the two countries are so very different that the 
change experienced by one brought up in this country who goes into 
Mexico, is very apt to discourage the strongest and most sanguine, at 
least in the beginning, as the lapse of time makes anybody adapt him- 
self to existing conditions and to appreciate the advantages of his 
new home. 

The land question is also a serious objection. A large portion of 
the public lands have already been disposed of, and comparatively 
little of the public and private lands have been surveyed, and cannot 
easily be had in small lots. The large land-holders are unwilling ta 
divide their estates, and the Indians holding large tracts of land are 
very reluctant to part with them at any price. 

Coffee raising is undoubtedly one of the most profitable undertak- 
ings in Mexico, but at the same time it has serious drawbacks. It 
takes from three to four years before the trees begin to yield, and the 
planter must be provided with sufficient means to defray not only his 
personal expenses, but also those of the plantation, like houses, 
machinery, cultivation, etc., without receiving any proceeds until the 
third or fourth year. Besides, if he makes any mistake in the selec- 
tion of his land, his profits will be considerably reduced. The gen- 
eral impression prevailing in Mexico is that coffee is the product of the 
hot lands, where the coffee trees need shade ; but a plantation in such 
lands would cost a great deal more money to make and to keep , and 
would yield smaller profits than one located in the temperate zone, 
that is, just below the frost line.^ 

' The same views were expressed in Mexico to the State Department by the 
United States Consuls, and even published in the Consular Reports for August, 1894, 
vol. xlv,. No. 167, pp. 628, 629. 

" Consular advices received at the Department of State warn Americans about 
emigrating to Mexico, with a view to permanent settlement, with insufficient means or 
without informing themselves in a reliable way as to the prospects for earning liveli- 



128 Oeoatapbical Botes on /IDejico* 

For the American common laborer who looks to his day's pay for 
his living, Mexico is unquestionably not the proper place to go. He 
cannot compete with the Mexican laborer, whose usual pay is from 38 
to 50 cents a day in silver, and he boards himself. For the man who 
has no means, unless he is especially qualified in some particular 
branch, and knows something of the language, and will work harder 
and longer hours, it is no place. There is room for the steady, sober, 
industrious mechanic or miner or tradesman who will adapt himself 
to new conditions and surroundings, leave all social, political, and 
other ambitions behind him, and who will attend strictly to his own 
business. 

Those who are safest in going to Mexico are those who have a 
little capital, say from $2000 in gold and upward, which will give them 
about twice that amount there; who can look around and decide what 
they propose to do, and where they want to settle. There is an excel- 
lent field for the small general farmer of the New England or Middle 
States type, who will raise a little of everything. Butter, potatoes, 
hogs, poultry, corn, vegetables, and small grain find a ready sale at 
good prices. I have seen the common article of corn, which is nearly 
always a sure crop, sell at from $1 to $1.25 per bushel, Mexican money. 

It is always best for the mechanic or miner to first secure a job 
before going to Mexico, and work for wages several months, and in 
the meantime study the situation, get acquainted with the language, 
the customs, and the people before going it alone. 

The manner of living there and the customs of the people are 
totally different from those of the United States. Those going there 
will have to work harder and longer hours than in the United States, 
but they can save money. Ten years ago Americans went to Mexico 
to make money and return to the United States ; to-day they go to 
find homes. I know several Americans who would not live in the 
United States again. 

The climate of Mexico permits a man to work every day in the 
year. The cost of living and clothing is cheap, and a dollar in Mexi- 
can money can be made to go as far there as a dollar in American 
money in the United States, and a dollar there is easier to get. 

In mining, Mexico offers inducements superior to any other coun- 

hoods. While there are undoubtedly good opportunities in Mexico for enterprise, 
frugality, and thrift, it is like other countries, a land of varying conditions, and it often 
happens that disappointment is the result of emigration undertaken upon insufficient 
or misleading information, or without resources, which are always necessary for success 
in a new country. Many Americans have been induced by alluring statements as to 
the cheapness of coffee raising, etc., to emigrate to Mexico within the past year, and 
some have lost their all by so doing. For these reasons Consuls desire to caution 
Americans against the representations of speculators, who are always on the watch for 
the unwary. " 



{public 2)ebt» 129 

try ; and whether a man has a thousand dollars or a million he can go 
there and make money if he exercises ordinary precaution and judg- 
ment, and if he makes up his mind to stand the discomforts of the 
country. It is a good country for the prospector, too, because there 
are no seasons against him, and there are many new fields entirely un- 
touched; but he needs money enough to get there with and enable him 
to obtain the proper kind of outfit, and time to familiarize himself 
with the requirements of the law and select some district in which he 
wants to operate. 

For the small capitalist, or for a small syndicate, there is no finer 
field for the organizing of small legitimate companies for the purposes 
of opening and working old abandoned mines, which are filled with 
debris or water, and which it will pay to clean out and work, and 
of which there are still many to be had. In times gone by they were 
abandoned because of the refractory condition of the ores, or lack of 
machinery, or want of transportation, all of which conditions have been 
removed. There is also a fine opening for capital for the exploration 
of the new gold-fields in the vicinity of Guadalupe y Calvo, in the 
range between Sonora and Chihuahua, in the State of Guerrero, and 
in many other localities. 

There are in various parts of Mexico educated, experienced, and 
thoroughly reliable Americans to be found, who have lived a long 
while in the country, and know the language, the laws, and the people, 
and would be willing to give reliable information to young Americans 
wishing to go there. 

PUBLIC DEBT. 

The public debt of Mexico is represented by bonds drawing differ- 
ent rates of interest, some payable in gold and others in silver. In 
1825, very soon after our independence, we contracted two loans in 
London, both for 10,000,000 pounds sterling, which we mainly used for 
buying war-ships and war material. On account of the disturbed con- 
dition of the country, the interest on that debt could not be paid punc- 
tually, and the bonds naturally fell to a very low nominal price. In 
185 1, after the war with the United States, we refunded that debt in 
new bonds, the interest of which was reduced from 5 to 3 per cent., 
which we expected to pay punctually, but the disturbed condition of 
the country made it impossible for us to do it. Finally, in 1888, the 
debt was readjusted and gold bonds bearing 6 per cent, interest issued, 
and as we have paid since punctually the interest, they have reached par. 

We had issued bonds from 1849 to 1856 to pay claims of English, 
French, and Spanish subjects under certain conventions signed with 
those countries, and such bonds were exchanged at different rates for 
the 6 per cent, gold bonds of our foreign debt. 

VOL. I — 9 



I30 6eoarapbical Botes on /IDejtco. 

To build the Tehuantepec Railway we negotiated in London, in 
1888, another gold loan for 3,000,000 pounds sterling at 5 per cent, 
interest. 

The subsidies granted to railway companies were payable in sil- 
ver, with a percentage of our import duties, but as they amounted to 
a considerable sum their payment reduced the revenue considerably, 
and the Mexican Government contracted in London in 1890 a gold 
loan at 6 per cent, interest, with which it paid the subsidies due up to 
that date to most of the railway companies. 

We had to issue besides in 1850 what we call domestic or interior 
bonds, at 3 and 5 per cent, interest in silver, and we had other indebt- 
edness of several kinds, caused by loans and other sources when the 
revenue of the Government was not enough to pay its expenses. All 
such debts have been consolidated into new bonds of 3 and 5 per 
cent, interest, payable in silver. Such railway subsidies as were not 
paid out of the proceeds of the loan of 1890 have been paid with bonds 
drawing 5 per cent, interest, paying both capital and interest in silver. 

It is very onerous for Mexico when it is on a silver basis to pay in 
gold the interest of its foreign debt, because we have to buy gold at 
current prices, and it costs us now more than double its current price. 
When silver was about 50 cents on the dollar, as compared with gold, 
6 per cent, interest of our foreign debt, cost us 12 per cent., and of 
course the further silver is depreciated the greater will be the cost of 
paying the interest of our gold debts. 

President Diaz gives in his report of November 30, 1896, the follow- 
ing data about the cost to the Mexican Treasury of buying exchange 
to place in London the funds to pay us the gold interest on our foreign 
debt ; 

Fiscal year 1888-1889 $ 729,178.17 

" '" 1890-1891 2,314,477.77 

" " 1891-1892 3,225,246.77 

" " 1892-1893 5,101,223.57 

In the second part of this paper I will give a detailed statement 
showing the different kinds of bonds and obligations which constitute 
the Mexican debt, and here will only give the figures of the total 
amount, which are the following : 

Sterling Mexican debt $114,675,895.49 

Debt payable in silver 88,549,111.80 

Total $203,225,007.29 

It is not possible to fix the exact amount of the debt of Mexico, 
either in silver or gold, because of the daily changes in the price of ^ 



Banking* 131 

silver ; but as silver is the currency of the country, when the Mexican 
dollar is worth 24 pence in London, the amount of our debt in silver 
would be equal to our sterling debt, that is : $114,675,895.40 added to 
our debt will make a grand total in Mexican silver of $317,900,902.78. 

BANKING. 

Banking in Mexico is in its incipient state. The National Bank of 
Mexico, established in the City of Mexico in 1882, with its branches 
in the principal cities of the country, has a monopoly for the issuing of 
notes in the capital which is only shared by such banks as were in ex- 
istence before the National Bank of Mexico was chartered, like the 
Bank of London, Mexico, and South America, established during the 
French intervention in Mexico and recently remodelled under the 
name of the Bank of London and Mexico. The Mortgage Bank of 
Mexico enjoys that privilege also. 

On June 3, 1896, a general banking law was issued by the Mexican 
Congress, which establishes the conditions under which banking insti- 
tutions can be organized ; but, of course, that does not affect the rights 
of the National Bank and other banks in the City of Mexico which 
had been chartered before the date of that law. 

Formerly, owing to the expense and dangers of transportation, it 
was difficult to transport money from one place to another, and there- 
fore exchange between cities in Mexico was very high, sometimes even 
ten per cent, from one city to another in the country. The rate has 
been reduced considerably since the railroads were built, but it is still 
quite high. To draw money from the City of Mexico to the City of 
Oaxaca, for instance, and vice versa, costs now one per cent, each way ; 
when money is required to be sent to smaller places the expenses are 
much higher, as it is necessary to send a man to the nearest town 
where the money can be placed by the banks, and pay to him a large 
commission — the expenses sometimes reaching ten per cent. To keep 
up this rate of exchange the National Bank makes its bills payable at 
a certain place so that they cannot be paid at any other. 

Banking is very profitable in Mexico. The following is a statement 
of the earnings and dividends of the National Bank of Mexico, which 
began with a capital of $3,000,000, increased since to $6,000,000, hav- 
ing now a reserve fund of $5,500,000, and is owned almost exclusively 
by Mexicans, being the fiscal agent of the Government : 



1891. 
i8g2. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895- 



NET PROFITS. 



^1,813,623 
1,839,418 
2,355,464 
1,961,801 
2,200,626 



DIVIDENDS. 



23 per cent. 

23 " " 
29 " " 

24 " 

27 " - 



132 



Oeoarapbical IRotes on /IDejico. 



The following is a statement, from official sources, of the earnings 
and dividends of the Bank of London and Mexico. Up to 1891 it 
had a capital of $1,500,000, which was then increased to $3,000,000 : 



1890 
1891 
1892 

1893 
1894 

1895 



NET PROFITS. 



$243,246 

569,351 
703,522 
789,967 
618,653 
603,178 
557,710 



DIVIDENDS EARNED, 
PER CENT. 



16 

36 

46 

26 

20^ 

20 

i84 



DIVIDENDS DECLARED, 
PER CENT. 



ID 
20 
20 
16 
16 
14 
14 



I 



Recently the capital stock of this bank was further increased to 
$10,000,000, without any expense to the stockholders, as the reserve 
fund, which amounted to about $2,000,000, was used to complete the 
new capital, and was issued to the regular stockholders as a stock 
dividend. The balance to complete the $5,000,000 of new stock was 
offered to the public, the subscriptions amounting to $22,000,000, or 
$17,000,000 more than was wanted. 

From this statement it will be seen that the existing banks are 
prosperous and in a flourishing condition, but the demand for in- 
creased banking facilities is such that new banks are being formed, 
and the operations of the old banks increased and extended in various 
directions. 

PATENTS AND TRADE-MARKS. 

Patents. — On June 7, 1890, the present patent law of Mexico was 
issued, and its provisions are very similar to the respective laws exist- 
ing in this country. 

Since the date of that law the following patents have been issued 
by our Department of Fomento : 



DIMINUTION. 



1890 
1891 
1892 

1893 
1894 

1895 



63 
153 
168 
122 
125 
154 

785 



90 
15 

3 
29 



46 



Trade-Marks. — On November 28, 1889, our present law regulating 
trade-marks was promulgated, and since then the following trade- 
marks have been issued by the Department of Fomento : 



SblppinQ. 



133 



YEARS. 


TRADE-MARKS. 


INCREASE. 


DIMINUTION. 




97 
112 
161 

108 

79 
91 

648 


15 
49 

12 




TRnT 








tSqt 


53 




29 


tRqi; 









SHIPPING. 

The mercantile marine of Mexico in 1895 comprised 52 steamers 
and 222 sailing vessels. The shipping included also many small ves- 
sels engaged in the coasting trade. 

In 1893-94, in the foreign trade, 1237 vessels of 1,314,625 tons 
entered, and 1211 vessels of 1,296,834 tons cleared the ports of Mexico. 
In the coasting trade 7721 of 1,623,371 tons entered and 7708 of 
1,592,754 tons cleared. In 1894-95, in the foreign and coasting trade, 
there entered 9575 vessels of 3,428,973 tons, and cleared 9557 of 
3,359,684 tons. 

In the statistical portion of this chapter I will give official informa- 
tion about the number of vessels and their tonnage, which have entered 
and cleared from Mexican ports in recent years, the nations from which 
they came, and other valuable data. 

MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 

The standard of value is silver. There is no paper currency except 
ordinary bank notes. 

The silver peso or dollar of 100 centavos is the unit of coin in 
Mexico. 

The silver peso weighs 27.073 grammes, .902 fine, and thus contains 
24.419 grammes of fine silver. 

The lo-pesos gold-piece weighs 27.0643 grammes, .875 fine, and 
thus contains 23.6813 grammes of fine gold. 

The weights and measures of the metric system were introduced in 
1856 ; but the Indians and other ignorant people use the old Spanish 
measures. The principal ones are these : 

Weight. — I libra=o.46 kilogramme, 1.014 lbs. avoirdupois. 

I arroba=25 libras, 25.357 lbs. avoirdupois. 
For Gold and Silver. — i marco=^ libra, 4,608 granos. 

I ocliava=62 tomines. 

I tomin=i2 granos. 

20 granos=i French gramme. 
Length. — i vara — 0.837 metre = 2 ft. 8^ English inches. 

I legua comun (i common league) = 5,000 yards. 

I legua marina (i marine league) = 6,666f yards. 



134 6eoarapbical Botes on /iBejico, 

NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS, 

The following is a partial and rather incomplete list of (principally- 
English) books about Mexico : 

Abbott, Gorham D., Mexico and the United States. New York, 1869. 

Bancroft, H. H., ^ Popular History of the Mexican People, 8. London. 
Resources arid Develop7nent of Mexico. San Francisco, 1894. 

Brocklehurst, T. U., Mexico To-day. London, 1883. 

Burke, U. R., Life of Benito Juarez. 8. London, 1894. 

Castro, Lorenzo, The Republic of Mexico in 1882. New York, 1882. 

CuAKiH AY,!)., Ancient Cities of the New World. Tr. 8. London. 

(lY{.^Nk\A%S.,'M.\caXL, Le Mexique a7icien et nioderne. 18. Paris, 1886. 

Co^VAA^G,Yi.o'^A:s.'D, Mexico and the Mexicans. New York, 1883. 

CONKLING, A. R. Appleton^s Guide to Mexico. New York, 1890. 

Crawford, Cora Hayward, The Land of the Montezumas. New York, 1889. 

CuBAS, Antonio Garcia, Mexico, its Trade, Lndustries, and Resources. 
Mexico, 1893. 

Flint, H. M., Mexico under Maximilian. 12. Philadelphia, 1867. 

Gloner, Prosper, Les Finances des Etats Unis Mexicains. Bruxelles, 1895. 

GoocH, F. C, Face to Face with the ATexicans. London, 1890. 

Griffin, S. B., Mexico of To-day. New York, 1886. 

Hamilton, Leonidas, Border States of Mexico. Chicago, 18S2. 

Hamilton, L. L. C, Hamilton' s Mexican Handbook. London, 1884. 

Janvier, Thomas A., The Mexican Guide. New York, 1886. 

Yi.ozu.KVA's.j'E., Report on the Republic of Mexico. London, 1886. 

La Bedolliere, Emile G. de, Histoirede la guerre du Mexique. 4. Paris, 1866. 

Lester, C. Edwards, The Mexican Republic. New York, 1878. 

Noll, Arthur Howard, A Short History of Mexico. Chicago, 1890. 

Ober, F. a., Travels in Mexico. Boston, U. S., 1884. 

Prescott, W. H., History of the Conquest of Mexico. 8. London. 

Ratzel, Fried., Aus Mexico, Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren i8'j4-y3. Breslau, 
1878. 

Rice, John N., Mexico, Our Neighbor. New York. (No date.) 

ROUTIER, G., Le Mexique de nos fours. Paris, 1895. 

Schroeder, Seaton, The Fall of Maximilian' s Empire as seen from a United 
States Gunboat. New York, 1887. 

Scobel, a., " Die Verkehrswege Mexicos und ihre wirtschaftliche Bedeutung." 
\xv Deutsche Geographische Blatter. Band X, Heft i. Bremen, 18S7. 

Through the Lajtd of the Aztecs ; or, Life and Travel in Mexico. By a 
" Gringo." London, 1892. 

Wells, David A., A Study of Mexico. New York, 1887. 



PART II. 

STATISTICS 



135 



II. STATISTICS. 

I do not know of any publication in which the latest statistical in- 
formation about Mexico is compiled in a concise and complete form. 
One which perhaps is the fullest, published in Berlin by Messrs. 
Puttkammer & Muhlbrecht, entitled Les Finances des Etats- Unis Mexi- 
cains, written by Mr, Prosper Gloner, contains a great deal more 
statistical information than others, and is of later date. 

It has required a great deal of work, energy, and time on my part 
to collect the data contained in this paper, most of which is of an 
official character, and I am sure it is the most complete ever published,, 
I having tried to make it very concise, so as to take the smallest 
space possible. 

REVENUES AND EXPENSES. 

The financial question was for many years the leading and the 
most difficult one in Mexico, because the urgent needs of the Treasury, 
especially on account of the disturbed condition of the country, made 
public expenses considerably exceed the revenue, and this condition 
did not allow of a thorough overhauling and settlement of the finances, 
nor did it contribute to establish the credit of the Government ; but 
peace having prevailed since 1877, a great improvement has taken place 
in the financial condition of Mexico ; the revenue has increased con- 
siderably, and it has finally reached an amount amply sufficient to pay 
all our expenses. In fact, at the end of the fiscal year, ended June 
30, 1896, we had for the first time in the history of Mexico since its 
independence, a surplus which amounted to $6,000,000. The obnoxious 
tax which we inherited from the Spanish, called alcabalas, or interstate 
duties on domestic and foreign commerce, was a great drawback to 
internal trade, was finally abolished on July i, 1896 ; and the country 
being now in a condition when radical reforms can be introduced 
without serious disturbances. 

Our expenses as an independent nation are necessarily large, and 
as a comparatively small portion of our population are really producers 

137 



138 Statistical IRotes on /IDejico, 

of wealth, upon them lies the whole burden of such expenses ; that is, 
we are a nation of from twelve to fifteen millions of inhabitants, with 
a very large territory and a large coast on both oceans, requiring army, 
revenue, light-house, and police service, and other expensive institu- 
tions proportionate to such extent and population, when the portion 
which contribute to such expenses is only about one-fourth or one-third 
of the same. 

It is a very difficult task to give a complete and correct statement 
of the revenues and expenses of the Mexican Government prior to the 
year 1867. The disturbed condition of the country made it often 
quite impossible to keep any account at all : such was the case especially 
from 1858 to i860, as during that period the City of Mexico and a 
large part of the country was occupied by the Church party under 
Miramon, and from 1863 to 1867 by the French Intervention. Be- 
sides that cause it was a very difficult matter for us to keep a correct 
account of public receipts and expenses, in some way for lack of a good 
system of book-keeping. To make a statement of the revenues and 
expenses of the Mexican Government since the independence of the 
country from Spain, I had to rely upon the reports made by Secretaries 
of the Treasury, which are, however, lacking for many years, and which 
contain rather an estimate than an account of the revenues and ex- 
penses, and I have made in that way the statement which I append 
under No. i, which embraces the revenues and expenses from the year 
1808, the last of the Spanish rule in Mexico, to the year 1867. 

The forming of accounts was under the charge of the Federal 
Treasury of Mexico, and the Treasury kept its accounts with a very 
defective system of book-keeping, which prevented them from being 
correct. To remedy that difficulty, after the restoration of the Repub- 
lic in 1867, a bureau of accounts was established in the Treasury De- 
partment, but its accounts were seldom correct, because it did not 
have the necessary detailed data to make a .complete account, and, as 
could be expected, the results in the accounts of both bureaus differ 
widely. 

In 1880 the Federal Treasury was reorganized with a large number 
of clerks with a view to keep a full and correct account of public 
moneys, and from that year until 1888 their accounts began to be 
better than before. In 1888 the system was still remodelled and im- 
proved, and since then that office has been able to keep correct and 
complete accounts of our public revenues and expenses. 

I also append a statement No. 2 of the revenues and expenses 
of the Mexican Treasury from July i, 1867, to June 30, 1888. The 
first thirteen years in that statement are taken from the data furnished 
by the Bureau of Accounts of our Treasury Department. The account 
of the year 1879-1880 was taken from the account of the Federal 



IRevenue anD Bjpenses. 



139 



Treasury, and the data for the year 1 880-1 881 from the accounts pub- 
lished by the Liquidating Bureau established by the Mexican Govern- 
ment to close the old accounts and open the new ones under the new- 
system. The accounts of the year 1 888-1889, which appear in state- 
ment No. 3, are all taken from the Federal Treasury of Mexico, and 
are complete and correct. 

I also append a statement of the appropriations approved by the 
Federal Congress during the fiscal years from 1868 to 1895. The 
actual expenses never exceeded the appropriations and the revenue 
was generally below them. 

NO. I. REVENUE AND EXPENSES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF 

MEXICO IN l8o8 AND FROM 1822 TO JUNE 30, 1867. 



1808, Colonial period 

1822, Independence period. . . 

1823 

1824 

1825 to Sept. 1st 

Sept. I, 1825, to June 30, 1826 

1826-27 

1827-28 

1828-29 

1829-30 . . 

1830-31 

1831-32 

1832-33 

1833-34 

1834-35 

1835-36 

1836-37 

1837-38 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 to June 30, 1849 

1849-50 

1850-51 

1851-52 

1852-53 

1853-54 

1854-55 

1855-56 

1856-57 

1857-58 

^858-59 

1859-60 

1860-61 

1861-62 

1862-63 

1863-64 

1864-65 

1865-66 

1866-67 



REVENUE. 



^20,075,362 25 

9,328,740 00 

5,249,858 96 

15,254,601 03 

7,903,163 42 

14,770,733 30 

17,017,016 59 

13.644.974 69 
14,593,307 69 
14,103,773 28 
18,392,134 96 
17,582,929 15 

20,563,360 77 
21,124,216 81 
18,353,283 00 
26,382,303 90 
17,327,706 15 
25,018,121 77 
29,136,536 64 
21,227,263 43 
23,995,766 52 
30,682,369 40 
34,138,581 72 
31,873,019 47 
24,159,050 04 
24,026,938 36 
26,154,222 84 
25,726,737 23 
18,281,835 38 

14,955,535 73 

11,022,291 17 

10,044,298 40 

19.028.975 00 
26,259,970 45 

15,855.597 47 

16,035,609 81 

15,529,887 47 

14,737,763 76 

14,306,675 28 

12,863,500 00 

15,500,000 00 

17,600,000 00 

7,000,000 00 

5,950,000 00 

5,057,500 CO 

8,092,000 00 



pi3,455,377 00 
3,030,878 50 
15,165,876 05 
13,110,187 24 
13,112,200 65 
16,364,218 36 
12,982,092 86 
14,016,978 27 
13,728,491 39 
17,601,289 67 
16,937,384 67 
22,392,607 90 
19.934.490 42 
12,724,686 62 
17,766,262 81 
19,181,138 95 
26,588,305 03 
27,318,729 73 
21,235,097 67 
22,997,220 18 
30,639,711 00 
34,035,277 13 
31,260,225 87 
19,584,812 91 
27,845,487 28 
31,251,467 91 
19,742,876 48 
17,291,233 25 
14,477,369 06 
10,475,686 10 
16,287,532 90 
18,726,088 00 

23,396,074 75 

12,920,257 65 

12,977,265 90 

15,927,102 01 

16,005,536 45 

16,589,034 47 

12,750,500 00 

15,300,600 00 

17,595,690 00 

6,990,000 00 

5,945,000 00 

5,053,250 00 

8,085,200 00 



I40 



Statistical IRotes on /IDejico. 



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IRevenue an& Bspenses. 



141 
















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142 



statistical Botes on /IDejico. 



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o mco i^N"0 rsiooo •^rot^-^t-^-'l-Hvo^o^ f-^so^vo^vo^ 
( -"S- ■<? «" n" -^-cococo -^-ydco -^ cT cTocT cfvcT cT cfvo"ccr j^F oiqp 
-— ,--j-TMi-)rou-)CT'MooQoo-^Mmmm moo oo ^ i?.iC^ 2. t: 
j; <:> -^ w w « vo moo o3 r>. t^"0 m « « h m m "tt- '^^^'^ ^ ^ 
oo"vo co" dodo d d^cocd dico'"oo"ocroo' N^M~poroN'cr«erM"o 



mvo -^ ■<*- T^ I 



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tN,-^hOsO>'-' M O »o 



^0 



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00 t*» o 'O ^vo "O o I 
c^ t-* « o o*\o foo OO^O '-'\o mroci t^^ -^ ro m m « o^ c 
roO w mrO'-'vd'c?mmH mvo" rnoo vcrroerfO-^CAO mM r-^OC 
"* t-«.vo ^"^N mt-su^H c> CT-\o tN. -ff vo o rovo vo m •-< vo n-j m o c 
•-^00 mvO_V0 O O^ I-;. «^ tN.00^00 ro w \o O' O'0q^vo^\O_ ^ ^ '^ "^"^ *^ ^ 
m'^'<f'^?'^m-^'^''?Tf4-ro-^-^Tf-»f-^»." 



5 00 t^vo ro -^00 a* moo o 



« 



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SQMmmO QQ ^ Q 0000 Q OOmO t^'fO-OmH-vovo 
Owmmooo-^OOOOOOOONcnM mvo m o m m o 

W O w M H mNCn-^J-Q O N tN.t^(r)0OC0VO«0 "^MD \0 "* -^ O 

moo bN •- w 00 t^ moo o mMtN.«coQ t^w>- miomw omn m 

Ov « t^ -^ -^^00 r-^iN mo f0l>.0VOVOvO00 t^H M -^mfOH o ■<i-'0 



N\0 w 

O^ O "«f 

« o cr 



t^roo r^<N o^o N tH t 
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ro m m m tn^vo o r^ t^oo m m^ m ► 
•*■ -^ ■^ ■* m mvo oT cT M fn\o" tC •■ 



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■^ CO t-«. moo r^ t>. w N ro o^oo t^ t>^ « t^ 

1 mvo O tr^OO rs. rovo 0\ W O^OO C»vO H M M 

- Noo«Nf-.o\mo-<l- 

mco ro H vo oo w ro tx 
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1 t^ iTiVO Ov Ov O 0> I-* t^ M 



o '^ '^'O vo r^ c o o « 



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O* Q>*0 vo vo 00 CTi (S 
N 0_ Ov qv 0^^ '*; «^ 
oo" m 6^ o" d~ '-^~ rnoo 

OOVOOOOOOO Oh N 



oooocooooovo ■^« -^ 
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■^ -^ ro ro H 

. .- _^_JO00CO00tN. 

cr- mvq_vq_ <^ <^ o 6^ o^oo_ *^ O. O, f^ 
o' ovvo" d cTvcT d '*■ moo"vo"oo"od~c *" 



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« '*'4-'*Th'^'*"tf^'«<--^'^-*-*-<i-'*mm 



* vo CO oo 00 00 



im o O O O 

-uiviTTi-i ■^'«*-M « N fO 

M Mvooo oot^tvt>.rv 
iinm-^'<j--^Tht-r-»t^tN. 
«^ « oq_oo 00 00 a^ cr^o <^ 

_^ , ._ ,_ ._ __ Ov O- O* C> O O C> CT" Ov O 



5^^ 



o mmmo O O O'O 



5oOM6ooOoooi-'-«j-t^'«i*mmioooo 

OOCTvOOOONOO-NNNNNNMTh rOOO O-'O O VO CO 00 CO 

v5 w « « o Hvo r^w <N -i--*0 •- roro^M (n rororororororo 
ro rovo ovOhivo w « roro M^oo -^ t^vo__ «_ --"^ O OOO O^ q_ q_vo_^\0^\0_ 
if,-^d>^>^t^'^"^'^^^d^ o t-i li^tCtCw N roc>'>Fc>o'"mm 
ro mvo H M ^^ ■^ tN. Tj- m moo « o^i>»mod q loQ »oQ mo mO Q 
t^ C^ 1^00 oocOOOOOOvOOvOOvOOOOOOOOOOOOO 



ro -^ mvo tN.co 0^ 
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O CT" CT" O O Ov 



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I I I I I I 



.^s^^tN.^s.^^^-H^s.^^ t^oo co co oo c 



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IRevenue anO Bspenses. 143 

Sources of Revenue. — The Federal revenue of Mexico consists mainly 
of three sources : import duties, internal revenue, and direct taxes in 
the Federal District. Under the head of import duties we collect du- 
ties on imports, extra import duties which we call additional duties, 
and duties on exports. 

The sources of revenue of the Mexican Federal Treasury during 
the fiscal year 1895- 1896, were : 

Imposts on foreign trade $23,658,692 61 

Internal revenue 20,447,096 42 

Direct taxes in the Federal District and 

Territories 3, 357, 611 81 

Public services 1,81 1,045 2P 

Nominal i,955,3oi 94 

Total $5 1,229,748 08 

Import Duties. — Our tariff is a highly protective one, as we have 
always maintained a very high rate of import duties, almost prohibitory 
for a large portion of our population, which under such a system are 
practically excluded from the use of foreign commodities, to the ma- 
terial detriment of the fiscal revenue, the public wealth at large, and 
the advancement of the masses of our people. The causes which have 
induced such a high tariff are twofold : first, that, in a great measure, 
protective ideas have prevailed ; secondly, and especially, the need of 
revenue, and the idea that the higher the rate of duties the larger would 
be the revenue collected. A new source of protection has been cre- 
ated by the depreciation of our currency, which acts as a powerful 
protection to our home commodities, in favor of our manufacturers to 
the disadvantage of the great body of consumers. 

The protective policy in Mexico has been so deeply rooted that 
notwithstanding that I lean to freer trade, and that I have been three 
times at the head of the Treasury Department, and once for five years, 
I never was able to modify substantially that policy, because the con- 
dition of the Treasury was so precarious, that it would have been very 
rash to attempt any radical change on the face of a great reduction of 
an insufficient revenue which would have brought about disastrous re- 
sults. For the same reason I was unable to do away with the obnox- 
ious alcabala tax. 

Our present tariff is divided into the following sections : ist, animal 
industry ; 2d, agricultural products ; 3d, metals and its manufactures ; 
4th, fabrics ; 5th, chemicals, oils, and paints ; 6th, wines, liquors, and 
fermented drinks ; 7th, paper ; 8th, machinery ; 9th, carriages ; loth, 
arms and explosives, and nth, sundries. 



144 



Statistical motes on /IDejico» 



Additional Import Duties. — The additional duties collected by the 
Custom-houses are i^ per cent, of the amount of the import duties, 
which is levied for the respective municipality ; 2 per cent, of the same 
duties, for harbor improvements ; and 2 per cent, in revenue stamps, 
making in all 5I per cent, of the import duties. The custom-houses 
collect besides the import duties, tonnage and light-house duties, and 
pilot fees. 

Export Duty. — Our export duties are levied upon cabinet and dye- 
woods, india rubber, cochineal, coffee, henequen, ixtle, indigo, fequila, 
jalap, tamarind, tobacco, mother-of-pearl, orchilla, vanilla, zacaton, 
and onyx. 

The following statement shows the amount of export duties col- 
lected in Mexico from the fiscal year 1 881-1882 to 1894-1895, ex- 
pressing the commodities in which they were collected : 

STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS FROM EXPORT DUTIES IN MEXICO FROM 
JULY I, 1881, TO JUNE 30, 1895. 



FISCAL YEAR. 



I881- 
1882- 
1883- 
1884- 
1885- 
1886- 
1887- 
1888- 
1889- 
1890- 
1891- 
1892- 
1893- 
1894- 



-1882 
-1883 
-1884 
-1885 
-1886 
-1887 
-1888 
-1889 
-1890 
-189I 
-1892 
-1893 
-1894 
-1895 



$122, 
144, 
179- 
161, 
107, 
106, 

"4, 
81, 
98 
86 
96 
91 
1,045 
1,227 



462 
597 
439 
811 

484 
859 



,386 

859 
560 

475 
,105 

.719 



COMMODITIES TAXED. 



Orchilla, wood. 



Orchilla, wood, henequen, coffee. 
Orchilla, wood, henequen, coffee, skins, 
zacatbn, chewing gum, ixtle, vanilla. 



Amount of Import Duties. — It is very difficult to give a correct state- 
ment of the receipts of the Mexican custom-houses before the year 
1875. I append, however, one made from the reports of the Secre- 
taries of the Treasury of Mexico, especially those of July 25, 1839, 
and September 16, 1870, and completed from the years 1839-185 1, 
with data obtained from the Comercio exterior de Mexico^hy D. Miguel 
Lerdo de Tejada. From the fiscal year 1875-1876, the Statistical 
Bureau of our Treasury Department began to publish detailed and 
correct statements of the custom receipts, and I append one embracing 
the fiscal years from 1875 to 1896 which shows how largely our im- 
port duties have increased. In the ten years elapsed from 1878 to 
1888 the increase was over 67 per cent, as compared with the corre- 



IRevenue anD lErpenses. 145 

spending period from 1869-1879, and the increase in the last seven 
years, 1889-1896, was 16 per cent, as compared with the previous ten 
years, both periods making an increase of nearly 100 per cent, over the 
first ten years of said statement : 

CUSTOMS RECEIPTS FROM 1823 TO THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING 
JUNE 20, 1875. 

1823. From April ist to September 30 the receipts were 
$971,345 77, which for a year of 12 months 

would be $1,942,691 54 

1825. From the ist of January to the ist of August, 

1825, the receipts were $4,472,069 37, which for 

a year of 12 months would be 7,666,404 63 

1825-1826 From the ist of September, 1825, to June, 

1826, $6,414,383 26, which for a year of 12 

months would be 9,621,574 89 

1826-1827 7,828,208 44 

1827-1828 5,692,026 70 

1828-1829 , 6,497,288 93 

1829-1830 4,815,418 25 

1830-1831 8,287,082 92 

1831-1832 7,335,637 76 

1832-1833 7,538,525 47 

1833-1834 8,786,396 94 

1834-1835 8,920,408 28 

1835-1836 5,835,068 51 

1836-1837 4,377,579 52 

From July i, 1837, to December 31, 1838, $4,258,411 10. 

Corresponding to one year of 12 months 2,838,940 73 

1839 • • . . 5,577,890 67 

1840 8,309,918 65 

1841 6,597,912 32 

1842 6,034,342 29 

1843 8,507,478 79 

1844 8,254,141 96 

1845 5,814,048 69 

^846 6,747,932 35 

1847 1,394,609 52 

From January i, 1848, to June 30, 1849, 18 months. . . 6,660,037 96 

From July, 1849, to June, 1850 6,338,437 50 

1850-1851 5,337,068 62 

From July i, 1851, to June 30, 1852 6,108,835 26 

1852-1853, according to the calculations of M. Haro y 

Tamariz average from the preceding five years. 4,906,533 17 



VOL. I — 10 



146 Statistical Botes on /IBejico* 

1853-1854, according to the report of M, Olazag'arre 

(1855) 8,399,208 93 

1854-1855, according to the report of M. Lerdo de 

Tejada (1857) 8,096,208 85 

1855-1856, according to the report makes the receipts 

for the first six months amount to $3,379,761 35, 

which for the year is 6,759,522 70 

1856-1857, average for the six years previous 6,854,061 78 

1857-1858 " " " " 6,854,061 78 

1858-1859 '' " " " 6,854,061 78 

1859-1860 " " " " 6,854,061 78 

1860-1861 " " " " 6,854,061 78 

1861-1862 " " " " 6,854,061 78 

1862-1863 " " " " 6,854,061 78 

1863-1864 " " " " 6,854,061 78 

1864-1865 " " " " 6,854,061 78 

1865-1866 " " " " 6,851,061 78 

1866-1867 " " " " 6,851,061 78 

1867-1868, according to the amount of the receipts. . . . 9,566,360 99 

1868-1869 " " " .... 9,606,491 73 

1869-1870 7,824,525 57 

1870-1871 10,014,277 60 

1871-1872 8,430,211 00 

1872-1873 11,833,117 52 

1873-1874 13,981,795 42 

1874-1875 11,821,533 49 

Total $367,725,836 01 

Average in one year $7,071,650 69 

Internal Revenue. — The Federal Treasury of Mexico depended 
up to 1867 mainly upon import duties, and as it was not safe to have 
only that source of revenue, when I occupied for the first time the 
Treasury Department, I introduced a system of internal revenue 
through the use of stamps, which met with a great deal of opposition 
at the time, but which has finally been developed very largely, yielding 
now almost as much as the import duties. The receipts during the 
six months from January ist to June 30th, 1875, amounted to $1,097,- 
668 28, which in a whole year would make, duplicating it, $2,195, 
336 56, while in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, the receipts 
amounted to $18,078,952 54, or nearly eight times as much. 

We have had since 1861 a comparative large source of revenue 
called Federal Tax, which up to 1892 was 25 per cent, of all the reve- 
nues collected by the States and Municipalities in Mexico. That rate 



IRevenue an& JEjpenses. 



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statistical Motes on /IDejico, 



was increased in 1893 from 25 to 33^ per cent, on account of the 
deficit caused to the Federal Treasury by the depreciation of silver, 
and that tax which is paid in Federal stamps, constitutes a very large 
portion of our internal revenue receipts. 

I append a statement of our internal revenue taxes with full details. 
internal revenue receipts from january i, 1875, to june 30, 

i8q6. 



FISCAL YEARS. 


GROSS 
RECEIPTS. 


GROSS RE- 
CEIPTS OF THE 
FEDERAL TAX. 


TOTAL 
RECEIPTS. 


COLLECTION 

EXPENSES. 


NET 
RECEIPTS. 


From January i to 
June 30, 1875... 


$328,631 26 


$769,037 02 


$1,097,668 28 




Per- 
centage. 






$668,930 14 
728,192 71 
920,901 29 
763,879 23 

1,311,463 95 


$1,145,624 37 

1,905,806 66 

2,154,249 51 
2,239,267 37 

2,336,431 73 


$1,814,554 51 

2,633,999 37 
3,075,150 80 
3,003,146 60 
3,647,895 68 


$167,937 42 

120,334 94 
302,612 65 
300,490 02 

484,215 36 


9-255 
4.567 
9.840 
10.006 
13-274 


$2,247,617 09 
2,5x3,664 43 
2,772,538 IS 
2,702,656 58 
3,164,180 32 




1877 1878 








Average per an- 
num m five years 


$878,673 46 


$1,956,275 93 


$2,834,949 39 


$275,118 08 


9.705 


$2,680,131 31 




$i.037,73<5 93 
1,429,655 61 
1,591,189 33 
1,919,461 99 
3,231,872 75 


$2,371,369 31 
2,775,149 84 
3,099,179 93 
2,912,967 08 
3,127,481 85 


$3,409,100 24 
4,204,805 45 
4,690,369 26 
4,832,429 07 
6,359,354 60 


$351,980 01 
376,095 30 
420,132 04 
441,080 10 
489,043 89 


10.325 

8.943 
9.000 
9.126 
7.690 


$3,057,120 23 
3,828,710 15 
4,270,237 22 
4,391,348 87 
5,870,310 71 


1881 1S82 


1882 1883 


1883 1S84 


18S4 1885 




Average per an- 
num in five years 


$1,841,982 12 


$2,857,229 60 


$4,699,211 72 


$415,666 27 


8.845 


$4,283,545 44 


1885-1886 


$2,761,886 56 
3,930,429 16 
4,654,190 93 
5,108,911 59 
5,575,067 62 


$3,115,759 85 
3,587,339 96 
3,324,937 53 
3,679,493 52 
3,791,695 27 


$5,877,646 41 
7,517,769 12 
7,979,128 46 
8,788,405 11 
9,366,762 89 


$428,390 78 
638,011 29 

728,431 31 

771,601 95 
799,721 78 


7.288 
8.486 
9.000 
8.777 
8.538 


$5,449,255 63 
6,879,757 83 
7,250,697 IS 
8,016,803 16 
9,567,041 11 


1886 1887 


1887 1888 


1888-1889 


1889-1890 




Average per an- 
num in five years 


$4,406,097 17 


$3,499,845 23 


$7,905,942 40 


$673,237 42 


8.516 


$7,432,710 98 




$5,624,340 94 
5,402,495 76 
6,625,265 53 
9,164,063 10 
10,098,795 63 
12,519,676 93 


$3,865,650 49 
3,969,987 88 
4,431,022 65 
5,216,547 31 
5,471,173 92 
5,559,255 61 


$9,489,991 43 
9,372,483 64 
11,056,288 18 
14,380,610 41 
15,569,969 55 
18,078,932 54 


$853,834 28 
868,161 60 
945,076 71 
1,120,760 8s 
1,146,419 41 
1,196,053 14 


8.955 
9.263 
8.548 
7.190 
7-363 
6.616 


$8,636,157 IS 
8,504,322 04 
10,111,211 47 
13,259,849 56 
14,423,550 14 
16,882,879 40 














Average in six 


$8,239,106 31 


$4,752,272 98 


$12,991,379 29 


$1,021,717 67 


7.86s 


$11,969,661 63 




Total in 21 J years. 


$85,397,032 94 


$70,849,428 66 


$156,246,461 60 


$12,950,384 83 


8.288 


$143,799,908 39 



Direct Taxes. — The third source of revenue of the Mexican Govern- 
ment are direct taxes collected in the Federal District, which includes 
the City of Mexico. They are levied on real-estate, scientific profes- 
sions, commercial and industrial establishments, and work-shops. The 
real-estate for the purpose of this tax is divided into rural and urban, 
the former paying a tax of 12 per cent, on its rent when occupied, and 
3 per cent, when not occupied, and the latter paying 8 per thousand of 
its registered value. 

Taxes on professions vary from 50 cents to $20.00 a month. The 
tax on commercial and industrial establishments is regulated by law. 
The commercial establishments, which pay license taxes are commis- 



IRevenue an& B^penses, 



149 



sion agencies of all kinds : banking firms ; dry goods, groceries, wines, 
furniture, and jewelry stores ; insurance companies ; restaurants, hotels, 
and boarding-houses. Among the industrial establishments are em- 
braced especially railway, telegraph and telephone companies ; cotton, 
woollen, and silk mills ; factories of all kinds ; iron smelters ; printing, 
engraving, and photographic establishments ; coffee, corn, and flour 
mills, etc, etc. 

When the alcabalas were abolished a direct tax was established upon 
some of the articles which paid the largest sums, namely : pulque, 
wheat flour, and domestic brandy distilled from molasses. 

I annex a statement showing the proceeds of Direct Taxes in the 
Federal District during the last twenty-seven fiscal years. 

RECEIPTS FROM DIRECT TAXES IN THE FEDERAL DISTRICT DURING 
THE TWENTY-SEVEN FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1 896. 



FISCAL YEARS. 



GROSS RECEIPTS. 



COLLECTION 
EXPENSES. 



PER- 
CENTAGE 
EXPENSES. 



NET RECEIPTS. 



1869-1870 , . . 

1870-187I 

1871-1872 

1872-1873 

1873-1874 

1874-187S 

1875-1876 

1876-1877 

1877-1878 

1878-1879 

1879-1880 

1880-1881 

1881-1882 

1882-1883 

1883-1884 

1884-1885 

1885-1886 

1886-1887 

1887-1888 

1888-1889 

1889-1890 

1890-1891 

1891-1892 

1892-1893 

1893-1894 

1894-1895 . . 

1895-1896 

Totals in the 27 years 

Average per annum 

Totals and Annual averages of the 

first five years 

Annual average 

Total of the second five years 

Annual average 

Total of the third five years 

Annual average 

Total of the fourth five years 

Annual average 

Total of the fifth period of five years 
Annual average 

Total of the sixth period of two years 
Annual average 



$485,451 73 
502,146 64 
471,228 78 
477.654 75 
524,494 76 
531,149 09 

1,350,705 56 
516,510 80 
538,300 09 

559,217 21 

592,688 44 

634,498 92 

674,973 66 

753,579 80 

830,010 26 

1,092,656 37 

1,023,349 52 

1,040,143 16 

1,074,489 54 

1,125,202 97 

1,213,458 49 

1,306,746 37 

1,369,225 30 

1,436,87s 70 

1,445,270 81 

1,497,251 90 

1,620,480 35 



$55,481 6s 
53,924 28 
50,034 37 
51,939 05 
57,205 69 
56,663 64 
69,957 24 
47,685 23 
37,970 00 

51.160 08 
52,126 21 
52,260 50 

53.161 23 
98,264 24 

100,937 90 
89,892 38 
91,464 07 
84,861 27 

121,011 50 

97,635 14 
100,134 87 
103,740 02 
104,320 34 
115,817 86 
110,290 73 
108,255 57 
110,347 13 



11.42 

10.74 

10.62 

9.90 

10.90 

10.67 

S.18 

9-23 

7.05 

9-15 

8.79 

8.23 

7.87 

13-08 

12.16 

8.23 

8.97 

8.16 

11.26 

8.68 

8.25 

7-35 

7.62 

8.06 

7-63 

7-36 

6.81 



$429,970 08 
448,226 36 
421,194 41 
425,715 70 
467,289 07 

474,485 45 

1,280,748 32 

468,825 57 

500,330 09 

508,057 13 

540,562 23 

582,238 42 

621,812 43 

655,315-56 

729,072 36 

1,002,763 99 

931,885 45 

955,281 89 

953,478 04 

1,027,567 83 

1,113,323 62 

1,203,006 35 

1,264,904 96 

1,321,057 84 

1,334,980 08 

1,388,996 33 

1,510,133 22 



124,687,760 97 
912,028 18 



$2,126,542 19 
78,760 82 



8.6s 



$22,561,218 78 
835,600 69 



$2,460,976 66 
492,195 33 



$268,585 04 
53,717 01 



$2,192,391 62 
438,478 32 



$3,495,882 75 
699,176 55 



$263,436 19 
52,687 24 



$3,232,446 56 
646,489 31 



$3,485,751 08 
684,550 38 



356,750 08 
71,350 02 



1,129,001 00 
625,800 20 



$5,355,84' 56 
1,071,168 31 



$484,864 36 
96,972 87 



4,870,977 20 
974,195 44 



$6,771,576 67 
1,354,315 33 



$534,303 82 
106,860 76 



$6,237,272 85 
1,247,454 57 



P3, 1 1 7, 732 25 
1,558,866 13 



$218,602 70 
109,301 35 



$2,899,129 55 
1,449,564 78 



15° 



Statistical Botes on /IDejico. 



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J N M M M CO "<^VO 



moo M o O cntNOoo mm moo m ■* ^ m 
■* m M « H. moo M tN."^^tN.tN.mmmtN.m 
o o« ■T^mH<oovo m-^N ohvo tN. t*-vo 



M M vo tN. mvo 00 o in tN. 
bN -^oo ro M r^ o fN mvo 
^ °^ ^ ^ ^ "t^ ^^^ H- '^ 
tCvo" (N"oo^vd" d" d" o h" m 



. o t^vo 00 tN. Tt- o 

Tt-vo vo M o m M 

Th w O^ N_ W^CO CO^ 

d doo ro d" o o 



MMCIMOON-^O Tl-VO m M vo 00 « 























































t^ 




<©■ 


m 




IRevenue ant> B^penses. 



151 



1 Tt o* « mco CO C30 o O 



'^M t^mr^mmo^o '«^\o « \o m^ 00 t^ > 



'00 m o t** < 



> t^vo 00 00 



* VO O CTi ^ ► 



)OVO t^coo « t^'<*-0 



moo M M \o t^ o < 



Tj- o o "^ o 



iO ro fo ^"O "* fo » 



moo m o ro 
000 r^ o o 



1 -J- -(j-vo 10 I 



) 10 t^ M 10 moo 00 





■* t^ 


















S 


M CO 












« 
•S in 






iTiM « OMDOOmiN M\0 M mt 



vo "^ O "O O' ro C 



ro -^00 00 roM o« ^ o toe 



) ■* m CO m « « ■<* 
■ ■< 00 ■*■ bs tN. 



CO 



■^00 a* o m m o o ^'O "O t^ rovo o rot>.N t^i^-^M o» o^oo 
r^-^-^iOM loiow o Mvo « w ro« ■* o'O o\co 00 m « cjvvo 
O 10 <?■ M rooo ■^'O H m o ■'l-'O invo ro t-^vo o^ w c> ■^ o Ooo 
in •»? cTocr cTt-Tc^d^o'H'tCtC c>\cr tCrn-'ftCprertCo'croJo^crc^ 
co-^civo COM roo^Tt-mmino mm moo o 'o oo oco 00 o> m t^ 
M « m M -^vo ^w.f^o.'*;©^'^'^'-^ a^o_mH^o '^fci m m t^\o h 

tT (^ tX M M m"m" m" 



v^ 





































^ 





vo « m 1 
o t^ -* c 
moo_ "^ ^ 

\o" -* tC { 



\0 "*M\0^0 w MVOc 

« m M Mvo m M 



n m t>.oo t^« H t^Q t^M M -^N « moim« o«m-*o 
^0 O m« oo^vo ovo hoo^o mmmo rn o^ moo co 
) \o ■* o m t^ Tj- ■>j-co vo 00 "^ "^ mvo m -* -^vo m o t^ t^ 



1-co vo mvo w -^oo t^ OM 
H CO m m mvo m « m m < 





OS 










>o 







m 














«©• 





00 vo Os Tj- ^ t^vo c 



-o o "^mo*Q M m^^ mvo 00 m m mvo o^ooo rsa<o ^m 

■ -^ ^ ^ -"00 o mi-c ts.mm« o moo t^M c>.ONtN.ovo o « 

to M_m«_c>H ts.Ti-H o^w t^ -^i-oo ov o^ m « « m 

•^ S S ^ ^ c>y5" eT m o^'S o mvo" cfoT -■J'^-TFmmercri-r o"vd 

tv.t^fi-)0 mt>.Tfco H mm-^-^M i>.(n m roo ot-^ t-^co n 

M MVO miH M t-»mo cn-^H t^^mm mvo m m m m 00 m n 



- mvo t^ t 



t^oo vo rN t^ 



00 t^ O tN. t^ O CO ( 

vo ov -Th o m m t^ ( 
mvo 00 ■«*■ tN. o^ -^ ► 



« o oco t^ m M 



vo o t-noo t*s o moo vo M vo 
mtvotN.oirs.i-t r^o moo 



o tN. -^co 



o t^ vo 



00 ts moo CO 



-^mvo m o 



00 -^mc* OH o>mm 
M o « tN Ov tN.vo m M 



> '^t H -^j- o t^ o- > 



00 moo o o ts. rovo t^oo o 



O "<*■ ovo O ^ t^ mco ts iH 

8tN■^^T}-l^)m« H T^-^ 
« « M 00 m rs M mvo 



) 00 « 00 ■* 



8« CO 00 m 
Tj- -^ ^+1 moo^ 
CO c?vo" Q cT 



ov 000 vo vo M V 



« o m o •«*■ c 



m m o ov*o -^ M vo mo m 

« (N -^ommmci 00 m 

O; O^ M_ O; 0_ M oo^co «^ m^vo^ 

^cS^ h" m N 00 00 c? •<? m" 



\o o vo "* ( 
m m m t-v I 

m" tC d" -^ I 



o M vo tv « 
t^ o^ •<*• 000 H 



CO t^oo -»*■ I 



O O t-N « Tf -^ o 

« m ovo vo m M 



vo t^o H mooovo'^ 
m«oooo ovov« tvoo 
Mco_tN.t^o>r^tNq_o (N 
o^co oi -^ o m 0"^ o cfi m 

- ■ ■ ^ m-^o 

tN. -t-so 



00 Tj- O OvVO tvvi 



O 00 

t^ M_ 

cfi vo"" 



I CO tN. m tN. m 



00 rnoo <s moo 



« « M m 000 000 CI « 
«H H. t>.(NmavHvoo 
mco w 000 H o-^tN 
cT m m o^ mvo" m m" m m 
-^ m M '^vo m o CO Tj- M 
« ■^ ■♦ ■'tvo m M vo o « 





rn 






























^ 





VO o m m tN M H 
m 000 o m « vo 



« ■<*• o "* M moo N 00 m 
vo -^ o ■T^ o o tv owo tN. 



10 '^ ^ m moo -"i- 
00 m m w m H vo 




o 'rt o 



152 



statistical Botes on /IDejicOe 



00 



O ro PN, M M VO 



O a> O r^ -^ 



00 « r^ ro O 



t^ O t^ tvoo 



en a- en *-t (j^^ 
■^ N o^ «_ O^ fo 
to i-T en tC i-T -<? 



oo d -^ rn 
moo bs m 



t^ t^yD o 



^ n-ioo t-^ 



O C^OO M 



yt-iTi (J' CT.VO O 0*0 « t*» pN. o^ t^ M Tt-oo t^ O w 
Tf in H o t^\o in ■^ lo M moo t^ in o \o o roco O 
O <> f^oo t>. o « CO oo in -^^o <s O\co o inco^vo_oo_ 
d'O "o" fnoT tC o~ fo oT c? c?i rovo in in O'co m 
O OH woo'O "i-ivinr^.inM m ■^'O^ O^ 
rn cT m" r^ w^vo" eT ""^^ cT hT h' -^ cT in 



H 










■<J- 


























o 




■^ 





M o M vo "sO N vo t^oo os r>. 
M t^ t^vo CN 00 ro -^ mco o 
o O ro'O m>o t^'O O 0_ ro 
H M ■<? moo' -^ d^ Tp CO t^ t*« 



o t^ ■'i- in o mvo o o 
M r^ in rooo -^ O 
■^00 oyD 'O o m 
rT N in c? <:> c>vo'c 



■v-vo OO 00 'O 



H^ (N^ 0_ Oj 

- hT hT cTco 



CO O t^ M vo 



c* ooo M inOM o inOMOm inoo -^j- 
"^vo CO M \o in in >s -^t t^oo o^-o o m 

•o^tCo^ininc^tCtC inoo^'O^oo^ m" 
rot-HM ovo ^^"^tN.ln"^■^<Nvcl 



- ■* M O tN. 



> ■* O O tN. 0*00 0> M 00 ^ CO 00 M 

) (N N CO t^oo moo c> M o 00 m mc .... 

(N H O 00 Oi ^v^O (N O* rn^ 00 o» m o « o ro 

i pTvo'vcT'o" ■^ o'^o" c> cT m d" <> -^vo" cT -^ c> cT 
m t>.^ o fo ro M \o t^ -^ t^«o rt-xo m\o -^ m 
m-^wro m«\o m'^cimw rN.cj-<*- 



wo en t-. o 



M<NMfnoo^oro«-«i-MMOM«vc ..- 
> M ■^'o of^mo>iN H o mtN-T^-M m\o r^^ 

m m" tC -^ m m m ■<?^d tC m^ocT d" t-T m tCoo'co -^ 
) o N (N m o^ m ^oo mt>»'s*'t^oi com'<^o^ -^m 

Mm-^wc* fOM^o M-^t-WMw vo«^ 



H en m 
m ^ q_ 
o (>cd" 



o m o ■* m tx 
oi rn m « t^ in 
q_ fo "^ ^ '^ ^ 
n"vo" -^ rn d> c? 
mm M mo o 

« N H « H \D 



1 i>» inoo o 



tv -^ m o>co 

CO t^ H fo a* 

\0 H W t^ t>. 

•o" o> -^ * " 

Tl- « O - 

« M >H M 



ooo 



OOO 
CO rO O 00 

m moo" o" 

-* CO O oo 
W N H w 



O '^ O M o 



M -i- o '^ o* 



CO M OVO O 



o^c 'O e 
o^o oo c 

■O CO o c 



O O !>■ N O 
^ t^CO '■J- M 

I O "^ oco o 
1 m" in CO o cC 



O O.VO 

■*VO H 

<N^ q, ro 

O tC (>C 



rf \0 vo O O 



vo vo ovo ^N 
o t^ -^ -*; ■<*; 
oo" mvd~ in pT 
vo in (N -^ m 

M M o 



w CO -^vo o 

H t^ O 00 (N 

O t^co ^ m 




'O o o o 
coco" ro o 



vo H M m 
m o H m 
(^vo ■<*- o 



t^ t^ ovo 



mts ■* >^ 

vo^ '^OO^ O 
O" O'vo" CO 



o -^ 

t^ vo 

vd" vd" 



IRevenue an& Bspenses, 



153 





^o T^ «\o 


000 


■ 00 


^ 


vo 


„ 


, „ 





■* t^ m ro M 


Ooo 


t^ M vo 





H 


VO 


Q 


00 


n" 









II 




« m 0* -<*■ ts. 


• vo ovo rrt -^oo « vo c^ in m ^ roco \o m ^ 




.^ 


w 






«_ '^ i>. <:> r* 


J .^o-t^'OMHO-ir;^ tjoo t^QO^ o;^_^_^oo^ m ■^'O^ 




vo 




vo 


1-1 


h" -^ 10 ai ro ^ 


^ ', tCvo 00" cT c> cT c> d" rToo'vo'vo' in tC m c? -^ !:L^ "^ 


in 


r^ 


vd" 00" 


-<f 


< 


00 O^ M r» 


T . t^ t^ CMn 00 000 vo « vo o^a) 00 00 w -.i- -^ t^ 










h 


C-O ti. l>.ir) H 


IinMooiot^t^OiH t^cxj ■»■ ov in m -r n ■*oo t^ h 


-^ 


"^ 


b^ 


^ 







^ Ii^h'^co^cTh c^Mi;; cT^oTh-h' roN.^ 












cs 00 t^ moo 


• t-^ . ■* "^OD MMMOsOOC^t^'^O* .0 -sooo 


00 


~? 


m m 







t^ >^ -*• w 


• 0. 


mc^ Q c^osw omO t-^m^m • 
mvo CO t-^ ts -rt m mco moo^ • 


ov • 






vo 


!5 v^ 






(N in N CO t-^ 


.\o^ 


ov 






CO 


OS vo 


vo 
























ro 6" 00" cT oi 




«■ covo" o^cTcr-^^tCcftCm <>^ 


vo' ; 




00 




t^ 00 


"9^ 


ON 


t^ H t^ hs m 




vo ooovo mmmm c^oo t^ "<t-vo . 




ov a 









OS 


M^O M 


I t^ 


mmiNmM-4-«CN m-^roM . 




N Tf 






VO^ CO 




" 


«©■ 














tC CO 


0" 




"<1- m M 


• CO '^'O i-i CO N N Tfxo rot**'<J-0 l>.O0t>.O't> 


ro" 


m 


CO m 


CO 




vo ro --I- m 


. \0 M m\0 ei M IN OsOO vo M vo "-« 


t^ H « N (-^VO 






t^ -^ 






t; M^ N -*; m 


• fo fOoo_ cj^ CO i>.oo^ in c^oo fn t>; m^ 


c^ ^ ro H « t-> 




CO 


m 00 


^ 




















t-T i-TyD" «" 10 


I 't? eT rp n'ocT n" tn S'^^' 'n'co" tC cT 


■vj- m invo CO 


■* 




^ .9 


^ 




t^ « rO'O M 




vo m m M « 





vo 


CO vo 


;^ 


CT 


H 't^ M 


t^HiOTt-eiroM^iNt^ cort. 


H N in CO 't 






m Tf 





^ 


^ 




m 






CO 


4 




^ moo t^ (N 


• m -^ CM t^ t-^ (N Ovoo 00 moo covo t^. ro o* cooo tj- m 


00 


m 


°° .10 


m 




CO ■'I-VO oco c 


. H in t^vo --i-vo vo vo c^ Ti- -^\o '^N t^Tj-roN mM 


CO 





m vo 







t^ N rn c>oo_ '■ 


- . M vo moo vo "O c^movo coo w n t(-\o covo ^o m 


vo 


Tl 




c* 


















if Ov c> 10 in c 


. M ovc^o^mt^mei t>.« m owo t>* •t^ mvo \o t^ m 


t^ 




00 


.^ 




'O 000 CnO f 


1 , t^ONM M t^H comooovo ovxrtx-^-^tj-o^mo- 






M -^ 


vo 




M m Ml/ 


t , tTi m»nciro ro«vo «'«j-«m« vo^c*'* 




*^ 


OS q^ 


^ 


"S 


«» 


; « 






C> CO 


^ 




« 0* OS -^ N W 


. cooo t^ m m^o mvo rom« h o rotvomo*t> 


J' 


^ 


00 H 


OS 




CO « ■«*■ M H 


• MVO coo>w 00 O^M ThM rocoomoco ts -^r- 


o 


« t^ 






N o_ w t^ Cs. c 


• CO i>»M M N >!i-mThmmo.O mvo ■* moo co o c-" 






m m 




















Oi C? N (> m" H 


. Tf M-^ t-^.'d-ovN t^o ooomMco 000 IS 







M 




« 


t^oo r^vo 00 H 


: H M M t^VO 00 CO N -^ ti. tv t-^vo COVO ^ M -^ w 


N 


-* 




"9, 


00 


ro u 


^.vOmio'<i-«n rowvo co-^«M« t;""* 




M 


^ ^ 







<©■ 








^ '^ 


•€©• 




(^VO -* u 


1 . NVO ^^ ■<l-OvCOm'>l-OvOON-*J-COONM co^ 


« 


^ 


CO -^ 


t-> 




rN H 10 m os c 


. t>» ro U3 "O 0* t^^ ovMmi-^mOt^>HO'«l-MON vo 





vo c^ 






\o_ -^ in o; M^\c 


• Oon^wvocomnoo^ t^'O « a» t^^ o» CO co 




ro 


■* 


















tN. 0^ vo < 


.Nwvoi>.t*-Mma'OPivooo'^r-.rorom'-ci-* oo 




CO 






. IN N "+t>.COCOt--^C^avC^M N N -^OO -^ LT 










s 








^ m 





















^D- 








ov « 
■«©■ 


<©• 




m M m • c 


• t^ ovvo -vooo o-t^t^-o • N ro« ■'l-oo 00 00 tH 00 


00 


,_, 


« vo 


cc 




t^vO in t^ 




h - ^ e* m 


\0 t^ Qv N M 


rot^iNNOv'-'rcvJ'* 00 


c 


Ov 00 


t^ 




ro H H ts. 




T • m Cv 0^ 




vo o;-fOcoinino_^c 







1^ M 


q_ 




i-T tC cT tC 




■ ; <> moo 


in o'vo' « vo' -' 


ro in o'oo in ^f q' 0' Q 
0«-*rororo5ro6 


0' 


b- 


S S 


■^f 





tN-oo N m 




. fO N H 




vo 





Ov ro 


m 








T . vo H CO 


W M M « w \o 


romwMN NW-* 








00 






















«©■ 














t^ CO 


^ 




ON '«^ t^ 




-) . vo m m 


in in vo 


"^Ovo ro . ovromiN 


ro 


M 


H K? 


-* 




VO OS M M 


« 


• CO 000 




M m M t^ 




8 


8 § 






(N N Th « 




T . N 00 


Ov'?- M " Jn M 




i-_^ N vo^ C 


t^ 





























Co" m"oo" '^ 




' : CO 0' rC 


m m Sd 4- 4- 


H H 00 to 


h" «" tC Ov in 




oo 











. m N 


-s- « o- OV 


f c ^ « 


■<^ rovo ro ■«■ 





■^ if? 





00 


« 








« "*• « M 


ro « -v*- 


M 


m vo 






«& 
















tC cT 


0" 




ro Q 00 00 
m m 1^ 




■ . . M 


H. in I- vo ov • 


-^00 "v^ 


vo N « 


« 


e^ 


. M -^ 


If, 




c 






r^ invo t^ rn 




CO t^ H 


m ro w Ov CI 




1 •* VO 


s 




m ro m 


^c 




"^ c< 


t^ fnco M 




rooo ro -^ 


hx c> M 






V r^ -vj* 


« 






























w « 000 


VC 




Thoo" 






00 « m' «' 


t-^ t^vo I/- 




" 






00 


\0 Osoo ■* 


c 






0^ e^ ov Qv 




TfOO M tH 


■.^ M vo H 


■^ 





> oo c> 


fN, 
















N Tf N M 


N M ■* 




ov ro 


CO 


" 


«©■ 














« 






in « 


H- 




\0 t^oo m 




^ , 


t^oo 


m->no m N 




r^co roco 


N « C^ 


■a- 


jli 


vo vo 


N 




-* m ro 




• 


m OS 


invo ov ro in 




vo CO 00 in 


* CO mvo 


Ov 


t- 


^ CO ov 






H tT CO oj 






c>. t^ 


-l- H o_ inra 




CO rovo t^ 


H oo 0- 1^ -* 


■^ 
































t^ 


c> cT in cT 






00" 


oo" (vT tC in cT 




vc t^ M 




t-^ 




vo c^ 


9" 




ino-Sin 







H 


00 fn t^ ov 




N OvH JJ 


fO bN ro t^ ro 


00 


Ov 00 


t^ 










w m 








0_^ N u- 






CO 


o» 


M 


























«» 














•^ 






^ 






t^OO N 




^ , 


m M 


M CO m 00 




t^ * 


:l: s °''' 


1 


■< 


^f m 







00 ■* CO H 








m 0- H ov 




ov Ovoo tv 


.!P.2 " 0° 












Oi Th o^ t^ 






0^ 


N_ ov N m 0; 




vo tnoo VO 


vo vo M 


t^ 




2 0^ 00 


co^ 


>d 




c 


" • 


CO tv, 


cT ■<? cC -^vo" 




CO tCoovo' 


(> ro in tC M 


t> 


^ i-T cT 


CO 




CO t^oo m 









00 « O^VO Ov 




ovoo Ov 


rooo CO -^ fo 


vo 


vo CO 


:^ 


" 


<©• 


c 




M CO 








t^ M w 






^ 







c^ « 00 ro 




• OWOOOO •vooswo.t^' -ooc^. 


M OJ mco 


ro 


i. 


ro m 


CO 




« 00 -^vo 




- CO ro ov 


00 Tl- ro 






t^ ro Q "■ 








8, 




CO M t^ 




• « ■^co w in 


in O^VO CO 00 




t^ m 


h t^ 




: '5 1 
































' 10 t^ CO m 0' 


CO o' ro in 0' 




Ov m 


cf 00 n'vo 





c 




M 


s 


loso m 




, 0*00 CO 0. H 


vo vo p 00 m 






« r^ rs r< 


1 CO 




vo 0. 


S 


00 














00 IH --l- 




H_ "^ 


vo^ 


























<©• 


















«§■ 


vd" 




t--. « CO f^ 




• m IN vo mvo 


m -d- ro r^ 




jn 


Ov vo 00 


c^ 


M 


^ M 


in 




C0"0 t-^oo 




. Tj-00 M N Ov 


00 t^oo ro 






b^ t^ --tvo 







m m 







00 M 00 M 




• 'C t "^ "^ '^ 


Ov Ov vo (N 




rs w 


ro -1- r< 




K 


ro •>}■ 




























■«■ 


i-T cT ro 




; '^^ «" rCocToo 






00 « 


1^ rvvo 00 


C3< 










\o t^oo m 




. O^00 N 0^ t>» 


<x> vo - 00 in 














■^ 








; in m -<i- M 


M w 10 






CO M -i- 




tjv ro 




^ 


^e- 


















-*^ m" 


vo^ 




















«©■ 


^©' 
































^• 
















iH : 


J~ 




^ 








S : 













































>2 : 






'C 






H 




n 


I 


1. = 


: 


h 


ic 


c 


a 


c 


5: I 


7 


1 


• 
Ph 

is 

r! ^ 


' 


• C 

c 




i 
1 


1 c 




t" : 

u u • 

V • 

s 0.2 


4-1 





7 

C 


5 


c 

i- 






oo e^ f^-c^-c 


3 3 a.S'^'V*^ wojrt^^^qc^rt rt^ <U 3 ff 


D e 


. a 


II 




<)tJC 


C 


C 


C 


)QC 


)C 


J5 


h- 


■^ 


< 


% 


%C 


c 


C 


y& 


c7 


(J 


5h 


t- 


tt- 


> 


■> 


N 


H 


H 




fe 




II 



154 Statistical Botes on /IDejico, 

STATE AND MUNICIPAL FINANCES. 

The best way in which I can give the state and municipal revenues 
and expenses in Mexico, is by inserting the detail amounts of the last 
twelve years of the revenues and expenses of each of the Mexican 
States, and a similar statement of the revenues and expenses of the 
municipalities of each State. That statement gives also the revenues 
and expenses of the City of Mexico, which have increased very con- 
siderably of late. In the year 1867, after the restoration of the Re- 
public, they only amounted to about $800,000, while in the year 1895, 
they had increased to $3,395,638. (These statements are on pp. 150-153.) 

FOREIGN TRADE. 

The foreign trade of Mexico was necessarily very small before the 
railway era, because transportation was exceedingly high on account 
of the broken condition of the country, and only articles of great 
value and comparatively small weight could be profitably exported, 
while the price of foreign commodities became very high, both on ac- 
count of transportation charges and high import duties. Therefore, 
only rich people could afford to consume foreign commodities, and 
the exports of Mexico were practically reduced to silver and gold, 
and to a few commodities having small bulk and great value. 

The normal cost of transportation on merchandise from the City of 
Mexico to Veracruz, a distance of one hundred Mexican leagues or 
263f English miles, used to be, before the railroad connecting both 
places was built, $68.75 P^r ton of 2200 pounds, or more than 26 cents 
per mile and ton ; and in extraordinary circumstances, as during the 
French Intervention in Mexico from 1861 to 1867, the freight was as 
high as $330 per ton, or over $1.25 per mile and ton. Therefore, no 
article could be transported unless it was very much needed and it 
commanded a very high price. The result was that not only the for- 
eign but also the domestic trade was reduced to its smallest proportions, 
and that the people raised just enough to provide for the wants of 
themselves and their immediate neighbors. A fact that may seem in- 
credible is, that for the same reasons, among the farmers, a good crop 
was considered a great misfortune. 

Since the railways have revolutionized transportation, our products, 
especially agricultural commodities, have begun to be sent to foreign 
markets, and their exportation is increasing considerably. As yet the 
precious metals, especially silver, are the main exports from Mexico, 
representing during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, 61 per cent, 
of our total annual exports ; but other commodities are now exported, 
and they are in a fair way to exceed, before long, the value of our silver 
exports. I have no doubt that with the opening of our railroads, 
if our exports continue to increase in the same proportion as they have 



iforetgn tTrabe, 



iss 



recently done, Mexico will be able to supply the United States with 
most of the tropical products now consumed and not yet produced 
here, and even with others, that would find a market if they could be 
cheaply transported. 

The same difficulties which prevented us from having correct ac- 
counts of our public revenues and expenses, and which I have stated 
in speaking on that subject, made it very difficult for many years to 
have correct statistics of our imports and exports. 

Imports. — I could not give even a tentative statement, which I 
could vouchsafe, of our total imports and exports from 182 1 to 1867, 
but the statement of the receipts of our custom-houses from 1823 to 
1875, which appears on page 145 gives an approximate idea of our 
imports, considering that the receipts amount to about from 50 to 60 
per cent, of the value of the imports. 

I append a detailed statement of the imports and exports in Mexico 
during the years 1826, 1827, and 1828, and the total imports and exports 
during the year 1825. 

From the fiscal year 1872-1873 our Statistical Bureau began to 
make its reports, and I have concised them in the three annexed state- 
ments comprising most of those years, up to the fiscal year ended June 
30, 1896. The commodities are divided in their respective classes in 
accordance with the different schedules of the tariffs then in force. 

MEXICAN IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FROM 1826 TO 1828. 



MERCHANDISE. 



Imports. 

Linen 

Wool 

Silk 

Cotton 

Mixed 

Wines, liquors, groceries 

Haberdashery 

Medicines, drugs, and perfumeries 

Books, blank and printed, paper 

China, fine and ordinary, crystal and glass. 

Furniture, of wood and metal 

Machines and instruments for mining, 

science, and the arts 

Furs 

Gold and silver 

Total imports 

Exports. 

Gold and silver 

Cochineal 

Indigo, vanilla, jalap, and sarsaparilla . . . 
Other articles of indigenous products 

Total exports 



1826. 



^2,384,715 

934,295 

1,432,578 

5,017,700 

122,968 

2,888,066 

728,236 

90,779 

1,430,039 

264,424 

91,910 

63,499 
912 

444 



1827. 



$2,180,191 
493.760 
844,732 

6,913,126 
107,108 

2,867,320 
489,402 
55,100 
495,743 
311,074 
103,047 

22,816 

4,517 
1,080 



1828. 



11,711,051 

245,901 

398,003 

3,417,766 

38,654 

3,244,498 

306,614 

20,260 

130,638 

332,819 

57,187 

44,123 
318 



^15,450,565 $14,889,016 $9,947,832 
Total imports in 1825 : $19,093,716. 



^5,847,795 

1,356,730 

76,440 

367,164 



^9,669,428 
912,049 

1,076,528 
513,769 



$12,387,288 
1,483,746 

448,747 
169,005 



17,648,129 $12,171,774 $14,488,786 
Total exports in 1825 : $5,085,235. 



156 



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^foreign UraDe, 



159 



I append a statement which shows the imports and exports of 
Mexico during the two fiscal years 1894-1895 and 1 895-1896, both by 
countries and by custom-houses, and the imports and duties by coun- 
tries in the fiscal years 1888-1889 and 1889-1890. 

Exports. — It would be difficult to make a correct statement of our 
exports previous to the fiscal year 1867-1868. Their amount was very 
small for reasons already given, and as they principally consisted in 
silver, and almost all the silver coined was exported the coinage of 
which we have exact records, can be taken as the amount of exports, 
with the addition of from 30 to 40 per cent., representing the silver 
both in coin and bullion smuggled. I give a correct statement of our 
exports of agricultural commodities from the fiscal year 187 7-1 878 to 
1895-1896, and also a statement of our exports of other commodities 
from the fiscal year 1886-1887 to 1895-1896, which shows the rapid 
pace at which they are increasing. 

The exports from Mexico are embraced in the following articles : 

FRUITS. 



ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 

Bones. 

Cattle. 

Chihuahua terriers. 

Donkeys. 

Goats. 

Hair, horse. 

Hair, rabbit. 

Heron feathers. 

Hides, raw and tanned. 

Hoofs. 

Horns. 
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. HorseS. 
Beans. Mules. 

Bitter almonds and various Ox grease. 



MINERALS. 
Chapopote. 
Coal. 

Copper in bars. 
Gold and silver coin. 
Gold and silver bullion. 
Lead in pigs. 
Onyx. 
Opals. 

Ores of silver, copper, and 
lead. 



fruits, kernels. 
Chick-peas. 
Cocoa. 
Coffee. 
Honey. 
India-rubber. 
Molasses. 

Piloncillo (brown sugar). 
Sugar, all grades. 

FIBRES. 

Henequen. 

Ixtle. 

Mallows fibre. 

Pita. 

Ramie. 

Sotol, 

Wool. 



Bananas. 

Cocoanuts. 

Lemons. 

Limes. 

Oranges. 

Pine apples. 

Walnuts, Nuevo Leon. 

Tamarind pulp. 

FORESTRY. 

Cabinet woods, mahogany, 
moral, lind-aloe, tepe- 
guaje, cedar, sandal, eb- 
ony, and rosewood. 

Dye woods, brasil, camphor, 
moral, and other varieties 
of logwood. 

Orchilla. 

SUNDRIES. 

Copal, chick, and sundry 
resinous substances. 

Jalap, and other medicinal 
herbs. 

Mother of pearl shells. 

Pearls. 
Wax, artificial flowers and Tortoise shell from the Gulf 



Sheep. 

Skins of sheep and goat, 

dressed and undressed. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Cotton, linen, worsted and 
silk domestic shawls (re- 
bozos). 

Guadalajara earthenware. 

Maguey, brandy (Tequila 
and mescal. 

Preserved sweet meats. 

Rag puppets and dolls. 

Rags (all sorts). 



figures. 



of Cortez. 



Woollen and worsted Mexi- Vanilla. 

can plaids or blankets Zacaton brush and broom 



(Zarapes). 



grasses. 



i6o 



Statistical Botes on /IDejico. 



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^Foreign Uta^c. i6r 

The following is a list of the value of metals and commodities 
exported from Mexico during the fiscal year 1 895-1 896, which shows 
that they are all either mineral or agricultural products, these being 
only raw materials : The commodities are placed in the order of their 
relative importance in value. 

METALS. 

Gold ore $160,555 

Gold coin 169,794 

Gold bullion 20,377,663 

Silver ore 10,885,479 

Silver coin 5,246,418 

Silver bullion 26,345,160 

Sulphate of silver 1,030, 156 

Foreign gold and silver and silver in other combina- 
tions 623,371 

Total $64,838,596 

COMMODITIES. 

Coffee $8,103,302 

Henequen 6,763,821 

Cabinet and dye woods 4,206,880 

Copper 3,909,485 

Lead 2,531,624 

Live animals 3. 546,770 

Hides and skins 2,331,999 

Chewing gum 1,527,838 

Tobacco 1 ,461,090 

Vanilla 1,428,675 

Ixtle 690,862 

Zacaton — broom root 616,492 

Chick-peas 352,737 

Coal 270,176 

Marble 258,668 

Fruits 246,150 

Sugar 169,662 

Horse hair, beans, and jalap 247,768 

All others., 1,514,307 

Total 40, 178,306 

$105,016,902 

VOL. I — II 



l62 



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I70 Statistical IRotes on /IDejtco. 

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 

It is quite difficult to make a correct statement of the trade between 
Mexico and the United States, because the official data of both govern- 
ments never used to agree, especially on account of the different cur- 
rencies prevailing in the two countries. As we have the silver standard, 
all our public accounts are kept in silver, and that makes our exports 
appear twice as large in value as they really are, when stated in the 
money of the United States, while we give our imports in the value of the 
country from whence they come, that is their gold value. That fact, 
which has often been overlooked, has caused the prevailing idea that 
there is a very large balance of trade in favor of Mexico, because 
the exports of United States commodities in Mexico amount to a given 
figure a year, the imports to this country of Mexican commodities 
amount to over double that figure ; but it must be borne in mind that 
the former is in silver while the latter is in gold. For instance, accord- 
ing to the Mexican Bureau of Statistics the imports into Mexico of 
merchandise from the United States in the fiscal year ended June 30, 
1896, amounted to $20,145,763, while the exports of metals and com- 
modities from Mexico to the United States during the same year 
amounted to $79,651,695, the proportion being almost four to one ; but 
if the imports are doubled as they ought to be, because the Mexican 
currency is silver, they amount to $40,291,526, and if the exports of 
Mexico into the United States, calculated also in silver, are reduced to 
gold, they will amount to one half or $39,825,847.50. 

In corroboration of this statement I will mention the fact that ac- 
cording to the data of the Statistical Bureau of the United States 
Treasury Department, the exports to Mexico of commodities and pre- 
cious metals from the United States during the last fiscal year, end- 
ing June 30, 1897, amounted to $23,535,213 while the imports into the 
United States of commodities and precious metals amounted to $30,- 
714,366. Since March 1893, however, the Statistical Bureau of the 
United States Treasury Department, has reduced to gold the silver 
value of the Mexican metals and commodities imported in this coun- 
try, and its data come now nearer to the mark, as in the year 1896 it 
gives the total exports of merchandise from this country into Mexico 
as $19,450,256, while the total imports of merchandise from Mexico 
into this country are $17,456,177. 

The figures of our exports appear very large in the Mexican re- 
turns, because our merchandise is sold in gold markets, and their gold 
price is reduced to silver, and increased in the same proportion in 
which silver depreciates. It is not therefore the amount of merchan- 
dise which has increased so much, as that the price has been swollen in 
reducing it from gold to silver. In that regard the returns from the 
United States Statistical Bureau are more in conformity with the facts. 



XTraDe witb tbe mnitet) States. 171 

Another cause of the discrepancy between the statistics of both 
countries is that the Statistical Bureau of the United States Treasury 
Department had not, prior to March 3, 1893, any data of commodities 
exported to Mexico by way of the frontier, as there was no law 
which provided for the collection of such data, and a very large 
portion of the trade between the two countries is carried on by the 
frontier, especially since the railroads connecting both countries were 
finished/ That deficiency was only in relation to the exports, as the 
imports were duly declared for the payment of duties, and therefore 
the statistics of the United States necessarily were deficient and incom- 
plete about the exports to Mexico of United States commodities, and 
that accounts in a great measure for the discrepancy between the 
official data published by both governments, and for the great dis- 
crepancy between exports and imports which appear in the statistics of 
the United States for those years. 

From the preceding remarks it will be understood why there is 
such a great discrepancy between the data of the respective Bureaus. 

It is very difficult to make a correct statement of the trade between 
the two countries previous to the organization of the Bureau of Statistics 
of the United States ; but I found in a book published in Washington 
in i860 by Mr. Carlos Butterfield, entitled " The United States and 
Mexican Mail Steamship Line and Statistics of Mexico," a statement 
of the imports and exports between Mexico and the United States from 
1826 to 1858, taken as he states from official data of the United States 
Treasury Reports, which I will use. 

That statement is complemented by two tables furnished to me' by 
Hon. Worthington C. Ford, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of the 
Treasury Department. The first contains a statement of the trade be- 
tween the United States and Mexico, during the forty-six years from 
185 1 to 1897, and the second is a full statement of that trade, includ- 
ing gold and silver during the same period. (Pages 174 and 175.) 

I have prepared besides from the official publications of the Bureau 
of Statistics of the United States Treasury Department, a detailed 
■statement of the commodities imported into the United States from 
Mexico, and exported from the United States to Mexico during the 

' For these reasons the statements of the Statistical Bureau of the United States, 
previous to the fiscal year ended June 30, 1892, contained the following foot-note : 

" In the absence of law providing for the collection of statistics of exports to ad- 
jacent foreign territory over railways, the values of exports to Mexico, from 1883 to 
1893 inclusive, have been considerably under-stated. Since March, 1893, there has 
been a law in force for the collection of exports by railways. According to official in- 
formation from Mexican sources, the value of imports into that country from the 
United States during the year ending June 30, 1888, was $19,264,673, including pre- 
cious metals valued at $38,362. Prior to 1866 the figures include gold and silver im- 
ported and exported. For 1866 and subsequent years, merchandise only." 



172 



statistical IRotes on /iDejfco, 



years 1858 to 1897, which is complete so far as the records of this 
government go, and contains very valuable information. 

I will give first a partial statement prepared by the Bureau of Sta- 
tistics of the Mexican Government of the total imports to Mexico and 
the imports from the United States of America from the fiscal year 
1872-1873 to 1895-1896, and then another detailed statement prepared 
by the same Bureau of the total exports from Mexico and the exports 
to the United States of America from the fiscal year 1877-1878 to 
1895-1896, 

From said data it will be seen that the trade of Mexico with the 
United States is increasing very rapidly, notwithstanding the difficulty 
thrown in the way by high protective tariffs. Only a few years ago, as 
will be seen by the appended statement, our largest trade was with Great 
Britain, the United States occupying the second place, while now the 
United States occupies the first place, both in amount of our exports, 
and imports.' 

Value of exports during the fiscal year 187 2-1873 with their desti- 
nation. 



Great Britain $12,479,547.75 

United States 11,366,530.76 

France 4,604,417.38 

Panama (New Grenada). . . 1,579,015.12 

Germany 802,643.83 

Spain and the Island of Cuba 752,891.91 



Guatemala and Honduras. 

Italy 

Belgium 

Ecuador 



80,999.52 

17,389.00 

4,784.00 

2,931.75 



Total $31,691,151.02 



TOTAL IMPORTS TO MEXICO AND IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES 
FOR THE FISCAL YEARS, 1872-1873 TO 1895-1896, 





IMPORTS FROM THE 
UNITED STATES. 


TOTAL IMPORTS. 




Value. 


Value. 


1872— 1873 


$5,231,255 
5,946,614 
5,028,636 
5,045,531 
5,145,736 

22,669,421 
29,080,276 
26,235,963 
14,351,785 
15,130,367 
20,145,763 


$20,166,013 
23,282,299 
18,793,494 
11,893,342 
10,585,898 
40,024,894 
52,018,659 
43,413,131 
30,287,489 
34,000,440 
42,253,938 


l87'^-l874. 


1874-1875 


1884-1885 First 6 months 

1885-1886 First 6 months 

1888-1889 


1889-1890 


1892-1893 


180"^— i8q4 


1894-1895 


1895-1896 





Mexico, November, 1896. 

' This statement is corroborated by the following extract from an official report 
addressed to Lord Salisbury by Mr. Lionel Garden, British Consul-General at the City 
of Mexico, on the trade of Mexico during the year 1896 : 

" The great increase in the imports of American goods this year must be regarded 
by British merchants and manufactiirers as another warning that unless they soon make 
a serious effort, they will have to give up all hope of profiting by the increase in the 
Mexican import trade, and may even lose part of the very limited share of it they at 
present enjoy." 



UraDe witb tbe ZHntte^ States. 



173 



TABLE SHOWING THE TOTAL EXPORTS FROM MEXICO AND THE EXPORTS 
TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FROM THE FISCAL YEAR 1877- 
1878 TO THE YEAR 1895-1896. 





EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES. 


TOTAL EXPORTS FROM MEXICO. 


















Metals. 


Commodities. 


Total. 


Metals. 


Commodities. 


Total. 


I877-I878 


. . $ 8,664,052 


$ 3,676,937 


$ 12,340,989 


$ 22,663,438 


$ 6,622,223 


$ 29,285,661 


1878-1879 


7,439,815 


4,741,724 


12,181,539 


21,528,938 


8,362,540 


29,891,478 


1879-1880 


6,848,231 


6,568.375 


13,416,606 


22,086,418 


10,577,136 


32,663,554 


1880-1881 


7,601,767 


6,556,424 


14,158,191 


19,354,704 


10,573,994 


29,928,698 


I88I-I882 


5,451,731 


8,309,131 


13,760,862 


17,063,767 


12,019,526 


29,083,293 


1882-1883 


9,036,773 


7,702,325 


16,739,098 


29,628,658 


12,178,937 


41,807,595 


1883-1884 


12,822,241 


9,002,160 


21,824,401 


33,473,283 


13,252,213 


46,725,496 


1884-1885 


16,404,776 


9,448,285 


25,853,061 


33,774,051 


12,896,794 


46,670,845 


1885-1886 


15,496,336 


9,933,259 


25,429,595 


29,906,401 


13,741,316 


43,647,717 


1886-1887 


16,576,120 


11,152,595 


27,728,715 


33,560,503 


15,631,427 


49,191,930 


1S87-I888 


17,915,116 


13,144,511 


31,059,627 


31,006,188 


17,879,720 


48,885,908 


1888-1889 


23,647,920 


17,205,443 


40,853,363 


38,785,275 


21,373,148 


60,158,423 


1889-1890 


24,098,147 


18,924,294 


43,022,441 


38,621,290 


23,878,099 


62,499,389 


1890-1891 


23,400,833 


21,582,253 


44,983,086 


36,256,372 


27,020,023 


63,276,395 


1891-1892 


30,447,566 


19,485,099 


49,932,605 


49,137,304 


26,330,411 


75,467,715 


1892-1893 


40,113,882 


23,723,761 


63,837,643 


56,504,305 


31,004,916 


87,509,221 


1893-1894 


36,681,273 


23,978,970 


60,660,243 


46,484,360 


32,858,927 


79,343,287 


1894-1895 


38,852,843 


28,470,143 


67,322,986 


52,535,854 


38,319,099 


90,854,953 


1895-1896 


51,071,661 


28,580,034 


79,651,695 


64,838,596 


40,178,306 


105,016,902 


Total. 


• ■ $392,571,083 


$272,185,723 


$664,756,806 


$677,209,705 


$374,698,755 


$1,051,908,460 



STATEMENT TAKEN FROM THE UNITED STATES TREASURY REPORTS 
OF THE COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE 
UNITED STATES FROM 1826 TO 1850. 



EXPORTS FROM 

MEXICO INTO 

THE 

UNITED STATES. 



EXPORTS FROM 

THE UNITED 

STATES INTO 

MEXICO. 



TOTAL TRADE 

BETWEEN 

THE 

TWO COUNTRIES. 



1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 

183I 

1832 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

184I 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

Total... 
Average 



3,916,000 
5,232,000 
4,814,000 
5,026,761 

5,235,241 
5,167,000 
4,293,954 
5,459.818 
8,666,668 
9,490,446 
5,615,819 
5,654,002 

3,127,153 
5,500,707 
4,175,000 
3,484,957 
1,996,694 
2,782,406 
2,387,000 
1,702,936 
1,836,621 
746,818 
1,581,247 
2,216,719 
2,135,336 



6,281,000 
4,163,000 
2,886,000 
2,331,151 
4,837,458 
6,178,000 

3,467,541 
5,408,091 
5.265,053 
9,029,221 
6,040,635 
3,880,323 
2,787,362 
2,164,097 

2,515.341 
2,036,620 

1.534.493 
1.471,937 
1.794,833 
1.152,331 
1,531,180 
692,428 
4,058,446 
2,090,869 
2,012,827 



10,197,000 

9,395,000 

7,700,000 

7,357,912 

10,072,699 

11,345,000 

7,761.495 

10,867,909 

13,931,721 

18,519,667 

11,656,454 

9.534.325 

5.914,515 

7,664,804 

6,690,341 

5,521,577 

3.531,187 

4,254.343 

4.181,833 

2,855,267 

3,367,801 

1.439.246 

5.639.693 

4,307,588 

4,148,163 



^102,245,303 
$4,089,812 



$85,610,237 
$3,424,409 



f187.855.540 
$7,514,222 



174 



Statistical IRotes on /IDejico. 



STATEMENT SHOWING THE COMMERCE IN MERCHANDISE BETWEEN THE 
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, BY YEARS AND DECADES, FROM 1851 
TO 1897. 





EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES. 


IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES. 


EXCESS OF 














EXPORTS ( — ) 
















OR 
IMPORTS (+). 


JUNE 30. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Free. 


Dutiable. 


Total. 


1851 


$ 1,014,690 


1 567,093 


$ 1,581,783 


$ 27,666 


$ 693,120 


$ 720,786 


$ -860,997 


1852 


1,406,372 


878,557 


2,284,929 


20, 564 


534,700 


555,264 


-1,729,665 


i8s3 


2,529,770 


1,029,054 


3,558,824 


4,148 


751,952 


756,100 


— 2,802,724 


1854 


2,091,870 


1,043,616 


3,135,486 


111,405 


826,451 


937,856 


-2,197,630 


1855 


2,253,368 


668,236 


2,921,604 


17,508 


887,242 


904,750 


— 2,016,854 


1856 


2,464,692 


1,237,097 


3,701,789 


79,966 


773,792 


853,758 


-2,848,031 


1857 


3,017,640 


597,566 


3,615,206 


62,307 


964,566 


1,026,873 


-2,588,333 


1858 


2,782,852 


529,973 


3,312,825 


246,894 


861,607 


1,108,501 


-2,204,324 


1959 


2,252,162 


667,580 


2,919,742 


234,112 


1,009,972 


1,244,084 


- 1,675,658 


i860 

Total 
10 years.. 


3,309,379 


2,015,334 


5,324,713 


586,016 


1,317,415 


1,903,431 


-3,421,282 


$ 23,122,79s 


^ 9,234,106 


$ 32,356,901 


$ 1,390,586 


$ 8,620,817 


$ 10,011,403 


$-22,345,498 


1861 


$ 1,559,062 


$ 651,364 


$ 2,210,426 


$ 253,703 


$ 632,409 


$ 886,112 


$ -1,324,314 


1862 


1,840,720 


340,454 


2,181,174 


289,011 


441,977 


730,988 


-1,450,186 


1863 


7,441,579 


1,579,045 


9,020,624 


446,070 


2,597,812 


3,043,882 


-5,976,742 


1864 


7,765,133 


1,505,464 


9,270,597 


385,037 


5,743,408 


6,128,445 


-3,142,152 


1865 


13,819,972 


2,530,867 


16,350,839 


369,915 


5,850,959 


6,220,874 


— 10,129,965 


18S6 


3,701,599 


871,619 


4,573,218 


402,568 


1,323,524 


1,726,092 


-2,847,126 


1867 


4,823,614 


572,182 


5,395,796 


402,779 


669,157 


1,071,936 


-4,323,860 


1868 


5,048,420 


1,392,919 


6,441,339 


482,228 


1,108,439 


1,590,667 


-4,850,672 


i85g 


3,835,699 


1,047,408 


4,883,107 


511,319 


1,824,845 


2,336,164 


-2,546,943 


1870 

Total 
loyears. . 


4,544,745 


1,314,955 


5,859,700 


522,907 


2,192,758 


2,715,665 


-3,144,035 


$ 54,380,543 


$111806,277 


$ 66,186,820 


$ 4,065,537 


$ 22,385,288 


$ 26,450,825 


1-39,735,995 


1871 


$ 5,044,033 


$ 2,568,080 


$ 7,612,113 


976,117 


$ 2,233,571 


$ 3,209,688 


$ -4,402,425 


1872 


3,420,658 


2,122,931 


5,543,589 


1,156,257 


2,846,663 


4,002,920 


-1,540,669 


1873 


3,941,019 


2,323,882 


6,264,901 


3,065,140 


1,211,025 


4,276,165 


-1,988,736 


1874 


4,016,148 


1,930,691 


5,946,839 


3,026,661 


1,319,703 


4,346,364 


-1,600,47s 


1875 


3,872,004 


1,865,278 


5,737,282 


3,863,302 


1,311,292 


5,174,594 


-562,688 


1876 


4,700,978 


1,499,594 


6,200,572 


3,920,633 


1,229,939 


5,150,572 


- 1,050,000 


1877 ••■ 


4,503,802 


1,389,692 


5,803,494 


3,756,191 


1,448,073 


5,204,264 


-689,230 


1878 


5,811,429 


1,649,27s 


7,460,704 


3,723,281 


1,528,221 


5,251,502 


— 2,209,202 


1879 


5,400,380 


1,351,864 


6,752,244 


3,981,402 


1,511,819 


5,493,221 


— 1,259,023 


1880 

Total 
10 years . . 


6,065,974 


1,800,519 


7,866,493 


4,852,659 


2,356,934 


7,209,593 


- 656,900 


$ 46,776,425 


^i8.soi&6 


$ 65,278,231 


$ 32,321,643 


$ 16,997,240 


$ 49,318,883 


$-15,959,348 


1881 


$ 9,198,077 


^ 1,973,161 


$ 11,171,238 


$ 5,643,176 


$ 2,674,626 


$ 8,317,802 


1 -2,853,436 


1882 


13,324,505 


2,158,077 


15,482,582 


5,310,796 


3,151,103 


8,461,899 


-7,020,683 


1883 


14,370,992 


2,216,628 


16,587,620 


4,211,328 


3,965,795 


8,177,123 


-8,410,497 


1884 


11,089,603 


1,614,689 


12,704,292 


5,334,689 


3,681,797 


9,016,485 


-3,687,806 


1885 


7,370,599 


970,185 


8,340,784 


5,173,441 


4,093,580 


9,267,021 


+926,237 


1S86 


6,856,077 


881,546 


7,737,623 


6,808,757 


3,879,215 


10,687,972 


- 


-2,950,349 


1887 


7,267,129 


692,428 


7,959,557 


9,928,122 


4,791,718 


14,719,840 


- 


-6,760,283 


i833 


9,242,188 


655,584 


9,897,772 


11,042,772 


6,287,117 


17,329,889 


- 


-7,432,117 


1889 


10,886,288 


600,608 


11,486,896 


13,825,242 


7,428,359 


21,253,601 


- 


-9,766,705 


i8qo 


12,666,108 


619,179 


13,285,287 


15,536,100 


7,154,815 


22,690,915 


- 


-9,405,628 


















10 years. . 


$102,271,566 


^12,382.085 


$114,653,651 


$ 82,814,423 


$ 47,108,125 


$129,922,548 


$+15,268,897 


i8qi 


$ 14,199,080 


^ 770,540 


$ 14,969,620 


$ 23,364,519 


$ 3,931,473 


$ 27,295,992 


$+12,326,372 


1892 


13,696,531 


597,468 


14,293,999 


23,702,496 


4,405,029 


28,107,525 


--13,813,526 


1893, 


18,891,714 


676,920 


19,568,634 


27,145,469 


6,409,630 


33,555,099 


--13,986,465 


1894 


12,441,805 


400,344 


12,842,149 


21,560,011 


7,166,995 


28,727,006 


--15,884,857 


1895 


14,582,484 


423,422 


15,005,906 


12,903,789. 


2,731,999 


15,635,788 


+629,882 


1896 


18,686,797 


763,459 


19,450,256 


13,819,698 


3,636,479 


17,456,177 


- 1,994,079 


1897 

Total 


22,726,596 


694,468 


23,421,064 


13,990,017 


4,521,555 


18,511,572 


-4,909,492 


7 years. . 


1115,225,007 


f 4,326,621 


$119,551,628 


$136,485,999 


$ 32,803,160 


$169,289,159 


$+49,737,531 



Treasury Department, Bureau of Statistics, 
September ^, i8gy. 



WORTHINGTON C. FORD, 

Chief of Bureau. 



XLvat>c witb tbe "dnlte^ States. 



175 



STATEMENT SHOWING THE TOTAL COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED 
STATES AND MEXICO, BY YEARS AND DECADES FROM 1 85 1 TO 
1897. 





EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES. 


IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES. 


EXCESS OF 
















EXPORTS (-) 


















JUNE 30. 


Mer- 
chandise. 


Gold and 
Silver. 


Total. 


Mer- 
chandise. 


Gold and 
Silver. 


Total. 


OR 
IMPORTS (-f-). 


1851 


$ 1,581,783 


$ 2,652 


$ 1,584,435 


$ 720,786 


$ 1,083,993 


$ 1,804,779 


$ -f220,344 


1852 


2,284,929 


3,255 


2,288,184 


555,264 


1,093,942 


1,649,206 


-638,978 


1853 


3,558,824 


1,734 


3,560,558 


756,100 


1,411,885 


2,167,985 


-1,392,573 


1854 


3,135,486 


528 


3,136,014 


937,856 


2,525,334 


3,463,190 


+327,176 


1855 


2,921,604 


1,200 


2,922,804 


904,750 


1,978,080 


2,882,830 


-39,974 


1856 


3,701,789 


450 


3,702,239 


853,758 


2,714,923 


3,568,681 


, -133,558 


1857 


3,615,206 




3,615,206 


1,026,873 


4,958,984 


5,985,857 


+2,370,651 


1858 


3,312,825 


3,000 


3,315,825 


1,108,501 


4,368,964 


5,477,465 


+2,161,640 


1859 


2,919,742 


72,804 


2,992,546 


1,244,084 


4,095,890 


5,339,974 


+2,347,428 


i860 

Total 
10 years.. 


5,324,713 


29,360 


5,354,073 


1,903,431 


5,032,441 


6,935,872 


+1,581,799 


$32,356,901 


$114,983 


$32,471,884 


$10,011,403 


$29,264,436 


$39,275,839 


$+6,803,955 


1861 


$ 2,210,426 


1 5,464 


$ 2,215,890 


$ 886,112 


$ 2,803,101 


$ 3,689,213 


$+1,473,323 


1862 


2,181,174 




2,181,174 


730,988 


1,953,864 


2,684,852 


+503,678 


1863 


9,020,624 


51,588 


9,072,212 


3,040,882 


1,485,702 


4,526,584 


-4,545,628 


1864 


9,270,597 


3,410,957 


12,681,554 


6,128,44s 


1,755,946 


7,884,391 


-4,797,163 


186.; 


16,350,839 


664,241 


17,015,080 


6,220,874 


1,133,299 


7,354,173 


-9,660,907 


1866 


4,573,218 


15,000 


4,588,218 


1,726,092 


2,429,511 


4,155,603 


-432,615 


1867 


5,395,796 


56,452 


5,452,248 


1,071,936 


2,849,038 


3,920,974 


-1,531,274 


1868 


6,441,339 


12,924 


6,454,263 


1,590,667 


4,525,255 


6,115,922 


-338,341 


1869 


4,883,107 


2,000 


4,885,107 


2,336,164 


4,895,842 


7,232,006 


+2,346,899 


1870 

Total 
10 years. . 


5,859,700 


15,696 


5,875,396 


2,715,665 


10,383,366 


13,099,031 


+7,223,635 


$66,186,820 


$4,234,322 


$70,421,142 


$26,447,825 


$34,214,924 


$60,662,749 


$-9,758,393 


1871 


$ 7,612,113 


$ 38,500 


$ 7,650,613 


$ 3,209,688 


$14,301,475 


$ 17,511,163 


$ +9,860,550 


1872 


5,543,589 


35,000 


5,578,589 


4,002,920 


4,504,204 


8,507,124 


+2,928,535 


1873 


6,264,901 


165,262 


6,430,163 


4,276,165 


12,154,060 


16,430,225 


+10,000,062 


1874 


5,946,839 


57,531 


6,004,370 


4,346,364 


8,893,541 


13,239,905 


+7,235,535 


187s 


5,737,282 


33,501 


5,770,783 


5,174,594 


6,460,389 


11,634,983 


+5,864,200 


1876 


6,200,572 


7,600 


6,208,172 


5,150,572 


7,355,181 


12,505,753 


+6,297,581 


1877 


5,893,494 


5,239 


5,898,733 


5,204,264 


10,240,319 


15,444,583 


+9,545,850 


1878 


7,460,704 


32,180 


7,492,884 


5,251,502 


8,394,146 


13,645,648 


+6,152,764 


1879 


6,752,244 


9,040 


6,761,284 


5,493,221 


8,554,598 


14,047,819 


+7,286,535 


1880 

Total 
10 years. . 


7,866,493 


3,371 


7,869,864 


7,209,593 


9,115,824 


16,325,417 


+8,455,553 


$65,2:78,231 


$387,224 


$65,665,455 


$49,318,883 


$89,973,737 


$139,292,620 


$+73,627,165 


1881 


$ 11,171,238 


$ 1,500 


$ 11,172,738 


$ 8,317,802 


$ 9,136,324 


$ 17,454,126 


$ +6,281,388 


1882 


15,482,582 


18,446 


15,501,028 


8,461,899 


6,631,938 


15,093,837 


-407,191 


1883 


16,587,620 


96,964 


16,684,584 


8,177,123 


9,782,986 


17,960,109 


+1,275,525 


1884 


12,704,292 


335,635 


13,039,927 


9,016,486 


13,015,901 


22,032,387 


+8,992,460 


1885 


8,340,784 


79,406 


8,420,190 


9,267,021 


14,919,611 


24,186,632 


--15,766,442 


1886 


7,737,623 


"0,03s 


7,847,658 


10,687,972 


16,935,396 


27,623,368 


--19,775,710 


1887 


7,959,557 


279,812 


8,239,369 


14,719,840 


14,855,765 


29,575,605 


--21,336,236 


1888 


9,897,772 


319,408 


10,217,180 


17,329,889 


14,032,637 


31,362,526 


--21,145,346 


1889 


11,486,896 


176,616 


11,663,512 


21,253,601 


17,557,248 


38,810,849 


--27,147,337 


i8go 

Total 
10 years . . 


13,285,287 


240,912 


13,526,199 


22,690,915 


18,155,809 


40,846,724 


+27,320,525 


$114,653,651 


$1,658,734 


$116,312,385 


$129,922,548 


$135,023,615 


$264,946,163 


$+148,633,778 


1891 


$ 14,969,620 


$ 227,734 


$ 15,197,354 


$ 27,295,992 


$ 14,297,431 


$ 41,593,423 


$ +26,396,069. 


1892 


14,293,999 


168,584 


14,462,583 


28,107,525 


19,174,034 


47,281,559 


+32,818,976. 


1893 


19,568,634 


473,942 


20,042,576 


33,555,099 


22,951,604 


56, 506, 703 


+36,464,127 


1894 


12,842,149 


708,932 


13,551,081 


28,727,006 


12,790,199 


41,517,205 


+27,966,124 


1895 


15,005,906 


551,064 


15,556,970 


15,635,788 


9,644,160 


25,279,948 


+9,722,978 


1896 


19,450,256 


926,560 


20,376,816 


17,456,177 


29,166,241 


46,622,418 


+26,245,602 


I897-- 

Total 
7 years.. 


23,421,064 


114,149 


23,535,213 


18,511,572 


12,202,794 


30,714,366 


+7,179.153 


$119,551,628 


$3,170,985 


$122,722,593 


$169,289,159 


$120,226,463 


$289,515,622 


$+166,793,029 



176 



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t^ ^vo vo mM •*{^mM H ooo ^stN.« o^mt^t-^w T^m ooo 
h" ■«? c?* m" cf m" m « vo" cT-^-^cTtCTFini-r-^Fcferm cTco" O m 
m'T'^CT'-^OtW mCT'r'i'*"*0^>-' O mvo m m m « vo vo « 



txco NO-^MMooovM mvo -^oo ooOMOOt^««oi 
m ro ^ « moo ON«Q«(NOOiH«vocNaiMooOM(: 
■^vo m en t>. o "* mvo o M m mvo «HHVo-^c>om o 
i-T m o' m" hT "^ (-Tvo" m m m c^ cToo m cT cT cC cC m '^ 



00 vo o t-C o ts.VO 

m o w vo o o\ m 
oi t^oo t^ « ■<*• lO 



o^ H vo o « M . _ 

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O fovo mvo o « "<*■ 



lO^'Tt'O o ovf^"*H « a<'^'^m t^co oo 



cvo vo invo fn t^. ooo oo o« m^f-N rN.H ofoo « ovoo oo ■* t«* 
mmMO«vo«o tN.vo mvo « mw -^t-too mt^tN-o-m moo m 

(N^Ovo '^J-O'^OvM "^'*'^0_«'*0_ tnvO_ -^00 O* « O^VO 00 m t^ 

mvo -^ dl m" « « ^oo" cT cT m c>co -"f-^mmmcTi-rmcrtCoI 

■~~ "" ooMHMMm'<^tH«ooMvooocN.«mi-(0 

H « mvo -^ c>. « o mm t^-oo oo 



vo »o 



■* o o* o -^oo 



t».co mvo m ''j-vo m c*» m m oo t>. m 

MMVOHtN.O»mOt^Q«'*00* 

vo m(N Ti-M mt^mt^q^m o^vo^ ■*■ 

m" '^oo" cT m o'vo 

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m Hoo « H m 



MVO H tN.O>fOO tNi 

" o> m w -. .- 

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30 N ONVO ■-»■ « M vo m 

3o N \o o o m Q>vo m 
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m m o -rroo fn o h h n r«. 
o o^vo o^ t*. m moo O" o m 
cT cT eT mvo'^vcTocT cS m tCoo" 



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1 ■^vo ^vo CO ro ^ m m mvo ^ -^j* m 



vo o O « 
oo « '«^ M 
vo^ m ojvo^ 
■*? moo" S 



mo»POM ■^t«*t^woo o H M t^o Ooo cj 
t^vo vo « m o* '«*-oo « ch o- « o m -^^ t>. 
ovci M mm« mOvo o^t^m'^woovo o 
o^'^M o^'^^mM mmmcn mm t^oo" cJ" 
en t>. tN, o tN mvo m ^ « M mvo oa m C4 



1 -^ mvo tNoo o o 



J Tt- mvo tN.00 o^ O M « fO 
___ _ _ ,,.t^r*.i>.p«.r»» t^co 00 00 CO 

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m mvo vovovovovovovovovo ts.b«.t^t^t^r*.i>.ts.tN. t^co c 



= •?§! 



S3 



XTraDe witb tbe 'ClniteD States. 



177 



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OU3 0^« M\CCO 0\0 00 « w O Of^iJ^CiVO cs,ioo ro^oc 

o o; w M m o^co_vo_ (N^ en '^oo oo o\ o ion ts.H q_o i-*^ "<^v£ 

in c> o> h" c> -^ tCoT cT rC tC in tCoo" co o" c^vcr in co cT c? c? -^ < 

t^oo M -^oo 000000 t««>rg iH (N r^o^o mt-^inm moo cn 00 t-^ ^ 

« fooo H « ^<^'^t^'^ <^ <?* roo»«inmi>,t>.u->io 1000 o^ e 

* m" -^ in= ¥ 
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w 00 H 01 moo -^ O -^ O mmo com-^ mvo co 
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io\o vo CO 00 o c^ c 



1 vo bvvo o w -^vo c>. en ts. -^oo cr> (3 H 
---^ -r^i^cMTi-Ti-minNO(NO^ 



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■vTt-mmmt~^.moi Th« "^r-.o oh 000 oco m'O -^ h « c^ 
i^KO 00 m 0)00^00 o o rnco -^ -^ mo n 00 m -^o c-^ O O) "*t- ^N 
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mo -*• m "«h H mo 00 00 000 « ro 
m o CO o -^ o O 00 m M C-* o t^ 
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J 6~ ON d"o" c>oo o" cCo~o"o3" tC 



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^o ¥0 -^oo m^M mmw mo^S^O m m«* 


tC -«f cf 00 cTo 00 -<? cT -? d" « tC « vd" ■<? tC tC 

H m-*mMoo « t^Noo o^^o m M c% en ■<*• h 

*^ *^ '^ "t^ ^ "^ m M 00 "^ m o» M_ "^ ■* « 

m" m' m" m m m M 


in tv c 
Mvovo m,o 
« *romo- 






t^ « 00 ■* 1^00 ocwvo m« « CT. m^o m 
H -^ « O' mvo t^ r*. M ^o N -<j-oo m t«. 
moo m« r^-*M»o mw moo m^ m m m ^o t>. 
d" d"oo N c> d\ tC d" d^ m cT (^ oToo mvo' t^ tC 
m M « '(J- m moo tv.^o n 0*0000 m hs 
m« ovo mcmci mo^o> -^oo 00 m m m 


g cS iS t? m' 


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u rt 



ctN-rNiO mt^ooo t^vo c 
- m ■* « w - 



o\vo o ON o^omMvocom-* 
■~ - -^ rooo moo ~ " — 



»0 H N co^t-vt^N « o 0\ o\ o^ o H m'-j-mm cxoo o m m -^ h* 



OiOO*Ot^OOH-*-i 



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) m -^vo o M 



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t^ 1000 00 ■*■ -^ 



M o^O Ooo tv«vo OvO t*^ 



\iD oo_ q_ c> o_oo 0^ ',*- 1000 
t^ o>co o> •* mvo t^ M vo 
roNi^ Hvoin-^NH 


M CTv N mvo cv N u^oo ro « m « « M 
o^'^N^fo«^HH_q^q_ ovvo vo 00 i^ m vo (^ 
<5er,novtCovo'ovininrC irico cT cT hT 

t^vo vo w O- ■* t^ lOVO Ovvo ^ m Ov 


BUSHELS. 

49,579 

48,932 

80,329 

13,877 

18,364 

268,653 

187,014 
181,462 
158,624 
14,218 

7,292 

72,216 

62,859 
173,585 

21,039 
104,146 

55,881 

9,862 

93,487 

64,776 

288,109 

126,613 

85,702 
352,510 
4x9,263 
476,453 



J moo t% o^ t'>,oo M <o 

^VO O MOO M o\«vo 

* 00 o* M rNco ^ "^00 



J o* o m ■* ■'i-oo 



r«»co ts m m m OMn c m\o co m 



) o moo M 



M o-vo moo M o 00 



m ■«»• mvo t^oo ch o 



■^ mvo tN.co o^ o 



m in^ \ovovovovovo\ovovo t>.f*.tN.r-i^t^t^t-vrH. t^oo 

COOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO 



o o bo- 
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« £ fc. 

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Ura^e witb tbe XHnitet) States. 



179 



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tfM« NrOfOlOQOwiOMOOONMO 

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\o r^^o ioin« o Ocx)vooo«M m o* 

^ MMwwMN-^-^NNfOmiN 



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f O p in in loco w -^t^-Noo o mrow 
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cy\co o*Q^^o^om■''" 



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« t^rot^oiw « o^>j-coinH ■<t*0 o-O «oo t^t^ 
t^ m M o in-o ■^'O t- O ^ O M o o^oo ■^ ro o^ o 
c> c^ o M in (> >H^ fooo" in ■4' ■^ cT t-Tvo" «" d^ co h" o moo 
ro inco ■r^ t^oo t>«co Ooomo "<j-ct<Oco r* moo -^ O 



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"asiaMVHDHaw asHxo 



t M o H « 10*0 CO ro C^ -rj- W 
Tt-^ro-^roO'-^rOM rot '- 
1^ in o oo_ m o 'O^co "^ f^ •■ 
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^ o\ O' in oi H "^ tv.vo « m « m t-^ w o 
I CO t^^ t^ t**oo vo e^vo m t^. t^oo co i^co_ 
m" eT cT 



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3 w O-'O rom 0> IN H H O 

- _ -_ -n in -:^ M M moo ro O h « 

t; -^ CO "^ c^ o_co roco ro M_ -<*• N 'N_'0_ o o^«oo O O «inc^ -^-^ 
5" h" ro^o h" cT o" ^ -^^ m 
nmmc^vo mTj-t-,s-ri-«oo 



CO moo w 



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o •oomM\oc«oooooNtN.wO'OOoooo c^vo 0**0 m on ■* « 

0\ . NNOrOrONOOI COM hQOO m t^^j-Q OnO -^ O Ci m m tv 

'* ' '^"^^"t^'^'^'^^'^*^'^-'^^*^^'-'°^ 9J^ CH o 00 M t^ m 

tC ; CO tCvo^ (nT cT t^ oT c> moo mintCromi-rinN"6^-^tC cTvd" -^ 

t-N .oO'cot^o Ocot^co«c<ei t^yD o t^vo m on ■<*- t>-vo m on 

^ . M H -^mroN M cororoo row m '<d-'^roro« cocoTfroro 

« o^mw cot^(N*o M>o o-o CO o-cn o>co \o ro « co o w -^oo ro 
CO w o tH onW -»t-Q N t^corow "^Th-^H mvo t^ -^ w m co on m 
CO CO CO t^ O^o^ ^ O H Tj-i>.i-f o Hco r-^H •Tt-'^o* mco m m w « 
o^ On "^NiT H o ih" m ■^ oT ■»? c5" ro o" d^ moo CO h" -^ hT i-T tC tC«o" cT 
w H M H cow osoncowvo ■^no \o no "o m mvo moo ts ts. o* co ■* 

« CO O -^ « On CO t*.vo « O^OO t-^OO « woo COM W OnN c^r*.cot^ 
O w « ■Tf ON ts.00 On mNO w O- O O 00 00 N -^VO O' >^ in w on on on 
ON ■*; H f^*^ c^^^ •>: <^i. ^J^^ t>.w_t^O OVO « t-^'«^H o foinw t^. 
(C m CO tCvcT cT d^ CO N tC -^ccT ■«?■ co i-T rovd" cT w" CO tC cT^ eT m CO 
vovo o w mm'^mw cocoo « o^noo com ■'J-no co o « co -^vo 

4^M mcOt|-«hmwm h wwwhww 

00 covo ^s w M H rooo rt-co w CO "*i- ■T^ mvo o m oo co « m-o t^ ■* 
,^0 coooomw H ono ONt^ T^oo o m'-i-Tt-Nvo mvo « noo ^fco 

y \o S^ tCvd" tCmr?dNcow*"d""<f'^ ooo" -^ccT w" d" m -^ocT co co n" 
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3 m\o ON w vo cooo rooo CO onno t^t>.ooo rororom« pi meow co 

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O ei ONmcoo w o 'i-w oco movooo « onoo w moo « m co m 
00 o O 00 m -^co invo Owmmwoowmoco Onvo t-^ w vo w m 

«^ «_ t>.oo_ 'I; T *^ "^ ^ ^ *^^r ^ 9r.'^^ ONO^o^roq^mcocot^o o; 
vo m tC -"fvo^ ON o ONco'oo vd" « tC o" m" cocxf -^ d« d-vo di w" on w" rC 
^ •^Tj-inowwwwrororoc^ww w wwroro 

•cowweiONOw COC30 O row O h\o « o-room mvo « co co 
t£ o* CO m o hv ONVo « m H o- w u-) t>. a ro«o Onco vo o tj- on w n oo 
Q M "^mmn o*t^t^cO"^'<i-Hco t^O moo t^ On ro mv& "«j- co m in 
? oncoo t^dit^w ■^o' rooD 00 in o vo t-^ on d"oo" -^ w*^ m d" On -^^ co 
rONO 00 e^_ ON c* o* o^vo On w C* t^vo w w vo ■^ tN. o^vo W "^ 



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1 84 Statistical IRotes on /IDejico. 

Increase of trade during the year i8g6-gy. — The data given in the 
chapter on Foreign Trade contain detailed statements of the amount 
of commodities and precious metals exported from Mexico into the 
United States during the last ten years, and I refer, therefore, to the 
same, those desiring more detailed information on that subject. 

I give, however, a statement of the leading merchandise imported 
from Mexico into the United States, during the last fiscal year, com- 
pared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, embracing only such 
imports as are not specifically stated in the data taken from the 
official reports of the United States Statistical Bureau, and which 
appear on pages 176 and 177. The following data, also taken from the 
last official report of the same Bureau, shows a comparative increase of 
trade. 

LEADING MERCHANDISE IMPORTS FROM MEXICO. 

FISCAL YEAR FISCAL YEAR 

I 896- I 897. I 895-1 896. 

Henequen, tons 62,839 5i»i67 

Value $3,809,415 $3,339,180 

Ixtle fibre, tons 6,313 12,207 

Value $335,841 $717,585 

Oranges, value $258,340 $212,913 

Tobacco, lbs 749,560 93, 197 

Value $297,262 $28,025 

Mahogany, feet 8,791 10,654 

Value $321,800 $414,817 

Coal, tons 99,760 72,056 

Value $218,456 $146,813 

I also append a similar statement of some of the articles exported 
from the United States into Mexico during the last fiscal year, com- 
pared with the previous one, ended June 30, 1896, embracing only 
such exports as are not specifically stated in the. data taken from 
the official reports of the United States Statistical Bureau, appearing 
on pages 178 to 183, and which I also take from the last official re- 
port of the same Bureau. When it is taken into consideration that the 
Mexican imports from the United States during the last fiscal year were 
made on a falling silver market, the annexed statement shows a con- 
siderable financial strength. 

EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO MEXICO. 

( Fiscal year i8g6-gy and preceding year.) 

1896-97. 1895-96. 

Cattle, no 690 1,112 

Value $29,186 $39,509 

Hogs, no 22,164 17,540 

Value $263,083 $206,807 



XErabe witb tbe 1Ilnltet> States, 185 

1896-97, 1895-96. 

Agricultural implements $130,825 $119,838 

Books, maps, etc $161,143 $107,384 

Carriages and cars $615,468 $687,425 

Coal and coke, tons 219,111 121,269 

Value $643,715 $377,469 

Bicycles $73, "7 $24,278 

Fruits and nuts $72,654 $78,497 

Hops $55,610 $8,289 

Hardware $2,874,283 $2,455,400 

Leather $16,456 $24,014 

Crude petroleum, gals 7,090,853 6,779,059 

Value $349,021 $392,510 

Refined petroleum, gals 836,628 631,147 

Value $174,107 $142,761 

(Includes lubricating oil.) 

Cotton-seed oil, gals 1,616,407 1,588,504 

Value $320,496 $337,892 

Paraffin, lbs 2,888,475 2,975,476 

Value $144,805 $163,644 

Tallow, lbs 997,216 1,783,788 

Value $36,561 $77,050 

Hams $28,976 $29,487 

Butter $40,089 $33,169 

Wool, lbs 1,698,952 2,605,150 

Value $140,609 $238,316 

Tropical Products Supplied by Mexico to the United States. — It will be 
interesting to state in what proportion Mexican imports of tropical pro- 
ducts figure in the total imports of said commodities into this country. 

From 1892 to 1896 the annual average of importation of vanilla 
beans into the United States was 205,197 pounds, of which Mexico fur- 
nished 142,727 pounds, or (i<^\ per cent. Mexico receives for her 
vanilla crop, annually, $640,000 gold. 

Mexico's average annual exportation of coffee to the United States 
for the past five years was 28,927,410 pounds, or 4.8 per cent, of the 
total American purchase of coffee, Brazil furnishing 70 per cent.. 
Central America 7.6 per cent, Venezuela 6.4 per cent., and the 
British West Indies i.i per cent. There is plenty of room for the 
Mexican coffee- growing industry to expand. Mexico's fine flavored, 
mild coffees are steadily gaining in favor in the United States. 

In henequen, or sisal grass, Mexico takes the leading place in the im- 
port trade of the United States, selling, of the total received there, 98.1 
per cent. The average annual importation for the past five years was 
50,129 tons, of which Mexico furnished 49,195, Cuba 277, British Aus- 
tralia 386, and all other countries 271. Mexico received a yearly aver- 
age, during the five years, for her henequen, of $4,218,267, gold. All 
of which went to the State of Yucatan. 



1 86 Statistical IRotes on /IDejico, 

In sugar, Mexico holds but an insignificant place in the American 
importation, which showed an annual average, during the past five 
years, of 3,827,799,481 pounds, Cuba furnishing 46.5 per cent, and 
Hawaii 7.9 per cent. 

We could expand very largely our sugar production and supply this 
country with almost all of that product, but as sugar is produced in 
Louisiana and as Hawaii is likely to belong to the United States 
the protective policy of this country will not allow us to supply the 
United States with that commodity on a large scale. 

Mexico is sending on an average every year, 1,400,000 pounds of 
wool to the United States. In 1892 she exported but 190 pounds. 

The United States takes, annually, an average of 50,493,000 pounds 
of goat skins, of which Mexico furnishes 3,007,000, or 5.9 per cent. 
Of other hides and skins the United States imports 167, 993,000 pounds, 
Mexico's share being 4.3 per cent. 

The cattle trade of Mexico with the United States increased consid- 
erably under the liberal provisions of the Wilson Bill, which taxed cattle 
with 20 per cent, ad valorem. The following statement shows how 
large the increase of that trade was under that bill : 

CATTLE EXPORTED TO THE UNITED STATES. 

Years. Number. Gold Value. 

1892 1,438 $ 7,740 

1893 2,597 16,376 

i894---. 1,469 11,857 

1895 » 148,431 720,864 

1896 216,913 1,481,954 

(Fiscal years ended June 30th.) 

Mexico has been for at least two years the most important source 
of supply to the United States for cattle purchased abroad, Canada 
furnishing, in 1896, cattle to the value of but $18,902, and the United 
Kingdom $6,684. The cattle trade is one in which American, as well as 
Mexican capital is embarked, but it will be considerably diminished 
if not completely destroyed under the highly protective tariff. 

COINAGE. 

In the chapter on Mining I gave a concise statement of the silver and 
gold coined in Mexico from the time of its discovery by the Spaniards 
to the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, and it appears from the same 
that the total coinage of silver amounted to $3,398,664,400. 

According to the report of the Director of the Mint (page 347) 
-on the " Production of Precious Metals in the United States during 



Coinage. 



187 



the Calendar Year 1895," the last one out as this paper goes to press, 
the total production of silver of the world from 1493 to 1895 is $10,- 
345,688,700, the Mexican coinage being over one-third of the whole. 

It must be borne in mind that that statement embraces, so far as 
Mexico is concerned, only the silver coined, and it does not take into 
consideration the silver used in the arts, which used to be a considerable 
amount, as almost every well-to-do Mexican had forks, spoons, plates 
and other table ware and household articles of solid silver. It does not 
embrace either such silver as was smuggled in bullion, which, consider- 
ing the large extent of the Mexican sea coast, its scanty population and 
the general demoralization during our civil wars represents a very large 
amount. It can, therefore, be safely stated that the production of silver 
in Mexico, not coined, represents at least from one-fourth to one-third 
of the amount coined. Therefore, the production of silver by Mexico 
may be safely estimated at from $5,000,000,000, to $6,000,000,000, which 
is about one-half of the total product of the world. 

The following statement shows the amCunt of silver coined by the 
several mints of Mexico from their establishment to June 30, 1895, 
stating the years in which the coinage was made : 

COINAGE BY THE MEXICAN MINTS FROM THEIR ESTABLISHMENT IN 
1535 TO JUNE 30, 1895. 



PERIOD OF COINAGE. 


MINTS. 


COINAGE. 


1868-1895 


Alamos 


$ 22,828,869 
1,321,545 


1863-1866 


Catorce 


i8ii-i8g5 


Chihuahua 


62,465,756 


1846—1895 


Culiacan 


46,438,169 


18 1 1— 1895 




67,128,366 


1812-1895 


Guadalajara. 


64,127,846 


1844.-184Q 


Guadalupe y Calvo 


4,375,062 


1812— 1895 


Guanajuato 


307,364,150 


1852-1895 


Hermosilla. 


19,659,506 
2,453,110,110 


ICTC— iSo'; 


Mexico 


i8';7-i8q'; 




5,761,045 


1827-1893 


San Luis Potosi 


113,143,358 


1810-1812 


Sombrerete 


1,551,248 


1827-1830 


Tlalpam 


1,162,660 


1810-1895 


Zacatecas , 

Total 


350,341,499 






From 1535 to 1895 


$3,520,779,189 







I give a statement of the production of gold and silver in Mexico 
in the fiscal years 1879-1880, 1889-1890 and 1894-1895, which shows 



1 88 Statistical IRotes on /IDejico. 

a considerable increase in each of those years, and this statement only 
represents such amounts of the precious metals as were either exported 
in bullion or taken to the mints, and not the production that is other- 
wise disposed of. 

PRODUCTION OF GOLD AND SILVER IN MEXICO IN THE FISCAL YEARS 
1879-1880, 1889-1890 AND 1894-1895. 





1879- 


1880. 


1889-1890. 


1894-1 


395. 




Kilo- 
grams. 


i 



Value. 


Kilo- 
grams. 





Value. 


Kilo- 
grams. 


i 

u 




Value. 


Gold coined 

Gold exported 


772 
622 


598 
032 


$ 521,826 
420,131 


360 
677 


219 
524 


$ 243,298 
457,611 


807 
6,217 


260 

351 


$ 545,237 
4,199,305 


Total 


1,394 


630 


941,957 


1,037 


743 


700,909 


7,024 


611 


4,744,542 




Silver coined, 

Silver exported .... 


587,034 
74,302 


310 


34,018,529 
3,040,079 


594,606 
362,418 


526 
697 


24,328,326 
14,828,361 


675,277 
747,283 


551 
49° 


27,628,981 
30,575,104- 


Total 


661,337 


114 


27,058,608 


957,025 


223 


39,156,687 


1,422,561 


041 


58,204,085 


Total of gold and 






$28,000,565 






$39,857,596 






$62,948,627 





The following statement gives the exports of the precious metals 
from Mexico during the same years embraced in the preceding table. 

EXPORT OF PRECIOUS METALS AND MINERALS FROM MEXICO IN THE 
FISCAL YEARS 1879-1880, 1889-1890 AND 1894-1895. 





VALUE IN MEXICAN DOLLARS, 




I 879-1880. 


1889-189O. 


I 894-1 895. 


Argentiferous copper 








Gold ore 






59,660 

10,935,353 

34,887 

164,113 

4,139,645 


Silver ore 




6,394,662 
13,204 
96,592 

457,6x1 


Foreign gold coined 


220,567 
760,683 
420,132 


Mexican gold coined 


Gold bullion 


Mixed gold 


Foreign silver coined 


314,537 
16,783,317 


141,033 

23,084,489 

1,810 

7,259,959 


485,326 

17,077,119 

50,866 

18,803,876 


Mexican silver coined 


Base silver 


Silver bullion 


3,040,079 

581 


Manufactured silver 


Mixed silver 


368,872 
803,058 




Sulphite of silver 




785,009 


Argentiferous lead 

Argentiferous zinc 




















21,539,896 


38,621,290 


52,535,854 



Coinage* 



189 



It may be interesting to state the amount of silver exported and 
coined in Mexican mints from 1874 to 1896, which is the following : 





EXPOP.TED. 


COINED. 


1874.— 7^? 


$ 16,038,215 

20,853,074 
19,339,151 
20,307,563 
17,774,910 
15,700,704 
28,441,212 
32,242,770 
32,770,900 
29,160,835 
32,642,785 
30,286,247 
37,982,948 
37,912,848 
35,259,131 
46,272,391 

44,303,593 
36,012,950 
36,716,870 
46,722,823 


$ 19,386,958 

19,454.054 
21,415,128 


1875-76 


1876-77 


1877-78 


22,084,203 
22,162,988 
24,018,529 
24,617,395 
25,146,260 
24,083,922 

25.377,379 
25,840,728 
26,991,805 
26,844,031 
25,862,977 
26,031,223 
24,328,326 
24,237,449 
25,527,018 


1878-70 


1879-80 


1880-81 


1881-82 


1882-83 


1883-84 


1884-85 


1885-86 


1886-87 

1887-88 


1888-89 


1889—90 


i8qo-qi 


i8qi-q2 


1892-03 


27,169,876 
30,185,612 
27,628,981 
22,634,788 


i8q'^-q4 


1804— 05 


i8q5-q6 








$616,741,920 


$541,029,630 



The preceding statement gives correct data of the exports of silver 
from the fiscal year 1874-1875 to the fiscal year 1895-1896, excepting 
the years 1875-1876 and 1876-1877, which are not included for want 
of data. The difference between the two amounts for these years is 
$75,7 1 2,290, showing the large proportion of silver which was not coined, 
and was exported in bullion. 

The following statement shows that the export of Mexican 
silver reached almost its minimum in the year 1 887-1888, and its maxi- 
mum in the year 1892-1893, with the exception of the last one. The 
minimum coincided with the first sterling loan negotiated by Mexico ; 
the second sterling loan negotiated in 1890 caused a decrease in the 
export of Mexican silver coin of 26 per cent., as compared with the 
previous fiscal year of 1889-1890. 

The export of silver bullion has steadily increased since 187 2-1 873, 
until it was in 1895-1896 seventeen times as large as in the first named 
year. During the first fiscal year of those embraced in the above table, 
the export of silver bullion was 1.4 to 22.6 as compared with silver coin, 
and in the year 1895-1896 the proportion was 15.3 to 20.5. In the 
year 1872-1873 the export of silver bullion represented 6 per cent, of 



190 



statistical Botes on /SDejico, 



the total export of silver, while in the fiscal year 1895-1896 it repre- 
sented 20 per cent. 

The export of silver ore only began in the fiscal year 1886-1887. 

EXPORTS OF SILVER FROM JULY 1ST, 1872, TO JUNE 30TH, 1896. 



FISCAL YEARS. 

1872-1873 

1873-1874 

1874-187S 

Average in three years. . . 

1877-1878 

1878-1879 

1879-1S80 

1880-1881 

1881-1882 

Average in five years. . . . 

1882-1883 

83-1 
84-1 
85-1 
B6-1 

Average in five years 

1887-1888 

1888-1889 

i88g-i8go 

1890-1891 

1891-1892 

Average in five years 

1892-1893 

1893-1894 

1894-1895 , 

1895-1896 

Average in four years 

Total in the twenty-two years 

Average for the twenty-two years 



$ 22,626,065 
17,021,405 
15-372,254 



$ 18,339,908 



$ 18,120,297 
16,366,877 
16,783,317 
13,183,955 
11,607,888 



$ 15,212,467 



22,969,584 
25,999,876 
25,394,262 
21,969,958 
2i,953i7S9 



$ 23,657,488 



7.794,245 
22,686,337 
23,084,489 
17,622,171 
26,478,376 



$ 19,533,124 



$ 27,170,865 
17,386,338 
17,077,119 
20,377,663 



$ 20,502,996 



$ 1,459,426 
1,217,853 
1,843,523 



$ 1,506,934 



2,560,859 
2,650,400 
3,040,079 
3,976,879 
3,540,994 



$ 3,153,842 



4,773,928 
5,311,310 
5,899,297 
5,261,502 
6,128,239 



5,474,85s 



$ 4,771,328 
6,862,510 
7,628,831 
7,480,354 
7,853,757 



$ 6,919,356 



$ 8,126,593 
7,881,897 
18,803,876 
26,345,160 



$ 15,289,381 



$ 199,596 

240,769 

79,443 



$ 173,269 



10,129 



6,010 



30,105 
67,815 



1,809,873 
3,737,883 



$ 1,129,135 



$ 4,547,250 
7,623,589 
6,394,662 
8,874,457 
10,478,264 



$ 7,583,644 



$10,940,750 
9,023,596 
10,935,353 
10,885,479 



$10,446,294 



OTHER 
FORMS. 



8,716 
1,359 
3,920 



$ 4,665 



87 

2,812 

581 

376 

5,079 



1,787 



"3,537 
111,112 

153,489 
145,070 
823,951 



$ 269,432 



$ 475,942 

830,304 

804,869 

1,282,151 

3,237,116 



$ 1,326,076 



$ 9,008,215 

11,119,345 

835,875 

1,138,245 



$ 5,525,420 



TOTAL 

VALUE. 



24,293,803 
18,481,386 
17,299,140 



$ 20,024,776 



20,701,163 
19,020,089 
19,823,977 
17,161,210 
15,163,990 



$ 18,374,086 



$ 27,892,134 
31,490,113 
31,446,848 
29,186,403 
32,643,832 



$ 30,531,870 



$ 17,588,765 
38,002,740 
37,912,851 

35,259,133 
48,047,513 



$ 35,362,200' 



55,246,423, 
45,411,176 
47,652,223 
58,746,547 



$ 51,764,092 



$429,047,100 



$143,418,595 



$85,898,933 



$30,102,151 



$ 19,502,140 



$ 6,519,027 



$ 3,904,496 



$ 1,368,279 



$31,294,158 



MEXICAN GOLD EXPORTS. 



Our production of gold used to be very small for reasons already 
given, but the present high price of that metal is increasing consider- 
ably our output of the same. 

The exports of gold from Mexico in the fiscal year ended June 30, 
1896, amounted to $5,800,000, as declared by the Mexican Bureau of 
Statistics, but even this statement is not correct, as it needs the follow- 
ing additions, shown by experience and reliable authorities : about 
15 per cent, for gold exports made without any return, 2 per cent, for 
undervaluation, 0.5 per cent, used in the arts in Mexico, i per cent., 
possibly more now, with the increasing prosperity of the country, re- 
tained in the banks, 2 per cent, in circulation, making a total of 20.5 
per cent, to be added to the official return, which brings up the produc- 



/IDejican 6ol& BjporteC), 



191 



tion of gold in Mexico to $6,989,000 for the year 1896 and even this 
figure is considered very low. 

Mexican Gold Exported to the United States. — The United States is 
our principal market for the gold we produce. 

The following statement furnished to me on February 6, 1897, by 
the Director of the Mint of the Treasury Department of the United 
States, contains the imports of gold bullion, ore and coin into the 
United States, as reported by the Collector of Customs, from 1891 to 
1895, and from the fiscal years ending June 30, 1892, to June 30, 1896. 



IMPORTS OF GOLD BULLION, ORE AND COIN FROM MEXICO INTO THE 
UNITED STATES AS REPORTED BY COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS. 



YEARS. 


ORE. 


BULLION. 


COIN. 


TOTAL. 


1801 


% 222,088 
711,672 
507,647 
673,583 

997,221 


$1,192,183 
1,714,440 
1,566,728 
1,064,721 
2,435,296 


% 367,015 

380,711 

265,315 

38,376 

34,217 


% 1,781,286 
2,806,823 
2,339,690 
1,776,680 
3,466,734 


1892 


\'^Q'X 


1804. 


1805 




Total 


$3,112,211 


$7,973,368 


$1,085,634 


$12,171,213 





" For additional information see Report on Production of Precious Metals, 1894, 
page 248, and the same report for 1895, page 289. 

"Yours, R. D. Preston, 

" Mint Bureau, February 6, 1897." 

" IMPORTS OF GOLD ORE, BULLION AND COIN FROM MEXICO INTO THE 
UNITED STATES AS REPORTED BY COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS. 



FISCAL YEARS ENDING 
JUNE 30. 


ORE. 


BULLION. 


COIN. 


TOTAL. 


1892 


f 246,849 

886,284 

502,023 

810,066 

1,108,839 


$1,336,593 
1,923,565 

1,210,757 

1,635,852 
2,826,327 


$ 542,499 

300,012 

116,823 

36,835 

72,482 


$ 2,125,941 
3,109,861 
1,829,603 
2,482,7';'^ 


i8q<? 


1804 


i8q5 


1896 


4,007,648 






Total 


$3,554,061 


$8,933,094 


$1,068,651 


$13,555,806 





" Treasury Department, Mint Bureau, February 6, 1897." 

Mr. Preston completed the above information with other data ob- 
tained from private parties in the following manner : communicated to 
me in a letter dated, February 6, 1897, enclosing the two preceding 
statements. 

"I would add, for your information, that from returns received by this Bureau, 
from private refineries, and the deposits of foreign bullion at the Mints and Assay 



192 



statistical Botes on /IDejico. 



Offices of the United States during the calendar years 1894 and 1895 the amount of 
gold credited to Mexico was reported to be as follows : 

1894. 
Reported by private refineries as extracted from Mexican ores and 

bullion $2,360,765 

Gold bullion deposited at the United States Assay Office at New York. . . 735,787 
Deposited at the Mint at San Francisco 290,713 

Total $3,387,265 

1895. 

Gold extracted from Mexican ores and bullion by private refineries $3,843,783 

Gold deposited at the United States Assay Office at New York 560,775 

Mexican gold bullion deposited at the United States Mint at San Francisco 504,745 

Total $4,909,303 

The preceding official data from the United States Treasury Depart- 
ment was not complete, as will appear from the following table pre- 
pared by the Bureau of Statistics of the Mexican Republic : 

GOLD EXPORTED FROM MEXICO TO THE UNITED STATES. 
CALENDAR YEARS. 





1891. 


1892. 


1893. 


1894. 


1895. 


1896. 




$ 16,700 
53,769 
497,400 


$ 100,595 
45,290 
279,699 
126,184 


$ 113,548 
91,936 
99,415 
257,761 


$ 5,767 

177,089 

1,606,152 

144,515 


$ 87,695 

109,421 

4,368,898 


$ 324,30s 

477,505 

6,851,564 

528,460 

31.231 
3,026 




Bullion ^ 


Mixed ^ 






31,231 
3,026 


Sulphite 




















According to information 


$ 567,869 
$1,781,286 


$ 551,768 
2,806,823 


$ 562,660 
2,339,690 


$1,933,523 
1,776,680 


$4,600,271 
3,466,734 


$8,216,091 
12,171,213 


According to information 
from the United States 




-1- $1,213,417 


+ $2,255,055 


-1- $1,777,030 


- $ 156,843 


- $1,133,537 


+ $3,955,122 










FISCAL 


YEARS. 








1891-1892. 


1892-1893. 


1893-1894. 


1894-1895. 


1895-1896. 


TOTAL. 




$ 31,289 
41,259 
474,156 


$ 145,785 
74,798 
115,642 
271,913 


$ 55,799 
121,915 
116,994 
256,547 


$ 8,889 

150,544 
3,687,872 


$ i6o,ss5 

147,981 

4,608,959 


$ 402,317 

536,497 
9,003,623 
528,460 
80,947 
31,332 














80,947 
31,332 






















According to information 


$ 546,704 
2,125,941 


$ 608,138 
3,109,861 


$ 551,255 
1,829,603 


$3,847,305 
2,482,753 


$5,029,774 
4,007,648 


$10,583,176 
13,555,806 


According to information 
from the United States 




+ $1,579,237 


+ $2,501,723 


+ $1,278,348 


- $1,364,552 


— $1,022,126 


+ $2,972,630 





^ From the 1st of July, 1894, the " Bullion " includes the value of the gold contained in the mixed ore. 

This instance shows how difficult it is for the commercial statistics 
of both countries to agree, even when the merchandise is entered with 
the same value in both as in the present case. 



"(Railways. 



193 



RAILWAYS. 

The following table contains a list of all the railways, exclusive of 
the tramways, built in Mexico up to October 31, 1896, prepared by the 
Department of Communications of the United Mexican States : 

OFFICIAL STATEMENT MADE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS 

OF THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT OF THE RAILROAD MILEAGE 

IN OPERATION ON OCTOBER 3 1, 1 896. 

(i) The initials at the beginning of each line of this table stand for the guage of the railroads ; S. for 
standard, N. for narrow, and B. for both. 





DATE 


3F 






NAME. 








LENGTH. 


FROM AND TO. 




CONCESSION. 






(i) S. Mexican. 


Nov. 


27, 


1867 


292.50 


Mexico to Veracruz and Apizaco 
to Puebla. 


S. Merida to Progreso. 


Jan. 


17, 


1874 


22.65 


Merida to Progreso. 


N. Hidalgo. 


Feb. 


2, 


1878 


92-43 


Tepa to Sototlan, Tepa to Pa- 
chuca and San Augustin to 
Tepa. 

Veracruz to Medellin and Me- 


B, Veracruz to Alvarado. 


Mar. 


26, 


1878 


43-75 












dellin to Alvarado. 


N. Merida to Peto. 


Mar. 


27, 


1878 


68.97 


Merida to Ingenio de Sta. Maria. 


N. Interoceanic from 


Apr. 


16, 


1878 


489.74 


Mexico to Veracruz, Mexico to 


Acapulco to Vera- 










Puente Ixtla by Morelos and 


cruz. 










branches of Virreyes to Libres 
and San Nicolas. 


N. Puebla to Izucar de 


May 


6, 


1878 


52.39 


Los Arcos to Cholula, Cholula 


Matamoros. 










to Atlixco and Atlixco to 
Matamoros. 


S. Mexican Western. 


Aug. 


16, 


1880 


38.48 


Culiacan to Altata. 


S. Mexican Central. 


Sept. 


8, 


1880 


1,877-15 


Mexico to Paso del Norte, Silao 
to Guanajuato, Irapuato to 
Guadalajara, Aguascalientes 
to Tampico, San Bias to Hua- 
ristemba and Guadalajara to 
Ameca. 


N. Mexican National. 


Sept. 


13, 


1880 


1,056.16 


Mexico to Laredo, Acambaro 
to Psatzcuaro, Matamoros to 
S. Miguel, Mexico to Salto, 
belt tramways from suburbs 
of Mexico called La Colonia 
extension to Salto. 


N. Mexican National 


Sept. 


13, 


1880 


88.30 


Manzanillo to Colima and Za- 


Construction Com- 










catecas to Ojo Caliente. 


pany. 












S. Sonora. 


Sept. 


14, 


1880 


262.40 


Guaymas to Nogales. 


N. Merida to Valladolid. 


Dec. 


15, 


1880 


67-53 


Merida to Valladolid and Pro- 
greso to Conical. 


N. Tlalmanalco. 


Feb. 


3, 


1881 


16.56 


Tlalmanalco to Chalco and 
Amecameca. 


N. Merida to Campeche. 


Feb. 


23, 


1881 


97.80 


Merida to Campeche, Campeche 
to Calkini and connecting line 
with the railroad from Merida 
to Progreso. 



194 



Statistical Botes on /lDe$ico. 



NAME. 


DATE OF 
CONCESSION. 


LENGTH. 


FROM AND TO. 


N. Campeche to Lerma. 


Feb. 


23, 1881 


3-73 


Campeche to Lerma. 


S. Mexican Interna- 


June 


7, 1881 


658.28 


Portirio Diaz City to Torreom 


tional. 








and Durango, Sabinas tO' 
Hondo, Matamoros to Zara- 
goza. Homos to San Pedro,, 
branch from Velardena and 
Monclova to Cuatro Cienegas. 


N. Nautla to San Mar- 


June 


25, 1881 


47.22 


San Marcos toward Nautla and 


cos. 








branch to Libres. 


N. San Juan Bautista to 


Sept. 


17, 1881 


3.57 


S. Juan Bautista to Tamulte. 


Paso del Carrizal. 










S. Chalchicomula. 


Sept. 


20, 1 88 1 


6.43 


San Andres Chalchicomula. 


S. Orizaba to Ingenio. 


Sept. 


22, 1881 


4.69 


Orizaba to Ingenio. 


S. Santa Ana to Tlax- 


Dec. 


II, 1882 


5.28 


Santa Ana to Tlaxcala. 


cala. 










N. Cardenas to the River 


May 


12, 1883 


4.66 


Cardenas to the River Grijalva. 


Grijalva. 










N. Toluca to San Juan 


May 


25, 1883 


9-77 


Toluca to San Juan de las 


de las Iluertas. 








Huertas. 


N. Vanegas, Cedral, 


June 


II, 1883 


40.39 


Vanegas to Cedral and branch. 


Matehuala and Rio 








to Potrero. 


Verde. 










S. Tehuacan to Esper- 


Nov. 


28, 1883 


31.07 


Esperanza to Tehuacan. 


anza. 
S. Merida to Izamal. 


May 


15, 1884 


40.91 


Merida to Izamal. 


S. Chihuahua and Hi- 


Nov. 


13, 1884 


6.83 


Chihuahua to the Sierra Madre 


dalgo to the Sierra 








and Jimenez to Balleza. 


Madre. 










N. Southern Mexican. 


Apr. 


21, 1886 


228.00 


Puebla to Oaxaca. 


S. Tonala to Textla and 


Dec. 


16, 1886 


31.07 


Tonala to Kilomete. 


Frontera. 










S. Lower California. 


May 


25, 1887 


16.78 


San Quintin to the Colorado 
River. 


S. Monterey to the Gulf. 


Nov. 


ID, 1887 


388.12 


Monterey to Trevino and Mon- 
terey to Tampico. 


N. Tecolutla to Espinal. 


Dec. 


ID, 1887 


13.04 


Tecolutla to Espinal. 


S. Cordova to Tuxtepec. 


May 


19, 1888 


31.69 


Cordova to Motzorongo. 


S. Pachuca to Tampico. 


June 


5, 1888 


6.21 


Isolated Branch. 


N. Maravatio to Cuer- 


Aug. 


16, 1888 


40.84 


Maravatio towards Cuernavaca 


navaca. 








and branches to Agangueo to 
Trojes. 


N. Mexican Northeast- 


Aug. 


28. 1888 


31.12 


Mexico to Tizayuca. 


ern. 
N. Salamanca to Jaral. 


Aug. 


30, 1888 


21.75 


Salamanca to Jaral. 


N. Monte Alto. 


Aug. 


30, 1888 


6.21 


Tlalnepantla to Pedregal. 


N. Veracruz to Boca del 


Aug. 


31, 1888 


13-67 


Veracruz to Boca del Rio. 


Rio. 










S. National Tehuante- 


Government 


192.38 


Coatzacoalcas to Salina Cruz. 


pec. 


Road. 






S. Ometusco to Pachuca. 


May 


25, 1889 


28.40 


Ometusco to Pachuca. 


S. Puebla Industrial. 


July 


21, 1889 


22.21 


Puebla to Constancia, Cholula 
and Huejotzingo. 


S. Tula to Pachuca. 


Dec. 


20, 1889 


43-49 


Tula to Pachuca. 


S. Minero. 


Mar. 


20, 1890 


80.94 


Escalon to Sierra Mojada and 
branches. 


S. Mexico to Cuernavaca 


May 


30, 1890 


58-65 


Mexico to Tres Marias and 


and the Pacific. 








Puente de Ixtla to Mexcala. 


N. Mixcalco to Santa 


June 


13, 1890 


2-77 


Mixcalco to Santa Cruz. 


Cruz. 











IRailwai^s, 



19s 



NAME. 


DATE OF 


LENGTH. 


FROM AND TO. 




CONCESSION. 






N. Izucar of Matamoros 


Nov. 


21, 1890 


24.85 


Matamoros towards Acapulco. 


to Acapulco. 










N. Toluca to Tenango. 


Nov. 


24, 1891 


4.35 


Toluca to Tenango. 


N. Hacienda of Xava- 


Mar. 


24, 1892 


2.49 


Hacienda of Xavaleta to San 


leta to the San 








Rafael Paper Mill. 


Rafael Paper Fac- 










S. Esperanza to Xuchil. 


Nov. 


29, 1892 


15.84 


Esperanza to Xuchil Station. 


N. Guanajuato to Do- 


May 


24, 1893 


6.21 


Rincon on the National Rail- 


lores, Hidalgo and 








road to San Luis de la Paz. 


San Luis de la Paz. 










S. Villa Lerdo to San 


June 


3, 1893 


15.84 


Villa Lerdo to Sacramento. 


Pedro de la Colo- 










nia. 










N. Celaya to the farms 


June 


2, 1893 


9.07 


Celaya to the farms of Roque 


of Roque and Plan- 








and Plancarte. 


carte. 










N. From La Compania 


June 


13, 1893 


5-17 


La Compaiiia to the Zoquiapan 


to the Zoquiapan 








farm. 


farm. 










S. Cazadero to Solis. 


May 


24, 1893 


18.64 


Cazadero to point between 
the stations of Solis and 
Tepetongo. 


S . I ndustrial Railroads . 


Dec. 18, 1895 
Total 


1.86 


Mexico to Xochimilco. 




(0 

6,791.30 





(i) This amount does not include the tramways. 



RESUME OF RAILWAYS IN MEXICO IN 1895. 

KILOMETERS. MILES. 

Railroads under Federal Grants 10,723, k 113 6,663,022 

Tramways 427, 583 265,687 

Surburban Railways connecting towns 410, 164 254,863 

Railroads belonging to private parties 87, 000 54.059 

Portable Railroad, Decauville System 242, 252 150,527 

Total ii,890,kii2 7,388,158 

As I have already stated most of the roads built in Mexico have 
obtained large subsidies from the government, and that fact has con- 
tributed very materially to their present prosperous financial condition, 
as they have used the proceeds of the subsidy, not only to build the 
roads, but in some cases to pay the interest on their bonds. On the 
whole Mexican roads are very prosperous, and the following statements 
taken from the official reports of the principal roads shows their trade 
and earnings are increasing considerably. 

The Mexican roads like the Mexican Government have been very 
much crippled by their obligation to pay in gold the interest on their 
bonds and dividends on their shares, and as they collect their freights 



196 



statistical Botes on /iDejtco. 



in silver, they have to buy gold at current prices to pay their gold 
obligations, and the depreciation of silver causes them a very great 
loss, but notwithstanding that serious drawback, the increase in their 
business and earnings has been such as to place them in a position to 
meet their gold obligations. 

I give below a statement of the traffic and receipts of the three 
principal railways in Mexico, namely : the Mexican Central, Mexican 
National, and Mexican International, which I have obtained directly 
from the respective companies. I also give similar statements from 
the other roads, which I have taken from statements published by the 
Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 1895. 

Mexican Central. — The Mexican Central is the largest road so far 
built in Mexico. The whole of the main line was opened for traffic 
in 1884, and all figures for traffic previous to July i, 1884, were 
thrown into Construction Accounts. The annexed statement of freights 
and earnings of this road begins therefore in 1885, and shows a decided 
increase every year. I also append a statement of the traffic and 
earnings of this road and its branch from Tula to Pachuca, from 1881 
to 1895, taken from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 
1895, which has been compiled from data furnished by the company 
to the Mexican Government. (See first table on page 197.) 



EARNINGS OF THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY FROM 1885 TO 1896. 

MEXICAN CURRENCY. 



CALEN- 
DAR 

YEAR. 


MILEAGE 
OPER- 
ATED. 


METRIC 

TONS 

FREIGHT. 


FREIGHT 
EARNINGS. 


NUMBER 
OF PAS- 
SENGERS. 


PASSENGER 
EARNINGS. 


ALL OTHER 

EARNINGS. 


TOTAL GROSS 
EARNINGS. 


1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

i8gi 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 


1,235.90 
1,235.90 
1,235.90 
1,316.40 
1,461.85 
1,527.20 
1,665.11 
1,824.83 
1,846.64 
1,859.83 
1,859.83 
1,869.60 


226,138 

245,398 

346,898 

507,631 

540,546 

609,382 

867,657 

1,091,785 

860,187 

898,484 

1,047,038 

1,231,025 


$ 2,287,410 14 
2,511,028 78 
3,458,006 46 
4,244,648 52 
4,683,290 74 
4,702,142 48 
5,625,668 51 
6,183,149 29 
6,130,347 06 
6,440,713 23 
7,145,041 44 
7,646,257 99 


512,272 
573,896 
601,393 
581,967 
675,144 
723,928 

742,993 
731,42s 
792,025 

945,434 
1,030,911 
1,259,623 


% 1,100,268 62 
1,168,750 24 
1,235,284 05 
1,321,511 96 
1,420,37s 76 

1,436,317 68 
1,470,940 SI 
1,439,571 60 
1,443,793 73 
1,576,801 33 
1,828,072 61 
1,934,612 78 


$ 171,882 00 
177,926 83 
193,288 16 
208,170 83 

233,558 88 
287,233 92 
277,929 00 
340,532 80 
407,627 52 
408,510 72 
522,751 63 
627,149 62 


% 3,559,560 76 
3,857,705 85 
4,886,578 67 
5,774,331 31 
6,337,225 38 
6,425,694 08 
7,374,538 02 
7,963,253 69 
7,981,768 31 
8,426,025 28 

9,495,865 68 
10,208,020 39 


TotaL . 


18,938.99 


8,472,169 


$61,057,704 64 


9,171,011 


117,376,300 87 


$3,856,561 91 


$82,290,567 42 



Mexican National. — The Mexican National obtained its first con- 
cession from the Mexican Government in 1877, but it was amended 
from time to time thereafter, until all the amended grants were grouped 
in the concession approved July 5, 1886, under which the road is now 
operated. The old companies did not print any reports, and there is 
no data running back further than the time when the bondholders took 
possession of the property at the foreclosure sale, which occurred in 
the City of Mexico on May 23, 1887. I give a statement of the traffic 



IRailwa^s. 



197 



and earnings of the road from 1873 to 1895, taken from the Amiario 
Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana in 1895, which was compiled with 
data furnished to the Mexican Government by the company. 



CENTRAL RAILWAY AND BRANCH FROM TULA TO PACHUCA. 









FREIGHT. 






Pi 


PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 






MISCELLANEOUS 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 






RECEIPTS. 


>i 






Tons. 


Kilos. 






I88I 


303,543 


$ 62,270 20 


7,012 


436 


% 33,413 44 


% 95,683 64 


1882 


• 491,985 


442,726 54 


202,304 


993 


1,289,387 24 


1,732,113 78 


1883 


653,669 


726,830 09 


167,356 


565 


2,876,906 29 


3,603,736 38 


1884 


761,687 


1,111,906 96 


190,423 


972 


2,662,684 86 


3,774,591 82 


1885 


• 694,894 


1,111,062 54 


331,700 


260 


2,484,325 68 


3,595,388 22 


i8Sb 


• 769,655 


1,185,662 53 


255,027 


III 


2,754,613 02 


3,940,275 55 


1887 


797,693 


1,251,743 98 


356,448 


976 


3,721,358 13 


4,973,102 II 


1888 


756,560 


1,337,734 io 


519,261 


394 


4,554,830 53 


5,892,564 63 


i88q 


683,147 


1,436,301 06 


576,324 


408 


5,081,628 68 


6,517,929 74 


1890 


736,730 


1,487,086 60 


694,966 


914 


5,212,261 40 


6,699,348 00 


1891 


753,276 


1,512,415 42 


1,005,447 


237 


6,167,092 56 


7,679,507 98 


1892 


• 735,363 


1,442,310 99 


1,100,364 


029 


6,534,507 42 


7,976,818 41 


1893 


792,025 


1,443,793 73 


860,186 


545 


6,537,974 58 


7,981,768 31 


1894 


945,434 


1,576,801 35 


898,484 


071 


6,849,223 95 


8,426,025 30 


1895 


. 1,030,911 


1,828,072 61 


1,047,037 


836 


7,767,793 03 
^64,528,000 81 


9,595,865 64 


Tota 


10,906,572 


$17,956,718 70 


8,212,346 


747 


$82,484,719 51 






MEXICAN 


NATIONA 


L RAI 


LROAD. 




en 






FREIGt 


IT. 


MISCEL- 






PAS- 


PASSENGER 








TOTAL 


< 










LANEOUS 


















> 






Tons. 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 




1873 

1874 


247,547 
584,075 


1 17,425 65 
40,446 01 








$ 17,425 65 
40,744 87 


298 


860 


$ 298 86 


1875 


486,788 


43,027 18 


221 


140 


221 14 


43,248 32 


1876 


486,000 


43,437 24 


698 


245 


709 41 


44,146 65 


1877 


565,572 


52,759 84 


346 


499 


275 75 


53,035 59 


1878 


529,333 


71,193 68 


3,209 


097 


3,845 61 


75,039 29 


1879 


535.806 


74,277 07 


8,102 


920 


15,329 07 


89,606 14 


1880 


466,897 


91,505 23 


18,191 


400 


41,983 90 


133,489 13 


I881 


903,049 


124,452 13 


26,234 


150 


47,320 00 


171,772 13 


1882 


900,855 


225,267 21 


105,549 


146 


229,586 51 


454,853 72 


1883 


1,071,835 


341,614 87 


140,185 


779 


366,320 26 


707,935 13 


1884 


878,878 


517,316 80 


254,804 


000 


743,423 74 


1,260,740 54 


1885 


839.573 


492,822 92 


177,179 


000 


803,291 20 


1,296,114 12 


1886 


891,711 


538,359 97 


132,661 


000 


1,018,018 51 


1,556,378 48 


1887 


884,541 


537,520 17 


307,435 


000 


1,120,950 34 


1,658,470 51 


1888 


907,113 


691,915 03 


370,300 


527 


1,880,684 24 


2,572,599 27 


1889 


929,685 


864,309 90 


430,166 


055 


2,640,418 14 


3,504,728 04 


1890 


937,527 


887.437 19 


487,598 


563 


2,684,550 59 


3,561,987 78 


189I 


998,617 


994,951 69 


515,164 


143 


3,057,891 00 


4,052,842 69 


1892 


1,012,786 


973,768 72 


605,545 


610 


3,643,784 47 


4,617,553 19 


1893 


935,167 


972,488 57 


571,524 


780 


3,191,146 37 


4,163,634 94 


1894 


576,574 


865,698 53 


527,440 


000 


3,246,375 07 


4,112,073 60 


1895 


926,516 


1,005,515 55 


642,535 


071 


3,426,841 93 


4,432,357 48 


Tota 


1 17,496,445 


$10,467,511 15 


5,325,390 


985 


$28,152,266 II 


$38,609,777 26 



198 



statistical notes on /IDejico. 



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IRailwa^s, 



199 



I also append a statement of the freights, passengers, express, tele- 
graphs, and miscellaneous receipts, as well as the expenses and earn- 
ings of the road from the year 1889 to 1896, taken from the last 
official report of the companies. It will be noticed that the traffic and 
receipts of this road, like the Central, have been steadily increasing 
from the time at which it began to be operated. (See table on page 198.) 

MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILROAD COMPANY. 
GROSS EARNINGS IN MEXICAN MONEY. 









FREIGHT. 






YEAR. 


NO. OF 

pass'g'rs. 


passenger 
receipts. 






FREIGHT 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 








RECEIPTS. 








Tons. 


Kilos. 






yrom Dec. 


) 












3d, 1883- 


Y 15.942 


$ 32,408 45 


15,129 


723 


$ 37,575 00 


$ 69,983 45 


1884 


!i 












1885 


9.853 


25,881 44 


50,896 


181 


118,177 80 


144,059 24 


1886 


10,411 


29,242 61 


55.877 


079 


144,311 09 


173,553 70 


1887 


9.796 


32,516 71 


86,889 


772 


189,184 86 


221,701 57 


1888 


41,170 


125,848 48 


116,561 


273 


459,906 57 


585,755 05 


1889 


53.194 


140,676 05 


180,544 


270 


691,477 04 


832,153 09 


1890 


59.327 


149,258 43 


222,856 


211 


894,944 35 


1,044,202 78 


1891 


64,641 


170,304 00 


216,465 


739 


956,546 91 


1,126,850 91 


1892 


60,967 


181,378 14 


390,802 


838 


1,836,958 51 


2,018,336 65 


1893 


74.577 


219,624 38 


335,200 


769 


1,743,140 42 


1,962,764 80 


1894 


77,456 


208,551 86 


376,734 


430 


1,873,974 91 


2,082,526 77 


1895 


102,858 


276,514 04 


469,641 


859 


2,197,463 36 


2,473,977 40 


3896 


111,480 


313,904 13 


525,951 


874 


2,453,223 54 


2,767,127 67 


Total . . 


691,672 


$1,906,108 72 


3,043,552 


018 


$13,596,884 36 


$15,502,993 08 



MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY. 
(STATEMENT FURNISHED BY THE COMPANY.) 



AVERAGE 

KILOMETRES 

OPERATED. 



GROSS EARNINGS. 



AVERAGE 

EARNINGS 

PER 

KILOMETRE. 



AVERAGE 
EARNINGS 
PER MILE. 



1884 

1885... 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

^[894 

1895 

1896 

Total 



245.20 

273-58 
273.58 
273-58 
573-97 
636 34 

637-38 
658.30 

746.37 
922.19 
922.19 

947.23 
1,011.02 



103,307 98 

153,916 18 

185,150 25 

237.394 13 

656,781 41 

911,698 51 

1,126,366 41 

1,197,856 55 

2,095,726 14 

2,050,934 01 

2,169,121 47 

2,664,126 08 

2,900,925 33 



421 49 

562 59 

676 76 

867 73 

1,144 28 

1,432 73 

1,745 64 

1,819 69 

2,807 89 

2,226 15 

2,352 14 

2,8X2 54 
2,869 30 



6x2 37 

905 39 
1,098 XI 

1,396 43 
1,841 47 
2,305 64 
2.839 77 
2,924 02 
4,518 67 
3,579 04 
3,785 29 
4,526 28 
4,617 69 



8,120.93 



^453,304 45 



$21,738 93 



$34,950 17 



Mexican International. The Mexican International, which has been 
built without any subsidy from the Mexican Government, was opened 
for traffic in 1883, and its traffic and receipts, like the other two roads, 
have steadily increased. I append two statements of this road; the 



200 



Statistical IRotes on /iDejico. 



first, furnished me by the company, embraces its traffic and earnings 
from 1883 to 1896 ; and the second is another statement furnished me 
also by the company, showing the average kilometres operated, gross 
earnings, average earnings per kilometre, and average earnings per mile 
from the years 1884 to 1896. (See the two tables on page 199.) 

Mexican Southern Railway.- — I give below a statement of the number 
of passengers, amount of freight and earnings of the Mexican Southern 
Railway, furnished to me by the Company, embracing nine months of 
the year 1893 and the whole of 1894, as before the ist of April, 1893, 
the road was run by the Contractors, and the Company has no data in 
their possession. I also append a statement taken from the Anuario 
Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 1895, embracing the traffic and 



MEXICAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 



MONTHS. 


PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 


FREIGHT. 


FREIGHT 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 




Tons. Kilos. 




1893. 












February .... 






1 


















April 

May 

June 

Tulv 


12,099 

9,943 

8,154 
11,865 

10,375 
10,405 
10,897 
11,893 
14,452 


% 14,647 21 

11,683 15 

7,119 78 

8,740 20 

9,577 91 

9,751 47 

10,317 54 

12,661 99 

17,096 43 




2,554 
2,262 

1,344 
1,355 
2,568 
2,019 

2,145 
3,296 

2,943 


810 
790 
950 
420 
330 
000 
150 
070 
420 


$ 20,243 01 

15,421 87 
9,541 00 
5,707 05 
23,762 64 
17,322 40 
16,941 41 
16,276 89 
15,702 01 


$ 38,172 41 
29,506 27 
18,209 89 
16,671 95 


August 

September . . . 

October 

November . . . 
December . . . 


35,959 30 
30,947 32 
29,945 71 
31,839 26 
38,308 76 


Total 


100,083 


$101,595 68 


20,489 


940 


1140,918 28 


$269,560 87 



Number of Passengers according to official Tables. 
" Tons " " " 



142,919. 
27,917,510 k. 



MONTHS. 


PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 


FREIGHT. 


FREIGHT 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 




Tons. 


Kilos. 

880 
140 
290 
380 
880 

590 
no 
420 
740 
510 
800 
690 




1894. 

J anuary 

February .... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. . . 

October 

November . . . 
December . . . 


15,255 
14,900 

29,545 
16,527 
18,229 

20,543 
19-471 
18,218 

18,653 
17,814 
16,300 
20,994 


$ 16,146 67 
14,925 48 
21,348 92 
17,195 89 

14,864 75 

15,173 98 
14,023 23 
14,602 85 
15,354 80 
14,954 13 
14,257 08 
18,776 23 


3,187 
3,060 

3,744 
4,010 
4,322 
3,942 
3,828 
3,515 
3,189 
2,973 
2,453 
2,682 


$ 20,083 75 

22,616 16 
25,224 36 

25,184 73 
21,406 14 

23,279 97 
20,637 28 

17,531 15 
16,285 34 
19,374 02 
17,145 58 
17,900 02 


% 39,725 34 
40,935 29 
50,001 II 
45,742 46 
39,720 18 
42,037 56 
38,168 24 
35,709 56 
35,156 99 
38,068 95 
34,691 02 
40,519 83 


Total 


226,449 


$191,624 01 


40,911 


430 


$246,668 50 


$480,476 53 



TRatlwaps, 



20I 



earnings of the Company during the years from 1890 to 1895, taken 
from data furnished by the Company to the Department of Communi- 
cations of Mexico. 

MEXICAN SOUTHERN. 



YEARS. 


PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 


MERCHANDISE. 


OTHER 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 
RECEIPTS. 




Tons. 


Kilos. 


l8go 














i8qi 


76,788 
104,296 
143,037 
225,447 
218,213 


$74,259 78 
109,011 90 

153,233 01 

191,624 01 
196,462 34 


11,506 

26,977 
27,921 
40,911 
36,511 


820 
490 
510 
430 
210 


$ 59,427 26 
152.859 II 
246,862 75 
246,668 50 
287,426 59 


$ 133,687 04 


i8q2 


261,871 01 


i8q^ 


400,095 76 


1804. 


438,292 51 


1895 


483,888 93 


Total 


767.781 


$724,591 04 


143,828 


460 


1993,244 21 


$1,717,835 25 



Other Railroads. The following statement shows the traffic and 
earnings of the Mexican, Interoceanic, Sonora, and minor railroads in 
Mexico, taken from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana 
of 1895, compiled from data furnished by the respective companies to 
the Department of Communications of the Mexican Government. 



MEXICAN RAILROAD. 









MERCHANDISF.. 








PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 






OTHER 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 




Tons. 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 


1873... 


476,287 


$ 482,565 39 


150,473 


812 


% 1,348,344 49 


$ 1,830,909 88 


1874... 


459,601 


467,816 73 


121,935 


229 


1,887,028 76 


2,354,845 49 


1875... 


267,776 


476,546 91 


136,632 


65 


1,970,008 55 


2,446,555 46 


1876... 


245,675 


380,018 73 


132,216 


831 


1,841,717 53 


2,221,736 26 


1877... 


300,591 


533,520 58 


158,537 


56 


2,255,466 03 


2,788,986 61 


1878... 


279,893 


518,318 74 


169,287 


672 


2,440,513 39 


2,958,832 13 


1879... 


293,179 


517,711 92 


190,908 


638 


2,823,013 02 


3,340,724 94 


1880... 


323,088 


548,941 72 


219,930 


162 


3,242,343 II 


3,791,284 83 


I88I... 


331,749 


587,135 85 


278,942 


924 


4,433,648 24 


5,020,784 09 


1882... 


385,621 


696,235 87 


333,979 


556 


5,396,090 55 


6,092,326 42 


1883... 


409,098 


710,636 88 


373,389 


634 


5,115,639 84 


5,826,276 72 


1884... 


389,421 


655,458 83 


236,030 


480 


3,191,916 10 


3,847,374 93 


1885... 


377,512 


603,886 II 


246,169 


949 


2,812,764 22 


3,416,650 33 


1886... 


367,260 


604,278 41 


266,432 


333 


2,714,082 96 


3,318,361 37 


1887... 


380,153 


655,312 23 


301,185 


300 


3,141,903 40 


3,797,215 63 


1888... 


393,679 


694,138 08 


351,070 


36 


3,352,439 37 


4,046,577 45 


1889.. . 


444,149 


765,118 71 


391,627 


274 


3,512,566 64 


4,277,685 35 


1890. . . 


502,139 


701,916 00 


443,794 


979 


3,565,083 50 


4,266,999 50 


I89I... 


620,988 


832,185 94 


464,123 


453 


3,239,764 53 


4,071,950 47 


1892. . . 


628,591 


797,878 35 


408,709 


417 


2,286,389 71 


3,084,268 06 


1893... 


629,892 


768,616 68 


387,400 


277 


2,140,061 75 


2,908,678 43 


1894... 


717,076 


857,525 26 


433,637 


485 


2,063,486 26 


2,921,011 52 


1895... 


772,139 


993,016 63 


453,294 


579 


2,087,844 19 


3,080,860 82 


Total. 


9,995,557 


$14,848,780 55 


6,649,709 


141 


|66,862,ii6 14 


$81,710,896 69 



202 



Statistical Botes on /iDejico, 







INTEROCEANIC 


RAILWAY. 










MERCHANDISE. 








PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 






OTHER 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 




Tons 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 


1880 


228,053 


$65,277 91 


11,431 


145 


36,515 46 


$ 101,793 37 


I88I 


367,116 


105,083 31 


491942 


548 


159,535 64 


264,618 95 


1882 


411,090 


111,029 25 


53,382 


385 


258,221 05 


369,250 30 


1883 


406,016 


223,049 58 


56,822 


222 


356,906 46 


579,956 04 


1884 


634,306 


247,528 50 


131,385 


319 


407,593 64 


655,122 14 


1885 


606,510 


240,233 70 


167,970 


265 


436,345 10 


676,578 80 


1886 


569,421 


224,815 19 


148,001 


913 


482,003 18 


706,818 37 


1887 


621,295 


239,812 48 


174,194 


156 


570,033 20 


809,845 68 


1888 


673,169 


254.809 77 


200,386 


400 


658,063 22 


912,872 99 


1889 


596,812 


271,562 69 


190,902 


920 


710,848 78 


982,411 47 


1890 


657,616 


383,107 10 


288,836 


358 


1,153,999 13 


1,537,106 23 


I89I 


795,625 


456,085 80 


282,311 


491 


1,176,562 22 


1,633,248 02 


1892 


799,487 


466,799 31 


367,762 


660 


1,376,488 38 


1,843,287 69 


1893 


879,005 


486,075 54 


383,503 


000 


1,705,859 74 


2,191,935 28 


1894 


881,810 


491,914 20 


440,648 


000 


1,912,192 58 


2,404,106 78 


1895 


906,550 


491.388 67 


464,975 


000 


1,771,268 92 


2,262,657 59 


Total . . 


10,033,881 


4,759-173 00 


3,412,455 


782 


13,172,436 70 


17,931,609 70 







SONORA RAILWAY. 






1881 




$ 11,303 29 
68,410 83 
99,461 33 
87,793 47 

101.918 90 
98,613 06 
87,098 20 

84-143 57 

104,367 85 

97,662 48 

112.919 18 
119,784 37 
126,657 56 
141,744 09 






$ 17,254 95 
157,694 60 
119,347 56 
108,531 43 
193,189 89 
191,981 24 
193,981 40 
204,146 63 
239,697 67 
259,360 01 
332,938 65 
363,128 91 

393,319 17 
469,950 09 


1 28,558 24 
226,105 43 
218,808 89 
196,324 90 
295,108 79 
290,594 30 
281,079 60 
288,290 20 
344,065 52 
357,022 49 

445,857 83 
482,913 28 
519,976 73 
611,694 18 


1882 








1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

I891 

1892 

1893 

1895 


33,464 
36,428 

47,271 

45,298 
38,189 

38,335 
44,691 
48,196 
56,565 
54,621 
52,678 
62,715 


24,202 
21,115 
29,927 

33,635 
34,660 
37,621 
43,321 
46,147 
53,947 
58,867 
63,687 
69,982 


791 
382 
682 
621 
670 
60 
710 
870 
663 
359 
055 
389 


Total. . . 


558,451 


1,341,878 18 


517,117 


252 


3,244,522 20 


4,586,400 38 



HIDALGO AND NORTHEASTERN RAILWAY. 



1882.. . 
1883.... 
1884.... 
1885.... 
1886.,.. 
1887.... 
1888..., 
1889.... 

1890 

1891..., 

1892 

1893.... 
1894..., 
1895.... 

Total 



39,759 

30,940 

37,198 

35,209 

51,823 

44,666 

53,958 

55,055 

90,241 

113,605 

127,972 

148,540 

168,422 

214,837 
206,194 



9,897 17 
12,270 02 

25,715 04 

32,648 22 

32,295 08 

36,692 27 

43,582 66 

45,805 05 

90,194 56 

106,397 87 

120,128 18 

141,360 09 

161,908 45 

178,477 10 

181,043 96 



1,418,419 $1,218,415 72 1,441,234 



2,264 

7,624 
17.852 
34,958 
40,960 
51,760 

65,524 

77,203 

100,110 

137,467 
176,432 
186,041 

178,174 
200,685 
164,176 



000 
000 
283 
222 
794 
395 
057 
173 
733 
201 
664 

471 
047 

687 
000 



727 



1,659 36 

10,442 30 

33,220 80 

54,955 16 

76,710 43 

117,603 55 

145,702 22 

161,773 18 

262,081 27 

328,124 49 

404,735 74 

422,052 91 

468,566 69 

643,700 93 

616,641 61 



$3,747,970 64 



11,556 53 

22,712 32 

58,933 84 

87,603 38 

109,005 51 

154,295 82 

189,284 88 

207,578 23 

352,275 83 

434,522 36 

524,863 92 

563,413 00 

630,475 14 

822,178 03 

797,685 57 



,966,384 36 



IRailwa^s. 



203 







M^RIDA AND PROGRESO RAILWAY. 










MERCHANDISE. 








PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 






OTHER 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 


YEARS. 






RECEIPTS. 








Tons. 


Kilos. 






I881. ... 


56,085 
84,016 


$ 28,639 50 
37,642 38 






$ 53,236 00 

75,242 88 


$ 81,875 50 


1882 


41,934 


297 


112,885 26 


1883 


83,231 


36,239 83 


59.859 


715 


108,248 80 


144,488 63 


1884 


87,159 


37,940 54 


95.962 


902 


139,299 59 


177,240 13 


1885 


64,173 


29,078 41 


79.611 


737 


120,389 13 


149,467 54 


1886 


77,139 


33,353 16 


58,239 


254 


78,168 66 


111,521 82 


1887 


85,044 


22,844 42 


46,055 


714 


52,995 68 


75,840 10 


1888 


109,997 


29,812 76 


30,872 


512 


64,291 88 


94,104 64 


1889 


158,534 


56,763 81 


44.619 


200 


97.017 37 


153,781 18 


1890 


162,701 


55,566 97 


53.949 


818 


89,139 81 


144,706 78 


189I 


129,989 


46,155 85 


34.486 


000 


67,460 18 


113,616 03 


1892 


108,119 


36,528 45 


28,656 


499 


83,593 75 


120,132 20 


1893 


91,291 


39,276 08 


34.406 


476 


96,230 47 


135.506 55 


1894 


79.653 


33,387 18 


38,659 


401 


68,513 05 


101,900 23 


iSae, 




38,228 81 






97.850 38 


136,079 19 












Total. . . 


1,377,131 


$561,458 15 


647.313 


525 


$1,291,677 63 


$1,853,135 78 



TEHUACAN AND ESPERANZA RAILWAY. 



1884 

1885..... 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 


18,343 
15.049 
12,942 
14,848 
17,116 

19.385 
20,462 
17,426 
15,102 
16,096 


$ 11,427 64 

10,077 20 

9,111 04 

10,080 15 

. 15.376 57 

20,673 00 

18,459 96 

11,087 06 

8,792 35 

9,411 51 


6,043 

5.857 
6,603 
7.669 
8,764 
9.858 
16,625 
14,381 
4,179 
5,663 


813 
257 
705 
730 
045 
360 
870 
340 
510 
530 


$ 32,921 87 
31,905 66 
38,271 80 
47.437 77 
54.500 93 
61,564 09 
75,744 37 
68,684 08 
44,602 09 
37,997 45 


$ 44,349 51 
41,982 86 
47,382 84 
57,517 92 
69,877 50 
82,237 09 
94,204 33 
79,771 14 
53,394 44 
47,408 96 


1895 


19.905 


10,941 81 


4,062 


500 


18,724 99 


29,666 80 


Total. . . 


186,674 


$135,438 29 


89,709 


660 


$512,355 10 


$647,793 39 



MERIDA AND PETO RAILWAY. 



I88I 


22,852 
81,102 
88,920 
81,566 
64,118 
62,983 
62,763 

92,773 
99,761 
126,978 
134,438 
129,163 
163,852 

157,311 
140,193 


$ 3.913 69 
12,293 58 
14,422 31 
17,818 29 
16,795 70 
16,728 82 

15.943 55 
22,146 61 

25,351 70 
24, 5 H 70 
55.007 97 
59.742 62 
71,970 64 
70,898 03 
67,134 69 






$ 430 60 

2,637 41 

4,833 23 

11,588 49 

20,222 10 

21,710 91 

26.619 71 

37,013 76 

52,553 95 

69,390 02 

85,602 24 

118,214 20 

128,115 61 

121,547 79 
118,179 II 


$ 4,344 29 


1882. .. 






14,930 99 


1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


5,654 
11,063 
16,919 
17,368 
15,827 
20,231 

25,397 
30,024 
27,106 
28,266 
36,202 
32,260 
37,853 


115 
915 

464 
079 
969 
714 
822 

477 
666 
475 
439 
765 
723 


19.255 54 
29,406 78 
37,017 80 

38,439 73 

42,563 26 

59,160 37 

77,905 65 

93,904 72 

140,610 21 

177,956 82 

200,086 25 

192,445 82 

185,313 80 


Total. . . 


1,508,773 


$494,682 90 


304.177 


623 


$818,659 13 


$1,313,342 03 



204 



statistical IFlotes on /IDejico. 



SINALOA AND DURANGO (aLTATA TO CULIACAn) RAILWAY. 









FREIGHT. 


MISCELLA- 






PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 






NEOUS 


TOTAL 


YEARS. 






RECEIPTS. 








Tons. 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 




1882 


2,727 


$ 3.712 04 


1,864 


589 


1 5,155 65 


$ 8,867 69 


1883 


12,251 


7,816 94 


3,913 


457 


18,717 39 


26,534 33 


1884 


21,776 


8,584 57 


5,962 


325 


25,019 62 


33,604 19 


1885 


15,816 


8,786 88 


4,953 


364 


19,719 92 


28,506 80 


1886 


23,171 


10,681 46 


4,316 


116 


20,880 39 


31,561 85 


1887 


25,487 


10,705 56 


5,962 


325 


16,661 71 


27,367 27 


1888 


27,904 


11,459 15 


6,736 


532 


23,650 34 


35,109 49 


1889 


21,850 


9,318 46 


6,535 


236 


25,537 79 


34,856 25 


1890 


42,987 


14,871 77 


4,722 


749 


18,911 41 


33,783 18 


I89I 


54,678 


19,170 23 


7,442 


886 


25,381 35 


44,551 58 


1892 


39,494 


14,837 39 


10,371 


701 


28,131 17 


42,968 56 


1893 


56,503 


14,152 07 


12,893 


822 


35,205 12 


49,357 19 


1894 


38,451 


14,040 41 


12,093 


568 


38,393 29 


52,433 70 


1895 


37,627 


15,768 25 


8,538 


024 


29,390 59 


45,158 84 


Total. . . 


420,722 


$163,905 18 


96,306 


694 


$330,755 74 


$494,660 92 



M^RIDA AND CAMPECHE RAILWAY. 



886. 
887. 



890 .. . 
891 .. . 
892 .. . 

893 .. . 
894... 
895 .. . 

Total. 



22,944 
97,295 
76,135 
65,274 
68,883 
86,329 
58,383 
75,496 
96,994 
87,954 
124,983 



3,586 10 
13,161 59 

12,535 94 
10,779 44 

11,793 63 
22,172 II 
17,017 46 
28,939 04 
35,303 04 
33,598 II 
56,034 03 



462 

3,952 

7,794 

6,265 

8,106 

11,514 

12,534 

6,779 

17,328 

17,363 
21,775 



i6g 
565 
570 
722 

813 
018 

035 

458 
478 
510 

lOI 



1,120 32 
5,203 67 
9,306 31 

9,579 90 
13,263 22 
21,106 70 
28,300 44 
19,057 69 
36,035 70 
39,330 26 
53,390 97 



4,706 42 
18,365 26 
21,842 25 

20,359 34 

25,056 85 

43,278 81 

45,317 90 

47,996 73 

71,338 74 

72,928 37 

109,425 00 



139,349 



66,174 14 



24,699 



277 



1,000,019 



511,094 63 



138,575 



716 



72,923 31 



,618 49 



139,097 45 



619,713 12 



M^RIDA AND VALLADOLID RAILWAY. 



1883 


18,123 

75,541 
100,015 
132,210 
176,501 

183,973 
280,348 

295,034 
264,781 

254,344 
244,040 


$ 2,570 17 
12,595 63 
18,548 61 

25,798 73 
32,298 87 

37,957 45 
58,691 70 
63,485 18 
60,366 76 
61,573 70 
79,223 48 






$ 609 18 

5,287 96 

8,487 63 

33,276 45 

58,096 41 

65,864 26 

115,032 74 

96,611 23 

98,212 31 

134,209 85 

139,384 68 


$ 3,179 35 

17,883 59 

27,036 24 

59,075 18 

90.395 28 

103,821 71 

173,724 44 

160,096 41 

158,579 07 

195,783 55 

218,608 16 


1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 


4,248 

6,040 

25,181 

41,496 

35,975 
54,206 
50,781 
47,064 
46,124 
50,633 


788 

957 
498 

479 
207 
189 
662 
535 
159 
534 


1895 


199,670 
2,224,580 


72,828 22 


62,342 


134 


165,983 26 


238,811 48 


Total, . . 


$525,938 50 


424,095 


142 


$921,055 96 


$1,446,994 46 



IRailwai^s. 



205 



TLALMANALCO RAILWAY. 









FREIGHT. 


MISCELLA- 






PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 






NEOUS 


TOTAL 


YEARS. 






RECEIPTS. 








Tons. 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 




1883 


39,688 


$ 4,022 44 


10,813 


000 


1 5,564 91 


1 9,587 35 


1884 


40,211 


4,596 80 


9,641 


000 


7,276 95 


11,873 75 


1885 


41,226 


4,577 43 


7,466 


713 


6,830 06 


11,407 49 


1886 


41,905 


4,621 28 


6,845 


349 


6,360 51 


10,981 79 


1887 


47,808 


5,098 09 


8,083 


538 


6,788 75 


11,886 84 


1888 


46,150 


5,076 97 


10,722 


122 


9,164 56 


14,241 53 


1889 


49,866 


5,536 16 


13,710 


170 


11,566 53 


17,102 69 


1890 


55,345 


6,654 20 


24,988 


131 


12,019 62 


18,673 82 


189I 


61,236 


6,765 86 


15,469 


050 


12,684 68 


19,450 54 


1892 


62,618 


7,225 65 


12,303 


020 


9,853 83 


17,079 48 


1893 


60,835 


6,492 30 


18,572 


715 


15,430 59 


21,922 89 


1804 














1895 


71,777 


7,358 10 


13,824 


250 


12,284 66 


19,642 76 


Total. . . 


618,665 


$68,025 28 


152,439 


058 


$115,825 65 


$183,850 93 



SAN JUAN BAUTISTA AND CARRIZAL PASSENGER RAILWAY. 



1888 


99,504 
56,880 
110,731 
105,251 
152,606 
150,243 


$ 5.123 13 
4,406 10 
6,733 92 
7,923 34 
9,462 23 

9,965 56 








$ 5,123 13 

4,406 10 

7,756 52 

8,846 13 

10,904 51 

11,808 26 


1889 

1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 








1,022 

922 

1,803 

2,052 


000 
000 
000 
000 


$1,022 60 
922 79 

1,442 28 
1,842 70 


1895 


167,994 


12,003 21 


3,455 


454 


3,131 00 


15,134 21 


Total. . . 


843,209 


$55,617 49 


9,254 


454 


$8,361 37 


$63,978 86 



SAN ANDRlfiS AND CHALCHICOMULA RAILWAY. 



1882 

1883.... 

1884 

1885.... 
1886.... 
1887.... 
1888.... 
1889. .. 

1890 

1891 

1 892 

1893.... 
1894.... 
T895.... 

Total. 



6,851 

15,053 
14,218 
10,928 
9,994 
9,794 
10,173 
12,727 
13,010 
12,711 
12,223 
12,239 
13,998 
13,454 

167,373 



$ 1,905 53 
4,002 51 
3,683 23 
2,834 42 
2,595 58 
2,428 25 
2,489 80 
3,137 07 
3,163 15 
3,079 10 
6,327 21 
3,061 75 
3,398 65 
3,444 35 

$45,550 60 



1,658 
4,802 
4,485 
4,723 
4,079 
5,835 
8,324 
5,832 
4,385 
6,258 
7,980 
10,011 
7,781 



76,159 



614 
280 
960 
310 

294 
696 

735 
417 
480 

307 
430 
250 
980 



753 



^ 2,847 76 
9.548 51 

11,681 15 
4,805 87 
4,980 84 
6,850 94 
9,592 88 
7,100 57 
6,225 35 
8,140 76 
9-376 67 

11,474 05 
9,266 42 

10,383 00 

^112,274 77 



I 4,753 29 

13,551 02 

15,364 38 

7,640 29 

7,576 42 

9,279 19 

12,082 68 

10,237 64 

9,388 50 

11,219 86 

15,703 88 

14.535 80 

12,665 07 

13,827 35 

$157,825 37 



2o6 



statistical Botes on /iDejico, 



ORIZABA AND INGENIO RAILWAY. 





PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 


FREIGHT. 


MISCELLA- 
NEOUS 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 


YEARS. 


Tons, 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 


1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


38,636 
91,949 
94,323 
34,921 
86,047 

40,364 

41,945 

46,640 

106,773 

103,011 

99,553 
104,030 
104,019 
132,650 


$ 4,473 30 

10,645 94 

10,920 74 

4,365 12 

9,962 57 

4,673 38 

4,800 00 

5,400 00 

12,362 20 

12,532 10 

13,303 20 

13,900 50 

13,990 77 

17,438 04 


237 
360 
435 
384 
121 
182 
168 
504 
612 
75b 

704 

748 


"168 
972 
720 
813 
344 
400 
000 
000 
000 
000 

000 
000 


$ 

197 64 
300 82 
363 10 
350 18 

lor 12 
152 00 
140 00 
420 00 
510 00 
728 36 
400 00 
528 00 
561 00 


1 4,473 30 

10,843 58 

11,221 56 

4,728 22 

10,312 75 

4,774 50 

4,952 00 

5,540 00 

12,782 20 

13,042 lO 

14,031 56 

14,300 50 

14,518 77 

17,999 04 


Total. . 


1,124,861 


$138,767 86 


5,208 


417 


$4,752 22 


$143,520 08 



SANTA ANA AND TLAXCALA RAILWAY. 



883... 
884... 
885... 
886... 
887... 
888... 
889... 
890... 
891... 
892. . . 

893- ■• 
894... 
895... 

Total 



58,068 
117,560 
174,204 
156,676 
117,518 
120,910 

110,574 

145,263 

66,716 

55,768 

59,127 

71,843 



1,254,227 



2,860 20 
8,580 60 
12,714 98 
6,733 14 
8,463 85 
9,179 28 
8,294 98 
8,398 00 
9,098 30 
7,011 74 
7,326 40 

8,670 35 



$ 97,331 82 



750 
3,829 

2,038 



6,617 



000 
003 



440 



443 



494 38 
1,494 14 
1,483 00 
1,482 37 
1,373 25 
1,651 02 
1,475 20 
1,469 82 
1,769 28 
1,280 03 
2,434 13 

2,344 38 



5,751 00 



3,354 58 
10,074 74 

14,197 98 

8,215 51 

9,837 10 

10,830 30 

9,770 18 

9,867 82 

10,867 58 

8,291 77 

9,760 53 

11,014 73 



6116,082 82 



CARDENAS AND RIO GRIJALVA RAILWAY. 



1886... 

1887... 
1888... 
1889... 

1890. . . 
I89I... 

i8q2. . . 










1 263 01 
401 43 
309 07 
216 72 
380 00 
480 00 








$ 526 00 
722 57 
781 13 
839 69 
839 69 
939 69 


$ 789 01 
1,124 00 
1,090 20 
1,056 41 
1,219 69^ 
1,419 69, 


1893. .. 








1884. •• 






1805. . . 














Total 








2,050 23 








$4,648 77 


$6,699 00 



IRailwa^s. 



207 



TOLUCA AND SAN JUAN DE LAS HUERTAS RAILWAY 





PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 


FREIGHT. 


MISCELLA- 
NEOUS 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 


YEARS. 


Tons. 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 


1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

189I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


75,052 

97,535 

94,874 

93,512 

134,193 

178,072 

156.917 
107,122 
176,241 
121,949 
204,591 


$ 7,0x6 39 

9,078 95 

8,788 61 

8,475 83 

12,677 97 

16,264 75 

15,293 69 

13,777 47 
16,340 90 
15,328 76 
18,210 13 


6,133 
9,361 
7,251 

13,483 
18,595 
13.998 
13,924 
14,128 
13,778 
13,860 


000 
000 

750 
088 
861 
185 
530 
510 
920 
796 


$ 1,138 19 
5,201 59 

6,755 49 
4,729 99 
8,087 03 
12,156 67 
11,082 76 
11,702 56 
11,690 24 
11,536 10 
10,136 78 


$ 8,154 58 
14,280 54 

15,544 10 
13,205 82 
20,765 00 
28,421 42 

26,376 45 
25,480 03 
28,031 14 
26,864 86 
28,346 91 


Total.. 


1,440,058 


$141,253 45 


124,515 


640 


$94,217 40 


$235,470 85 



VANEGAS, CEDRAL, MATEHUALA, 


AND RIO VERDE RAILWAY. 


1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895.... 


10,848 
36,742 
44,502 
46,083 
35,213 


I 449 69 
5,763 16 
12,783 05 
16,083 II 
16,030 02 
13,798 53 


28 
1,840 

5,939 
94,112 

83,115 
113,384 


540 
661 
568 
500 
000 
000 


$ 335 24 

15,492 27 

61,513 43 

124,565 69 

114,505 49 

185,649 51 


$ 784 93 

21,255 43 

74,296 48 

140,648 80 

130,535 51 
199,448 04 








Total.. 


173,388 


$64,907 56 


298,420 


269 


$502,061 63 


$566,969 19 



MERIDA AND IZAMAL RAILWAY. 



1887.. 
1888.. 
1889.. 
1890. . 
1891.. 
1892.. 
1893.. 
1894.. 
1895.. 




42,812 
78,102 
106 089 
106,883 
80,042 
94,634 
96,458 


$ 7,280 38 
18,981 70 
38,330 34 
54,462 10 
41,891 51 

49.729 03 
45,684 12 

52,564 78 
49,735 12 


2.729 

7,871 

11,633 

10,146 

13,775 
18,094 
21,476 


000 

541 
376 
374 
771 
768 
676 


$ 3,954 64 
17,656 81 
28,069 91 
29,995 33 
44,798 43 
65,565 47 
65,714 14 
61,335 45 
63,295 49 


$ 11,235 02 
36,638 51 
66.400 25 

84,457 43 
86.689 94 
115,294 50 
111,398 26 
113,900 23 
113,030 61 


Tota 


1.. 


605,020 


$358,659 08 


85,727 


506 


$380,385 67 


$739,044 75 



SAN MARCOS AND NAUTLA RAILWAY. 



I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


4,582 
10,894 
14,136 
15,481 
17,309 

62,402 


$ 3,181 70 
5,968 34 
7,339 14 
7,918 63 
8,195 77 


5,307 
12,000 
19,576 


750 
570 
000 


$ 5,968 12 

17,835 93 
27,008 47 

29,519 97 
27,603 55 


$ 9,149 82 
23,804 27 
34,347 61 
37,438 60 
35.799 32 


24,452 


440 


Total. . . 


$32,603 58 


61,336 


760 


$107,936 04 


$140,539 62 



208 



statistical IRotes on Mexico. 



MONTEREY AND GULF RAILWAY, 





PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 


FREIGHT. 


MISCELLA- 
NEOUS 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 


YEARS. 


Tons. 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 


1889 

1890 

189I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


16,714 
57,096 
94,052 
99,802 
107,378 

127,900 


$ 17,144 65 

70,185 08 

112,910 64 

119,390 74 

141,093 86 
150,005 75 


4.197 
168,204 
174,829 

193,437 
238,442 

329,059 


432 
600 
706 
800 
000 

008 


$ 13,440 52 
791,398 47 

876,563 75 

664,072 42 
820,433 06 


$ 30,585 17 

861,583 55 

989,474 39 
783,463 16 
961,526 92 


1,162,009 39 


1,312,015 14 


Total.. 


502,942 


$610,730 72 


1,108,170 


546 


$4,327,917 61 


$4,938,648 33 



CORDOVA AND TUXTEPEC RAILWAY. 



1889 

1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


26,537 
49,142 
23,542 
39,885 
46,086 


$ 4,815 27 

8,917 06 

14,009 84 

12,767 51 

17,433 62 


2,235 
3,730 


571 
424 


$ 1,285 13 
2,379 97 
5,097 98 
5,111 19 
9,828 94 


$ 6,100 40 
11,297 03 
19,107 82 
17,878 70 
27,262 56 










Total,. 


185,192 


$57,943 30 


5,965 


995 


$23,703 21 


$81,646 51 



MARAVATIO AND CUERNAVACA RAILWAY. 



1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


3,466 

6,190 

9,081 

12,867 

15,138 

13,964 


$ 3,389 66 
6,283 94 
8,047 76 
9,418 26 

11,235 58 
11,364 72 







$ 3,372 10 
16,741 42 
30,160 42 
28,201 99 
32,238 33 
39,714 80 


1 6,761 76 
23,025 36 
38,208 18 
37,620 25 
43,473 91 
51,079 52 


Total. . 


60,706 


$49,739 92 




$150,429 06 


$200,168 98 



SALAMANCA AND SANTIAGO VALLEY RAILWAY. 



1889 

1890 

I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


4,709 
18,836 
25,432 
21,923 
22,674 
27,496 
30,094 


$ 1,486 51 
5,946 04 
8,554 II 
8,020 59 

7,719 44 

8,740 90 

10,376 66 


132 
529 
3.324 
2,815 
3,380 
4,142 
7,799 


270 
080 
430 
940 
060 
690 
050 


$ 304 26 
1,217 04 
7,237 67 
5,325 03 
8,910 74 
9,584 17 
13,969 73 


$ 1,790 77 

7,163 08 

15,791 78 

13.345 62 
16,630 18 
18,325 07 

24.346 39 


Total, . 


151,164 


$50,844 25 


22,123 


520 


$46,548 64 


$97,392 89 



IRailwa^s. 



209 



MONTE ALTO RAILWAY. 





PASSEN- 
GERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS. 


FREIGHT 


MISCELLA- 
NEOUS 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 


YEARS. 


Tons. 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 


1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


31,080 
30,888 
31,913 
39,041 


$ 2,652 89 
3,260 28 
3,318 14 
4,005 14 


4,006 

6,135 
6,221 
5,430 


000 
000 
000 
000 


$r,330 13 

1,965 72 

2,002 79 
1,410 85 


$ 3,983 02 
5,226 00 
5,320 93 

5,415 99 


Total.. 


132,922 


$13,236 45 


21,792 


000 


$6,709 49 


$19,945 94 



VALLEY OF MEXICO RAILWAY. 



I89I 

1892 

1893 

1804. 


1,423,652 
1,639,873 
1,637,135 


$ 99,615 09 
119,379 76 
110,160 60 


9,108 
21,154 
24,361 


000 
000 
000 


$ 5,912 38 
12,310 35 
21,497 48 


$105,527 41 
131,690 17 
131,658 08 


iSqe; 




















Total. . 


4,700,660 


$329,155 45 


54,623 


000 


$39,720 21 


$368,875 66 



PUEBLA INDUSTRIAL RAILWAY. 



1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


151,380 
125,766 
155,112 
190,480 
226,275 


$ 23,234 66 
20,052 34 
24,082 55 
31,620 62 
36,264 00 


14,250 


000 


$ 1,398 00 
1,239 00 
1,380 00 

3,149 37 
11,122 35 


$ 24,632 66 
2i,2gi 34 
25,462 55 
34,769 99 
47,386 35 


Total.. 


849,013 


$135,254 17 


14,250 


000 


$18,288 72 


$153,542 89 



MEXICAN NORTHERN RAILWAY. 



I89I 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


4,870 

4,369 
4,088 

4,274 
17,601 


$14,802 61 
14,802 61 
13,087 90 


94,726 

177,781 
176,801 

151,744 


000 

825 
913 

929 


$ 740,122 98 

1,337,853 47 
1,334,524 47 


$ 754,925 59 
1,352,656 08 
1,347,612 37 


13,420 18 


1,149,069 15 


1,162,489 33 


Total.. 


$56,113 30 


601,054 


667 


$4,561,570 07 


$4,617,683 37 



MEXICO CUERNAVACA AND PACIFICO RAILWAY, 



17,209 



519,214 84 



84,434 



^130,662 86 



$149,877 70 



2IO 



Statistical IRotes on /IDejico. 



FEDERAL DISTRICT TRAMWAYS. 





PASSENGERS. 


PASSENGER 
RECEIPTS, 


FREIGHT. 


MISCELLA- 
NEOUS 
RECEIPTS. 


TOTAL 


YEARS 


Tons. 


Kilos. 


RECEIPTS. 


1873- 
1874- 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
189I. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 


3,760,653 
3,088,808 
3,597,197 
3,545,589 
4,455,595 
4,605,223 
5,084,669 
6,165,461 
7,675,829 
9,851,614 
10,101,302 
9,926,621 

9-407,751 
10,841,928 

11,121,575 
12,185,031 

13,533,217 
14,457,203 

15,585,919 
16,164,644 
15,622,879 

15.844,425 
18,281,729 


$ 232,347 92 
240,277 12 
286,248 25 
278,068 94 
357,262 43 

360,175 98 
390,298 10 
458,547 60 
586,167 20 
703,422 06 

775,550 34 

717.264 90 
690,457 87 
746,107 46 
810,974 85 
881,646 36 
981,922 98 

1,028,871 57 
1,002,224 50 
1,023,617 85 

990.265 03 
1,028,430 01 
1,194,335 17 








$ 16,421 10 

29,628 70 

23,644 10 

19,289 15 

14,179 54 

6,752 49 

8,089 47 

19,020 46 

52,547 54 

87,584 95 

90,644 72 

114,307 69 

63,423 48 

134,133 77 
155,972 22 
171,418 II 
203,011 13 
247,868 09 
206,601 54 
194,358 01 
217,905 64 

230,935 43 
229,571 08 


$ 248,769 02 
269,905 82 
309,892 35 
297,358 09 

371,441 97 
366,928 47 

398,387 57 

477,568 06 

638,714 74 

791,007 01 

866,195 06 

831,572 59 

753,881 35 

880,241 23 

966,947 07 

1,053,064 47 

1,184,934 II 

1,276.739 66 

1,208,826 04 

1,217,975 86 

1,208,170 67 

• 1,259,365 44 

1,423,906 25 


Total 


224,904,862 


$15,764,484 49 








$2,537,308 41 


$18,301,792 90 



VERACRUZ AND ALVARADO RAILWAY. 



1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

Total. 



39,078 
37,772 
29,971 
58,127 
63,328 
72,292 
74,317 
73,249 
73,705 
32,964 
87,291 



642,094 



$ 18,451 01 
18,673 04 
16,677 46 
33,174 25 
36,779 93 
42,128 89 
39,304 87 
47,831 14 
47,298 50 
44,294 74 
53,050 84 



$397,664 67 



882 



8,500 
11,500 
16,845 
14,498 
22,976 
20,197 
22,764 



118,164 



500 



412 

892 
178 
000 
000 
000 
103 



085 



4,942 00 
14,316 16 
26,549 26 

31,779 57 
34,829 14 

44,831 36 
51,025 73 

49.955 98 
56,927 90 
69,450 61 



,607 71 



^ 18,451 01 
23,615 04 
30,993 62 
59,723 51 
68,559 50 
76,958 03 
84,136 23 
98,856 87 
97,254 48 
101,222 64 
122,501 45 



32,272 38 



Total Traffic and Receipts of Mexican Railways. — Before concluding 
this chapter, I append a statement of the total traffic and receipts of 
the Mexican Railways from 1873 ^o 1895, taken from iheAnuan'o Esta- 
distico de la Republica Mexicana of i8gs^ compiled in the Department 
of Communication of the Mexican Government from data furnished 
the same by the respective companies, in compliance with the provis- 
ions of their grants. 



IRailwaps. 



211 



RAILWAY SUBSIDIES PAID BY THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. 

I append a statement of the railway subsidies paid by the Mexican 
Government from the beginning of railway construction to June 30, 
1896, which is entirely correct, as it has been obtained from the ac- 
counts of the Federal Treasury of Mexico. I insert after that state- 
ment a detailed account of each of the railways to whom subsidies have 



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IRailwa^s. 213 

been paid, stating the number of kilometres built, the amount of sub- 
sidy due for the same, and the manner in which the subsidy was 
paid, that statement being the most complete that has so far been 
published : 

RESUMf;. — Amount paid in Cash $ 46,896,901 95 

" " Certificates of Construction (convertible 

in five per cent, bonds) 21,711,513 92 

*• " Bonds 31,127,00000 

" of Balance due (payable either in cash or Bonds), 8,008,24438 

Total amount of Subsidies, as per corresponding concessions, $107,743,660 25 

The Tehuantepec Railway cost of construction is herein included, in order to 
give a complete statement of the Government's pecuniary outlay for the construction 
of railways in the country. As the $13,500,000 amount of the five per cent. Bonds 
paid on account of the construction of this line to the contractors, McMurdo & Co., 
represent a gold indebtedness, if reduced at the rate of 24 pence per dollar, the 
above total cost of railway construction should be increased by an equal amount, say 
^13,500,000 Mexican currency — or a grand total of $121,243,660.25. 

DETAILED STATEMENT OF THE SUBSIDIES PAID BY THE MEXICAN 
GOVERNMENT TO THE RAILWAY COMPANIES. 

1. Mexican Railway. — (From Mexico City to Veracruz.) 
Subsidy as per original concession, $560,000 per annum, during 

25 years, equal to $14,000,000 00 

Paid previous to October 21, 1890 10,187,315 79 

Balance in favor of the company, on October 

21, 1890, as per special agreement of the 

same date $3,497,878 80 

9Jj deduction, for cash payment, according to 

the second clause of said agreement 314,805 41 

Total payment 14,000,000 00 

2. Hidalgo Railway. — (From Mexico City to Pachuca, Hid.) 

Subsidy, $8000, per kilometre, as per concession $1,232,088 00 

Paid on account thereof in cash $931,296 37 

In 3^ and 5^ Bonds 300,791 63 

Total payment 1,232,088 00 

3. Veracruz & Alvarado Railway. — (C^oast Line between 

the said ports.) 
Subsidy due the Company, $6000 per kilometre, as per con- 
cession $440,000 00 

Paid on account thereof, in cash $394,000 00 

In 3% Bonds 46,000 00 440,000 00 

4. Merida & Peto Railway. — (Between the two named towns, 

State of Yucatan.) 
Subsidy, due the Company, $6000 per kilometre, as per con- 
cession $648,000 00 

Paid in cash $577,445 85 

In 3%' Bonds 7o,554 I5 

Total payment 648,000 00 



214 statistical IRotes on /llbejico. 

5. Interoceanic Railway. — (Narrow gauge, from Veracruz to 

Acapulco, Pacific Coast.) 

Subsidy due the Company $5,570,5ii 12 

483.-^ Kilometres at $8000 $3,866,469 I2 

gjHiiii n " 6500 526,50000 

140.^^^"^ " " 6000 840,000 00 

38.^^". " unsubsidized 

Construction bounty earned, as per concession 

on the Mexico & Cuautla division 137,542 00 

Construction bounty earned, as per concession 

on the Jalapa & Veracruz division 200,000 00 5,570,511 12 

Paid in cash $2,896,938 00 

In certificates already paid for, 
out of the 3% of the Cus- 
toms Receipts 2,673,573 12 

Total payment 5>570.5II I2 

6. Occidental Railway. — (Between points in the States of Sina- 

loa and Durango.) 

Length of the road, according to the concession 
1373 kilometres, subsidy at the rate of 
$8000, per kilometre, as follows : 

From Altata, (Port on the Paci- 
fic Coast, Gulf of Califor- 
nia), to Culiacan, capital of 
the State of Sinai oa 6i.?AI kilometres constructed 

From Culiacan to Durango and 

Fresnillo cities 600 

A Branch to Guaymas 536 

" " " Mazatlan 237 



1.373 
Subsidy due for the first 61. ^AI kilometres 

already built $495,416 OO 

Construction bounty according to concession 

$1000 per kilometre 61,927 oo 

Total amount due and paid for to the Company $557,343 00 

, Mexican Central, and sundry branches. — (Trunk-line, from 
Mexico City to El Paso del Norte, on the Rio Grande 
River.) 

Subsidy due in accordance with the corresponding charter was $26,609,003 50 

As follows : for i97o.i°-9 kilo- 
metres of the trunk-line, of 
which 107 kilometres were 
subsidized at $1500 per kilo- 
metre $ 160,500 00 

And 1,863.^0 kilometres at 

$9500 per kilometre 17,704,200 00 $17,864,700 00 

For 258.510 kilometres of the 



IRailwass. 215 

Gaudalajara branch, which 
reduced as per special contract 
of Feb. 25, 1887, to 218. 6M 
kilometres at $9500 per kilo- 
metre $2,076,510 00 

For 653.^^2 kilometres of the 
Aguascalientes &Tampico 
Branch, at $9500 per kilo- 
metre 6,208,250 00 

For 25 kilometres of the San 
Bias & Guaristemba at $9500 

per kilometre 237,500 00 8,522,260 OO 

For 23.^^^ kilometres of Silao & 
Guanajuato Branch at $9500 

per kilometre 222,043 50 

Total payment '. $26,609,003 50 

This total amount, was settled and paid for in 
accordance with special agreement entered 
into by and between the Department of Pub- 
lic Works and the Company, on August 23, 
1890, as follows : 
Lands, art-works, drafts and plans, etc. , due by 
the Company as per settlement effected 

December 22, 1881 $ 34,204 39 

Rebate off the subsidy corresponding to 6600 
kilometres of parallel lines, between Zaca- 
tecas & Guadalajara, as per agreement 

therefor 52,800 00 

Rebate off the subsidy on 50 kilometres of the 
line, between Tantoyuquita & Tampico, as 

per agreement 75,000 00 

Cash received by the Government of tha State 
of San Luis Potosi, on account of the old 

branch line to Tampico 48,000 00 

Certificates of construction paid at various Cus- 
tom Houses out of the 8% of the receipts of 
the same, during the fiscal years 1881-1890 7,108,070 80 
Paid with bills of exchange on London out of 
the proceeds of the loan negotiated in 

1890 14,335,732 06 

25^ discount on $19,820,793 01, amount of the 
balance acknowledged in favor of the Com- 
pany, according to the above mentioned 

agreement, (August 23, 1890) 4,955,196 25 

Total payment $26,609,003 50 

8. Mexican National, and branches. — (Trunk-line from 
Mexico City to Laredo, Tamaulipas.) 

The Company constructed i737.£M. kilometres 
for which the Government owed the fol- 
lowing subsidies : — 



2i6 statistical IRotes on /IDejico, 

On 1444. Mi kilometres of the trunk line, at the 

rate of $7000 per kilometre $10,108,315 00 

On 273. 2J^ kilometres of the trunk line, at the 

rate of $6500 per kilometre 1,774,500 00 

On 20 kilometres of the Salto Branch at the rate 

of $8000 per kilometre 160,000 00 

Total amount of subsidy due $12,042,815 00 

The above amount was paid in certificates of construction for. .$11,929,870 00 
of which the sum of $8,746,722 60 was paid at several Custom-Houses 
during the fiscal years 1882-1895, and the balance of $3,183,147 40, was 
converted, by special agreement between the Treasury Department and 
Messrs. Lionel Garden and H. P. Webb, as representatives of the Company 
in s% Bonds. The balance of $112,945 which in the preceding statement, 
appears as pending of payment, was accepted by the Company, as the 
value of the Government's shares in the Salto Branch. 

9. " SoNORA Railway." — (From Guaymas, on the Gulf of Califor- 

nia, to Nogales, on the boundary line.) 

Subsidy on 422^11 kilometres at the rate of $7000 per kilometre, $ 2,956,184 00 

Paid to the Company, cash $ 2,071,310 60 

Fine against the forfeiture of the concession. . . 100,000 00 

3^ Bonds in accordance with the provisions of 

the law of September 6th, 1894 784,873 40 

Total payment $ 2,956, 184 00 

10. "Merida & Valladolid Railway," with a branch. — (Be- 

tween these two towns in the State of Yucatan.) 

Subsidy due on 108. IM kilometres at $6000 per kilometre $642,008 00 

Paid for as follows, cash $ 597,608 00 

In 3^ Bonds (law of September 6th, 1894). . . . 44,400 00 

Total payment $642,008 00 

11. "Merida & Campeche Railway," via. Kalkini. — (Between 

the capitals of the States of Yucatan and Campeche.) 

Subsidy due on 135. L5A? kilometres at $6000 per kilometre, $810,915 00 

Paid to the Company in cash $766,915 00 

In 3% Bonds 44,000 00 

Total payment $810,915 00 

12. "San Marcos & Nautla Railway." — Between San Marcos 

station on the Mexican Ry. and Nautla bar on the Gulf 
of Mexico.) 

Subsidy due on 75 kilometres at $6000 per kilometre $450,000 oo 

Paid to the Company as follows : Cash $ 70,500 00 

In special s% subsidy Bonds 349,000 00 

In s% Bonds according to the provisions of the 

law of September 6th, 1894 500 00 

Rebatement of subsidy on 5 kilometres running 

parallel with the " Interoceanic Ry 30,000 00 

Total payment $450,000 00 



1Railwai?9. 217 

13. " ToLUCA & San Juan de las Huertas Railway," — (Between 

the capital of the State of Mexico and the San Juan 
estate.) 

Subsidy due on 15. m kilometres at $3500 per kilometre $55-023 50 

Paid to the Company, cash $46,250 00 

In 2% Bonds (law of September 6th, 1894) 8,773 5° 

Total payment $55,023 50 

14. " Vanegas, Cedral, Matehuala & Rio Verde Railway." — 

(All townships within the State of San Luis Potosi.) 

Subsidy due on 65. ^M kilometres at $5500 per kilometre $357f500 00 

Paid to the Company, cash $341,000 00 

In s% Bonds (September 6th, 1894) 16,500 00 

Total payment $357,500 00 



15. " Jimenez and Sierra Madre Railway." — (Through the 

Hidalgo District, State of Chihuahua.) 

Subsidy due on S-^^-^ kilometres at $8000 per kilometre $40,000 CO 

The whole paid to the Company in 2% Bonds (Law of Septem- 
ber 6th, 1894. 

16. "Mexican Southern Railway." — (367 kilometres from the 

City of Puebla to Oaxaca.) 

Subsidy due under agreement of May 4th, 1892 $11,248,805 10 

First annuity of interest paid to the Company 
in conformity with the original concession 
of April 2ist, 1886 $880,800 00 

Conversion of the remaining 14 annuities, as 
per the above named agreement, in special 
Bonds denominated of the " Oaxaca Trunk 
Line" 8,558,888 55 

Bounty paid to the Company, as per original 

concession, in Bonds (special) 1,809,116 55 

Total payment $11,248,805 10 

Of the total amount of bpecial Bonds issued, $10,368,000 00 

Cashed 1,108,000 00 

Outstanding 9,260,000 00 

17. "Tonala" (State of Chiapas, Pacific Coast) and " Fron- 

TERA Railway." — (State of Tabasco, on the Gulf of 
Mexico.) 

Subsidy on 50 kilometres at $8000 per kilometre $400,000 00 

Paid to the Company with 6% Bonds, valued at 

90^ of their nominal $444,444 00 

The balance shown in the preceding statement 

in favor of the Company for $44,444.00 

proceeds from the want of a Bond of less 

value than $1000 of the corresponding issue. 



2i8 statistical Botes on /IDejico, 

i8. "Monterey" (Capital of the State of Nuevo Leon) and 
" Mexican Gulf Railway." — (Port of Tampico.) 

Subsidy on 624.IM kilometres at $8000 per kilometre $5,534-572 24' 

Wholly paid for in S% Bonds, issued under the law of Sep- 
tember 6th, 1894, with the exception of a balance of 
$572.24, which, on account of the want of bonds of less 
value than $1000, is still pending of settlement. Of the 
original issue of special Bonds given to the Company in 
payment of the subsidy, $235,000 is still pending of con- 
version. 

19. "Tecolutla" (a bar on the Mexican Gulf) and " Espinal 

Railway." — (Both in the State of Veracruz.) 

According to the original concession, the subsidy granted to this 

Company was on 19 kilometres at the rate of $4500 in 

cash per kilometre ; but under a new agreement, dated 

January, 20th, 1892, it was settled as follows : 

9 kilometres at the rate of $4500 each in cash, $40,500 00 

10 kilometres in Bonds at $6000 each 60,000 00 

Total payment $100,500 00 

20. " Pachuca " (Capital of the State of Hidalgo) and " Tamp- 

ico Railway." — (On the Mexican Gulf.) 

Subsidy on lO.Ml kilometres at $8000 $80,000 00 

Totally paid in Bonds, in accordance with the law of Septem- 
ber 6th, 1894. 

21. " Maravatio " & " Iguala Railway." — (Towns in the States 

of Michoacan and Guerrero, respectively.) 

Subsidy on 50 kilometres at $3000 in cash and 
$3000 in special Bonds, under 10% discount 
off their nominal value, and paid for, cash, $112,000 OO 

Bonds 166,000 00 

Total payment $316,666 50^ 

22. " Mexican Northeastern Railway." — (An extension of the 

" Hidalgo " Ry. to Tizayuca, in the State of that name.) 

Subsidy on 50. iM kilometres at $6000 $300,540 00 

Paid for, in cash $294,000 00 

In 3% Bonds 6,540 00 

Total payment $300,540 00 

' Some of the total payments in this table do not correspond to the amount of sub- 
sidy due, because in some of those cases other payments have been made, like 
bounty, of which no account appears in the respective statement. In some cases a 
bounty was offered provided the road was finished before the time fixed in the respec- 
tive grant. 



IRailwa^s. 219 

23. "Veracruz & Boca del Rio Railway." 

Subsidy acknowledged on ii.Mi kilometres at fSooo per kilo- 
metre $92,032 00 

Paid for, cash $83,000 00 

In 3^ Bonds 9.032 00 

Total payment $92,032 00 

24. " Tula, Zacualtipan " (State of Hidalgo), and Tampico 

Railway. 

Subsidy on 70.^^ kilometres at $8,000 per kilometre $560,000 00 

The whole amount paid for in 5^ Bonds, of which $285,000 
were outstanding on the 30th of June, 1896. 

25. " Matamoros Izucar " (State of Puebla) and " Acapulco 

Railway," — (On the Pacific coast.) 

Subsidy under contract of March 22d, 1895, on 40 kilometres. . $988,776 49 

Paid as follows : cash, for the amount of 2% in- 
terest annuities paid to the Company in 
conformity with the original concession. . . $111,370 62 
In 5^ Bonds, according to the above con- 
tract 877,405 87 

Total payment $988,776 49 

26. " Lower California Railway." — (From the town of San 

Quintin to a point on the " Mexican Central," Chihuahua.) 

Subsidy on 20 kilometres, payable in ffo Bonds at the rate of 
$8000 per kilometre, the said Bonds, afterwards converted 
in conformity with the corresponding law of conversion, 
were taken by the Company under 10^ discount off their 
nominal value $177,777 77 

2/ " Monte Alto Railway." — (Starts from the town of Tlalne- 
pantla, on the Salto branch of the " Mexican National," 
towards Alizapan and Villa del Carbon.) 

. Subsidy on 10 kilometres at $6000 per kilometre, payable in 
6^ Bonds taken by the Company at the rate of 90^ of their 
face value $66,666 66 

28. Tehuantepec R. R. — (Between Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf of 
Mexico, and Salina Cruz, on the Pacific coast.) 

COSTS OF CONSTRUCTION TO THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. 

I. Contractors, Edward Learned & Co.— (Contract of June 2d, 1879.) 
35 kilometres, of which only 25 were paid 

for, at $7500 $187,500 00 

The Learned contract was rescinded by 
the Mexican Government on August 
i6th, 1882 ; but by agreement ad- 
justed with J, Tyng, as representative 
of the contractors, who received the 
following payments : 



220 Statistical Hotes on /IDejico. 

December 2ist, 1882, $125,000 00 

July 9th, 18S3 403,618 44 

Jiily 19th, 1883 101,068 48 

July I2th, 1888 1,075,726 90 1,705,413 82 

Total amount paid to Learned & Co $1,892,913 82 

Of which amount the sum of $230,413.82 represents 
interest accrued at the rate or 6% per annum ; so that 
the 35 kilometers built by these contractors actually 
cost $14,083.25 per kilometre. 

2. Contractor, Mr. Delpin Sanchez. — (Agreement of Oc- 
tober 5th, 1882.) 

This contractor received from the Govern- 
ment the sum of $1,079,135 40 



For the purchase of material, which he only 
accounted for the amount of $908,- 
910.50 the balance of $170,224 90 

Having been donated to the contractor ac- 
cording to special agreement of April 
25th, 1888. 

The same contractor received in 150 
weekly installments of $1900 each 
during the fiscal years 1885, 1888 .... $285,000 00 

Mr. Sanchez delivered as constructed 74 kilo- 
meters which were paid to him at the 
rate of $25,000 each $1,850,000 00 $2,305,224 90 

Mac-Murdo Contract. — (Agreement approved by Decree 
of October i5tli, 1888.) 

For the completion of the construction and the furnishing 
of all the rolling material, etc. , and for which the Con- 
tractors received in payment in 5^ Bonds, special issue, 
principal and interests payable in sterling currency, 
;^2, 700,000, $13,500,000 00 

This contract was rescinded on the 13th of January, 1892, 
when the contractors, in settlement of accounts, sur- 
rendered to the Government the sum of about $2,000,- 
000 as surplus proceeding from the sale of the said 
bonds, and delivered, more or less, 250 kilometres of 
the lines as built or repaired within the stipulations of 
the said contract. 

Stanhope, Hampson & Corthel Contract. — (Made 
under Decree of December 6th, 1893.) 

For the construction of 59 kilometres and the completion 
of all the necessary works for the preservation and 
working of the whole line, for the fixed sum of, $1,483,035 00 



Total cost of the line $19,181,173 72 



public Debt. 221 

PUBLIC DEBT. 

In the first part of this paper I gave a brief statement of the differ- 
ent loans and liabilities which constitute the Mexican debt, and that 
statement will make it easy to understand the different issues and 
denominations of our bonds. Here I append a detailed statement 
of the National Debt of Mexico, up to June 30, 1896, submitted to 
Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury on the 14th of December, 
1896, and a further statement containing the same data in a more 
concise form. 



STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL DEBT OF MEXICO TO JUNE 30, 1896. 

Bonded Debt, Principal and Interest payable in Ster- 
ling currency. 

Six per cent, interest bearing Bonds for the Loan of 1888, 

with . . % sinking fund, Capital and Interest $51,908,786 50 

Six per cent, interest bearing Bonds for the Loan of 1890, 

with . . % sinking fund. Capital and Interest 30,068,710 25 

Six per cent, interest bearing Bonds for the Loan of 1893, 

with . . % sinking fund. Capital and Interest iSi325i56i 5° 

Five per cent, interest bearing Bonds for the Construc- 
tion of the Tehuantepec Railway, 1889, Capital 13,500,000 00 

Six per cent, (non converted balance) Bonds of the Loan, 

contracted in London, 1851, Capital i34iiS3 12 

Total amount of outstanding Bonds, payable 

in Sterling currency $110,937,211 37 

Bonded Debt, Principal and Interest payable in Mexi- 
can Silver currency. 

Three per cent, interest bearing Bonds of the Interior 

Consolidated Debt, Capital and Interest $52,464,937 60 

Five per cent, interest bearing Bonds of the Interior Re- 
deemable Debt, first series, Capital and Interest . 19,995,689 48 

Five per cent, interest bearing Bonds of the Interior Re- 
deemable Debt, second series, Capital and Interest. 987,127 15 

Subsidy Bonds, non converted balances, for sundry 

works and railways. Capital 9,792,865 75 

Total 83,240,609 98 

Railway Construction Certificates, pending of conver- 
sion. Capital _ 219 17 

Balance-certificates corresponding to the fiscal years 
comprehended between 1882 and 1894, Capital pend- 
ing of conversion r . ■ 329,221 91 

Total amottnt of bonded debt, payable in Mexi- 
can Silver currency 83,570,051 06 

Grand Total of Bonded Liabilities $194,507,262 43 

Liabilities from various sources, and in forms, other 

than Bonds, payable in Mexican Silver currency. 
To Railway, Harbor Works and Drainage of the Valley 

of Mexico, Contractors $ 501,741 02 

To Unpaid for Appropriations in the Budgets for the 

fiscal years between 1891 and i8g6 612,33782 

To other credits pending of settlement : on account of 

the same Budgets 600,894 63 

To Balances in Account-current due various Contractors 

with some of the Executive Departments 315,818 95 

To sundry, cash or otherwise executed. Deposits, as 

guarantee for pending contracts 2,681,662 95 

To provisional certificates issued on account of the 1888, 

1890 and 1893, Sterling Loans .•■••; 31738.684 12 

To cash or other values pending of classification in the 

corresponding accounts 74i434 57 

To cash Receipts on account of credits, other than fiscal 

and pending of payment to the corresponding offices. 32,829 68 

To Balance due to Mint-Lessees 48,214 89 

To outstanding Bills Payable 111,186 28 

Total Amount of Liabilities from various 

sources and in fortns other than Bonds. . . . 8,717,804 91 

Grand Total of the Mexican National Debt $203,225,067 34 



222 



Statistical IRotes on /IDejico. 



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lPost*®fRce anb Uelegrapb Service, 



223 



POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPH SERVICE. 

I append a statement containing the number of post-offices, and 
postal agencies in each of the Mexican states in 1895, and the num- 
ber of postal pieces transported by Mexican mails from the years 
1878-1879 to 1894-1895. (See page 225.) 

I have prepared a statement of the earnings and expenditures of 
the post-office and telegraph services in Mexico during the twenty- 
seven fiscal years elapsed from July i, 1869, to June 30, 1896. It was 
not possible to obtain full data of the earnings of the telegraph lines 
during the first ten years of that period, on account of the defective 
way in which the books were kept by the Federal Treasury of Mexico. 
With that exception the data embraced in the following statement is 
correct, as it has been taken from the official accounts. (See p. 224.) 

POST-OFFICES IN MEXICO IN 1895 BY STATES. 



STATES. 

Aguascalientes. . . 

Campeche 

Chiapas ......... 

Chihuahua 

Coahuila 

Colima 

Durango 

Federal District. . 

Guanajuato 

Guerrero 

Hidalgo 

Jalisco 

Lower California. 

Mexico 

Michoacan 

Morelos 

New Leon 

Oaxaca 

Puebla 

Queretaro 

San Luis Potosi . . 

Sinaloa 

Sonora 

Tabasco 

Tamaulipas 

Tepic 

Tlaxcala .... , . . . 

Veracruz 

Yucatan 

Zacatecas 

Total 



POST- 


POSTAL AGENCIES. TOTAL. 


OFFICE. 






5 


5 


10 


8 


3 


II 


7 


24 


31 


24 


58 


82 


25 


26 


I 52 


2 


9 


II 


19 


42 


61 


I 


8 I 


19 


27 


38 


65 


13 


31 


44 


19 


43 


62 


35 


83 


118 


7 


17 


24 


14 


21 


35 


22 


59 


81 


9 


9 


18 


18 


33 


51 


22 


39 


61 


27 


77 


I 105 


7 


10 


17 


18 


34 


52 


16 


28 


44 


14 


75 


89 


5 


16 


21 


17 


36 


53 


7 


13 


20 


9 


7 


16 


36 


82 


118 


16 


40 


56 


20 


23 


I 44 



469 



989 



13 



147 1 



224 



Statistical Botes on ^ejico« 



EARNINGS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPH 
SERVICES DURING THE LAST TWENTY-SEVEN FISCAL YEARS, FROM 
JULY I, 1869, TO JUNE 30, 1896. 





POST-OFFICE. 


TELEGRAPH. 


BOTH SERVICES. — TOTAL. 


YEARS. 


Dr. 

Expenditure. 


Cr. 

Earnings. 


Dr. 

Expenditure. 


Cr. 

Earnings.^ 


Dr. 
Expenditure. 


Cr. 

Earnings. 1 


1869-1870. . . 
1870-1871.. . 
1871-I872... 
1872-1873... 
1873-1874... 

Total in 

five years. . 
Average 

per annum. 


$ 132,399 06 
154,574 90 
340,324 63 

457,153 19 
491,199 48 


$ 120,120 24 
167,348 85 
265,440 22 
474,819 II 
523,583 09 


$ 29 212 73; ^ T-Rnn CO 


$ 161,611 79 

238,724 90 
388,704 40 
529,572 15 
665,703 80 




84,150 00 

48,379 77 
72,418 96 
174,504 32 























$ 1,575,651 26 


$ 1,551,311 51 


$ 408,665 78 




$ 1,984,317 04 








$ 315,130 23 


$ 310,262 30 


$ 81,733 16 




$ 396,863 41 








1874-1875... 
1875-1876... 
1876-1877... 
1877-1878... 
1878-1879... 
Total in 

five years. . 
Average 

per annum. 


$ 641,836 35 
480,299 37 
530,032 95 
682,076 21 
867,789 75 


$ 549,820 14 

455,473 12 
441,329 10 
590,384 36 
679,392 06 


$ 190,366 06 

161,795 66 
134,830 02 
241,200 00 
259,095 86 




$ 832,202 41 

642,095 03 

664,862 97 

923,276 21 

1,126,885 61 












$ 1,789 15 








$ 3,202,034 63 


$ 2,716,398 78 1 987,287 60 




$ 4,189,322 23 








$ 640,406 93 






$ 837,864 45 






■V 'yi^TJl J 






1879-T880... 
1880-1881... 
1881-1882... 
1882-1883... 
1883-1884. . . 
Total in 

five years.. 
Average 

per annum. 


$ 892,856 73 
983,606 17 
873,201 78 
840,354 70 
878,519 75 


$ 702,080 39 
833,830 87 
704,766 47 
795,122 86 
698,019 36 


$ 348,290 24 

196,542 94 
570.155 25 
916,657 53 
677,729 50 


$ 101,064 69 
135,144 02 
174,301 24 
219,384 91 
239,051 45 


$ 1,241,146 97 
1,180,149 II 
1,443,357 03 
1,757,012 23 
1,556,249 25 


$ 803,145 08 

968,974 89 

879,067 71 

1,014,507 77 

937,070 81 


1 4,468,539 13 


$ 3,733,819 95 
$ 746,763 99 


$ 2,709,375 46 


$ 868,946 31 


$ 7,177,914 59 


$ 4,602,766 26 


$ 893,707 83 


$ 541,875 09 


$ 173,789 26 


$ 1,435,582 92 


$ 920,553 25 


1884-1885... 
1885-1886... 
1886-1887... 
1887-1888... 
1888-1889... 
Total in 

five years. . 
Average 

per annum. 


$ 1,411,183 03 

751,227 37 

943,332 74 

956,701 47 

1,049,880 10 


$ 642,660 19 
672,329 80 
739,732 65 
793,873 74 
880,530 93 


$ 618,829 54 
622,858 67 
718,821 70 
799,074 24 
820,072 05 


$ 180,820 77 
155,442 82 
197,478 87 
275,856 95 
329,493 13 


$ 2,030,012 57 
1,374,086 O-j 
1,662,154 44 

1,755,775 71 
1,869,952 15 


$ 823,480 96 

827,772 62 

937,211 52 

1,069,730 6g 

1,210,024 06 


$ 5,112,324 71 


$ 3,729,127 31 


$ 3,579,656 20 


$ 1,139,092 54 


$ 8,691,980 91 


$ 4,868,219 85 


$ 1,022,464 94 


$ 745,825 46 


$ 715,931 24 


$ 227,818 51 


$ 1,738,396 18 


$ 973,643 97 


1889-1890... 
1890-1891.. . 
1891-1892.. . 
1892-1893. . . 
1893-1894. . . 


$ 1,126,436 6g 
1,196,329 63 

1,342,437 II 
1,278,587 20 
1,250,855 82 


$ 994,112 87 
1,084,153 40 
1,127,563 18 
1,153,401 20 
1,213,309 46 


$ 872,316 89 

972,164 06 

1,045,726 44 

1,073,105 81 

954,864 4? 


$ 388,926 07 
462,076 59 
501,802 33 
528,881 96 
524,634 33 


$ 1,998,753 58 
2,168,493 69 
2,388,163 55 
2,351,693 01 
2,205,720 30 


$ 1,383,038 94 
1,546,229 99 
1,629,365 51 
1,682,283 16 
1,737,943 79 


five years. . 
Average 
per annum. 


$ 6,194,646 45 


$ 5,572,540 II 


$ 4,918,177 68 


$ 2,406,321 28 


$11,112,824 13 


$ 7,978,861 39 


$ 1,238,929 29 


$ 1,114,508 02 


$ 983,635 54 


$ 481,264 26 


$ 2,222,564 83 


$ 1,595,772 28 


1894-1895... 
1895-1896... 
Total in 

two years. . 
Average 

per annum. 
Total in the 

27 years . . . 
Average 

per annum. 


$ 633,201 36 
1,228,784 30 

$ 1,861,985 66 


$ 1,337,691 40 
1,062,415 99 


$ 531,949 48 
1,025,347 29 


$ 547,308 67 
622,340 69 


$ 1,165,150 8<| 
2,254,131 59 


$ 1,885,000 07 
1,684,756 68 


$ 2,400,107 39 


$ 1,557,296 77 


$ 1,169,649 36 


$ 3,419,282 43 


t 3,569,756 75 


$ 930,992 83 


$ 1,200,053 70 


$ 778,648 38 


$ 584,824 68 


$ 1,709,641 21 


$ 1,784,878 38 


122,415,181 84 


$19,703,305 OS 


$14,160,459 49 


$ 5,584,009 49 


$36,575,641 33 


$21,019,604 25 


$ 830,191 92 


$ 729,752 04 


$ 524,461 46 


$ 328,471 14 


$ 1,354,653 38 


$ 1,236,447 30 



' The totals and averages per annum in the colums marked " Earnings" and " Total Earnings" 
only embrace seventeen years, as the returns for the first ten years being very incomplete are not 
computed. 



3Banfts» 



225 



NUMBER OF PIECES TRANSPORTED BY MEXICAN MAILS FROM 1878-1879 

TO I 894-1 895. 
FISCAL YEARS. NUMBER OF PIECES. 

1878-1879 5,992,611 

1879-1880 5,786,790 

1880-1881 6,141,790 

1881-1882 6,732,504 

1882-1883 10,640,5 16 

1883-1884 10,488,518 

1884-1885 11,905,209 

1885-1886 13,289,591 

1886-1887 16,504,034 

1887-1888 27,429,018 

1888-1889 43,052,800 

1889-189O . . .- 95.852,939 

189O-189I 111,406,893 

189I-1892 116,778,853 

1892-1893 122,821,359 

1893-1894 35,818,148 

1894-1895 . 24,773,636 

Total 665,415,209 

Printed matter, samples, and parcel post articles in the year 1894- 
1895, weighed in grammes, 1,107,755,679. 

The notable reduction which appears in the last two years is due to 
the fact that in the preceding years all correspondence was counted, 
namely : such pieces as were received and sent, and such as came in 
transit, while in the last two years only are accounted such as were sent. 

BANKS. 

The following statement contains a list of all the banks existing in 
Mexico up to December 31, 1895, and their respective condition : 

LIST OF MEXICAN BANKS. 



STATE. 


LOCATION. 


NAME OF BANK. 


DATE OF 
CHARTER. 


Federal District. 


Mexico City 

Chihuahua City. . 


National Bank of Mexico 

International and Hypothecary 
Bank of Mexico 


February, 1882. 

May, 1883. 
October, 1886. 
September, 1888. 
September, 1888. 
December, 1889. 


Chihuahua 


Bank of London and Mexico, . 

Mexican Chihuahua Bank 

Chihuahua Mining Bank 




Chihuahua Commercial Bank. . 
Yucateco Bank 


December, 1890. 
February, 1890. 






Yucatan Mercantile Bank 

Durango Bank 


March, 1890. 


Durango 


Durango City, .. 
Zacatecas City. . 
Monterey 


June I, 1891. 
December, 1891. 
February 18, 1892, 






New Leon Bank 









226 



Statistical IRotes on /iDejico^ 



SITUATION OF THE MEXICAN BANKS ON DECEMBER 3I, 1894. 





NATIONAL 
BANK OF 
MEXICO. 


BANK OF 

LONDON AND 

MEXICO. 


INTERNA- 
TIONAL AND 
HYPOTHECARY 
BANK OF 
MEXICO. 


CHIHUAHUA 
MINING 
BANK. 


MEXICAN 

CHIHUAHUA 

BANK. 


CHIHUAHUA 
COM- 
MERCIAL 
BANK, ON 
FEBRUARY 

IS, 1895. 


Social capital.. . . 
Unpaid capital. 
Accumulated 


$20,000,000 00 
12,000,000 00 


$3,000,000 00 


$5,000,000 00 
1,500,000 00 


$ 600,000 00 


$610,000 00 


$600,000 00 
300,000 00 






50,342 62 
108,600 00 

6,928 00 

100,855 86 
265,630 62 
281,713 84 


Reserve funds. . 
Emergency 


1,796,100 51 

2,500,000 00 

190,000 CO 

20,630,086 89 

11,962,994 35 

3.093,5SS 21 


1,100,000 00 


34,500 00 


105,000 00 

22,729 55 


5,000 00 




111,266 94 
7,783,647 78 
8,892,749 25 


242,662 76 

656,496 33 

1,581,974 19 




Cash 


292,555 01 
1,167,942 29 


52,026 61 
229,199 13 


Cash in hand . . . 
Guarantee ad- 


Advances on 




2,788,527 85 
1,854,417 78 




94,124 01 
786,198 62 
287,133 28 




Debtors' cur- 
rent accounts. 
Bills in circula- 


12,605,302 02 
16,417,061 00 


5,318,895 69 

9.i9S,53S 00 


264,538 80 
538,429 25 


222,115 58 
122,782 00 


Mortgage bonds 


1,947,200 00 
1,642,378 91 


Deposits and 
creditors' cur- 
rent accounts. 


21,768,776 96 


8,811,024 66 


458,877 30 


465,519 OS 


75,559 32 





CHIHUAHUA 

BANK, 
ON JANUARY 

IS, 1895. 


YUCATECO 
BANK. 


YUCATAN 

MERCANTILE 

BANK. 


DURANGO 

BANK. 


ZACATECAS 
BANK. 


NEW LEON 
BANK. 


Social capital.. . . 
Unpaid capital. 
Reserve funds. . 
Real estate, fur- 


$500,000 00 
200,000 00 

5,666 25 


$1,000,000 00 


$ 750,000 00 


$500,000 00 


$600,000 00 

240,000 00 

6,500 00 


$600,000 00 


22,654 71 


17,716 89 


3,396 88 


8,278 82 

175,619 63 
240,066 38 
600,323 71 

231,094 10 

118,521 26 

563,418 00 

191,928 26 


Cash 


40,174 41 
109,113 11 


475,519 43 
1,346,715 63 


508,805 68 
1,001,457 81 


178,282 55 
603,039 go 

71,894 13 
322,927 og 
227,079 00 

445,667 79 


250,376 35 
565,032 52 

98,ig6 13 

339,306 74 

185,346 00 

701,065 74 


Cash in hand. .. 
Guarantee ad- 


Debtor's current 

accounts 

Bills in circula- 


285,441 59 
98,885 00 

30,277 86 


172,391 75 
658,726 00 

313,246 lO 


426,601 32 
658,312 00 

510,83s 92 


Deposits and 
creditors' cur- 
rent accounts. 



PUBLIC LANDS. 

I append four statements of the titles of public lands issued by the 
Mexican Government. The first one embraces a resum^ of the titles 
issued without cost, and under the act of December 14, 1874, of the 
Indian town lands held in common, called in Spanish " Ejidos " to the 
respective inhabitants of the said towns, from 1877 to 1895 : the second 
embraces a resume of the titles issued in 1894 and 1895 for public 
lands held by private parties as portions of public land bought from 
the government but which were in excess of the respective titles, which 
we call in Spanish " Demacias " : the third one embraces a resume of 
the titles of public lands issued to private parties in the years 1894 



public XanDs. 



227 



and 1895 : and the fourth contains a resume of the titles issued by the 
Mexican Government to surveying companies for one-third of the land 
respectively surveyed by them in 1894 and 1895, according to law and 
the respective contracts. 

FREE TITLES ISSUED UNDER THE ACT OF DECEMBER 14, 1874, OF 

THE INDIAN TOWN LANDS TO THE RESPECTIVE 

INHABITANTS FROM 1877 TO 1895. 



YEARS. 



1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

Total 





AREA. 




TITLES. 








Hectares. 


Ares. 


Cts. 


I 


85 


06 


00 


195 


3,572 


71 


41 


72 


128,144 


94 


5b 


2 


5,000 


00 


00 


195 


5,629 


29 


69 


259 


14,616 


14 


13 


1,932 


61,497 


56 


94 


383 


13,068 


18 


08 


774 


20,662 


93 


12 


254 


2,999 


85 


98 


1,524 


20,547 


73 


16 


2,237 


100,627 


65 


32 


1,130 


68,086 


31 


86 


499 


6,516 


74 


22 


1,449 


15,807 


30 


95 


452 


17,709 


59 


08 


791 


6,262 


71 


49 


273 


6,160 


03 


65 


12,422 


496,994 


79 


64 



TITLES ISSUED FOR UNWARRANTED POSSESSION BY PRIVATE PARTIES 
OF PUBLIC LANDS IN 1894 AND 1895. 



YEARS. 


Number 
of Titles. 


AREA. 


VALUE. 




Hectares. 


Ares. 


Cts. 




i8q4. 


17 
10 


34,781 
69,557 


98 
33 


04 
21 


$21,554 91 

20,254 12 


180=; 








27 


104,339 


31 


25 


$41,809 03 



TITLES OF PUBLIC LANDS ISSUED TO PRIVATE PARTIES IN 
1894 AND 1895. 



YEARS. 


Number 
of Titles. 


AREA. 


VALUE. 




Hectares. 


Ares. 


Cts. 




iSad 


21 
19 


86,385 
59,265 


63 
24 


26 

84 


$140,067 72 


i8qc 


81,883 95 








40 


145,650 


88 


10 


$221,951 67 



228 



Statistical Botes on /IDejico. 



TITLES ISSUED IN 1894 AND 1895 TO SURVEYING COMPANIES FOR 
ONE-THIRD OF THE LAND SURVEYED BY THEM. 



YEARS. 


Number 
of Titles. 


AREA. 




Hectares. 


Ares. 


Cts. 


1894 

i8q^ 


32 
29 


484,257 
243,576 


30 
II 


70 
8i 








61 


727,833 


42 


51 



EDUCATION. 

The following official data received by the Census Bureau of the 
Mexican Government contains the number of schools in the different 
States of Mexico, supported by the Federal, State, and municipal ad- 
ministrations, and the number of students attending the same. That 
statement does not include the States of Mexico and Veracruz, which 
are among those having the largest number of schools and attendance. 

I also append a statement of the number of schools supported by 
private parties, with the number of pupils attending the same and 
their cost ; and finally a detailed statement of the public libraries ex- 
isting in Mexico, and newspapers published in the country, taken from 
the publication of the Census Bureau in 1895. 

NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN MEXICO IN 1895. 



Aguascalientes 10 

Campeche 4 

Chiapas 4 

Chihuahua 19 

Coahuila 6 

Colima 13 

Durango 7 

Federal District, City of Mexico, ... 115 

Guanajuato 14 

Guerrero 6 

Hidalgo 3 

Jalisco 43 

Lower California (Territory) 5 

Mexico II 

Michoacan 30 

Morelos 5 



New Leon 8 

Oaxaca 5 

Puebla 17 

Queretaro i 

San Luis Potosi 6 

Sinaloa 14 

Sonora 12 

Tabasco 14 

Tamaulipas 20 

Territory of Tepic 6 

Tlaxcala 2 

Veracruz 24 

Yucatan 18 

Zacatecas 12 

Total 454 



These are published in several languages, namely : 

English 12 German I 

French 2 Spanish 439 



Dailies 44 

Semi-weekly 33 

Tri-weekly 5 

Weekly 185 

Semi-monthly 79 

Monthly 87 



Total 454 

Bi-monthly 3 

Quarterly 5 

Yearly 3 

Unknown 10 

Total 454 



B&ucation. 



229 



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230 



statistical Botes on /IDejico* 



< < 









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luuiniY 



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in ^ f^ r^crO'-^i-tN.r-N 



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l^ M "^^ o o» ' 
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000 <3\ VOVOMfOCOMOOVOO 



■> in M OH ro o ^^vo »r, o \0 coco t-N w 00 h 10 
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:ot;z; 



BDucation. 



231 



aw 


1 
•IBWX 


mioooo .ooi^NNrOH moo mcscj.n .««-*o- "ivo « m 

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«fOM m . mo <>o-«0!Cj"t'2 't!^ 1 °_ ! " ^'i '^_*° "^ "i 1^ " 
com"; ■^ft-Tio-^d'c^M'm -^vo" eT'*! M"i-r hTcCmcT 





•sapinaj; 


m moo • m^o m h -i- to 000 o>N«in.o>o<vo«ij^ 5- « »o ,o 
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m" ; m" cT hTco m m"oo eT m" I m m" h* 




■sapH 


00 CO ■^'S .COMO-CtvOMCMHt^H^N .t~Tj-o<Nmoo>ON 

M « >o >o • M lo 0) uS ■* uioo oo>u-i«M_. r~c^-«- ■*!» 'o >" M 

m' : «MmNor-.f «,o-fM"«: mcomm" 




> 

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u 


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t-^ 


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a 

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0^ 




u 

H 

5 


Aguascalientes 

Campeche 

Colima 

Chihuahua 

Guerrero 

Hidalgo 

Michoacan 

Neuvo Leon 

Puebla.. 

San Luis PotosI 

Sonora 

Tamaulipas 

Yucatan 

Federal District 

Lower California Territory, Southern District 


"2 

H 



232 



Statisttcal Motes on /iDejfco. 



2 2 

O I* 

P w 

O 






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lO t^ "* CMC ► 



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03 oi moj^ 



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03 S inoj^ 



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00 \o CO m^o 00 -^h H 



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M M M fO CO N 



cood « ostN c^o looo ooo o> m » 



M rN.\o t^ « 



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00 ro oo N M t^vo t^ « o c>co -^ -* ► 



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m^ a -rt-in-^ ^ 



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en Q oo irjioei ro 

M t^ H CO « -^VO 



•00 O* t^ t^ • "O 



"<*- t^VO 00 o ► 




<<(JUUOUQOOffi'-,^S;5 0C^O'c/2c«cfiHHH!>^N 



public libraries. 



233 



T3 

d 

goi 
. f^ o 



xn 












O JS 

00 



<u : 'o : rt 






U,>^ 



U (U V 



1^0 


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vO O O 



in O N O 

C<1 t<^ C^ T)- 



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■ o o^ o o o 

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OOOOOOOOOQOOON 
OOOOOOOOOOOrtTl-O 



1) 1) 






TO f-, 



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> !« o C 

> ^ 5 



u 



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^34 



Statistical Botes on /iDejico* 



rt : .3 "S 



a a 









(U —' 



• rH r— I .» 



1~-. O O CO 
M O 'T IN 

M xn c^O 
in" m" cT c^' 



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0c<^0'fc<iNOintr>0 
oocnocn inwcn^o 



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4) 1) 



■^ 'rt ° 5 






■3 =5 3r§'^ 

>{ Pi r3 o OS 



s g^s^-^ E,c;^ g.^2 ^.t-§ ^"""l I'-s 






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fl.S_o 



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C'S - 



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o 



t^ 53 cs s 5 



(U M "S 






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public Xtbcactes. 



235 



Pnr-; 



C 



13 

a 



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11: 

3 

V 4, 



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3 



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r- c<^ m Tt w 



1-1 M CO 



§22 



.1= tn 



oi 



C4 N r^ 



;i5 o ca 



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cd t( '^ eg 
ri H « (U 



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■u •- 2 c ■ 



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236 



statistical IRotes on jflDejico. 



•I«10X 



fOM b*fno 00000 o O"' 



) « t^ 1/^00 o e^>o NO«»nioo^o»*"> 



*co r~>o o N ts 10 « « moo •o^o ■♦ « « CO ■♦ r»>o ♦ 



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MI 



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■«"RD 



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« ' • - -^OO 



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•31BIO30l{3 



■«Dnp 
-ojd iBoiuiaqQ 



•jaag 



• »0 CO M fO « 




IRapigation. 237 

MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN MEXICO IN 1893. 

I take from Les Finances des Etats-Unis Mexicains of Mr. Prosper 
Gloner the following table, which purports to give the number of some 
of the manufacturing establishments in Mexico during the year 1893. 
Mr. Gloner acknowledges that his table is very deficient, as he says in 
a note that appears at the foot of it that he failed to receive the data 
from 117 districts in different states of Mexico, and that besides the 
manufacturing establishments mentioned in his table there are in the 
City of Mexico the following : (See page 236.) 

Carriages and wagons 11 

Wax works 28 

Agricultural implements 9 

Wall paper i 

Coloring substances 2 

Mineral and soda-waters 4 

Carriage varnishes 2 

Jewelry boxes, etc 9 

Mucilage and paste 11 

Card-board 6 

Scientific instruments i 

Playing cards i 

Pianos, organs, and harmonicas 4 

Passementeries 6 

Type foundries i 

Gold and silver ribbons 2 

Perfumeries 6 

Hats 49 

Musical instruments 6 

Total 159 

NAVIGATION. 

The total number of vessels, both steamers and sailing vessels, 
which arrived at and departed from Mexican ports during the year 
1895, appears in the following statement. 

I also append a statement showing the number of passengers who 
arrived in and departed from Mexico by sea and rail during the year 
1895, mentioning both their nationality and the port of their arrival. 
The number appears exceedingly small when compared with the very 
large number coming from Europe to the United States ; but I feel sure 
that before long we will have a large immigration. 



238 



Statistical Botes on /IDejico^ 



ON 

00 



CO iNr^mcMcoo-vo 



•*H\o « a>Nco o c>o 



(DOO ro M w tv\o 



O^ -tf t^ in r^ |N» 

« CT<tn o « oo CO 






r}- O lOOO O « I- 



r^ o* ( 



1.0 



J O O M t^ N 

• -^ qj CN.10 q_ 
I'vo" tC ( ' *■ * 



00 



01 



tN. -«J- N \0 



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00 00 VO IT) 0^ C?.00 



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00 H H 00 M C4 I 



o o> c 



tN. <M m e 



mtN.m« iotN.o *^oo m 
m H ro O O ^00 w so oo^ 
<> i-r \o t^ CO h" m" 



•^ ro M « -^ 



rooo vo 00 



m o a> H 



o o o t^ ■^'O 

00 in !>. lO Ov N 

00 tCvd" tC hTccr 
m ro N CO 



o o vo ■T^oo c 



- O O^ ""d- O 0> tN. c 



Oi O 0) 



00 bs'^0>0 lOH Omo O mvo Oh h Q ■^N t^-N ro«0 
mo fomoiwoo O o>o o mioo roo O n -<*-\o m in fo m 

O 0O't>.'-t O Nvo M cjvovo O'd-iON O ro Th\o t^ in t^ -^d- 
oinOM tsNOOoo ThM ■^^cl m o moo rot-M t^o moo r^ 
e^O mi>.H t^Tt-Mvo^o^-^ w^oo^oo^ O_oo_ a- q; ro -^oo h_vo q_ 
""'"'■^rotC O^ eT m"co^ tCtCt>!tCmro m" cC 



m 



CO 



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S^-a-S =? 



"W.-S o 






n6 






3 OO S Cj^rtO til C 4)T3 2 Q.S'" l^O« 



Bavigation. 



^2,9- 



t*« O fO O « h 



mo lo o^ Q o vo 



m o oo « -^m CTi 



ON en fo^o « iH 






N lOCO M t^ fO o> 

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m CO com » 



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lOVO 



•vo coo 



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ei CO « com 
in o^\o M « 
txvo o^y^ o> 



« m -^oo 



t^ h^ o -^ m 



m CO o O O 
m M 00 CO o 

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o^ O vo co-^ 
w^ m H com 
m t> -^ 1^ 



vo o\ o* m « 



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statistical Botes on /IDejico. 





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IRavtgation. 



243 



VESSELS ARRIVED AT AND DEPARTED FROM MEXICAN PORTS DURING 
THE FISCAL YEARS 1894-95 TO 1895-96. 







ARRIVED. 


DEPARTED. 




Steamers. 


Sailing vessels. 


Steamers. 


Sailing vessels. 




Ves- 
sels. 


Ton- 
nage. 


Ves- 
sels. 


Ton- 
nage. 


Ves- 
sels. 


Ton- 
nage. 


Ves- 
sels. 


Ton- 
nage. 


Total navigation in 


the fiscal 


4,078 
4,471 


3,083,050 
3,300,444 


5,497 
5.723 


345,923 
395,041 


3,399 
4,378 


3,026,964 
3,242,711 


S,S66 
5,856 


332,720 
390,76s 


Total navigation in 


the fiscal 






393 


217,394 


226 


49,118 


979 


215,747 


290 


58,045 





AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 

I take from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 1895 
the following table, which gives the total production of some of our 
agricultural staples, although I feel perfectly satisfied that they are 
very much under-rated in said table, because of the difficulty in obtain- 
ing complete data about our agricultural productions, both for want of 
a proper machinery to collect it, and because manufacturers conceal 
the extent of these products for the purpose of avoiding taxation. I 
think if the figures in said table are duplicated they will be nearer 
the true production. 

RESUME OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN MEXICO. 



ARTICLES. 



POUNDS AND 
OTHER MEASURES. 



Cereals : 

Rice 

Barley 

Indian com 

Wheat 

Leguminous : 

Chickling vetch (Arvejon). 

Beans 

Chick-peas 

Lima beans 

Lentils 

Root plants : 

Sweet potatoes 

Huacamote 

Potatoes 

Solanaceous : 

Dried pepper 

Green pepper 

Cane products : 

Sugar cane 

Sugar , 

Brown sugar 

Molasses 



27,174,320 59 



4,752,239 
71,900,598 
10,034,328 

251,230 

4,319,834 

774,351 

561,159 

34,123 

2,051,854 
235,939 



1,007,049 



29,472,894 45 
9,724,443 98 



5,924,612,232 56 

316,531,239 02 

152,300,903 95 

12,748,079 24 



% 1,400,299 40 

3,587,682 65 

75,695,383 21 

13,273,790 50 

336,771 40 

7,269,123 25 

932,608 60 

624,530 22 

64,441 25 

859,461 50 
108,348 82 
879,430 15 

1,731,857 67 
758,199 90 

25,692,281 25 

10,283,994 38 

7,942,787 60 

3,304,787 82 



244 



Statistical Botes on /IDe^ico* 



ARTICLES. 



Oleaginous : 

Sesame seed 

Peanuts 

Coquito de Aceite. 
Cocoanuts 



Linseed 

Palma Christi 

Turnip seed 

Lime-leaf sago 

Alcohol and Fermented Drinks: 

Rum 

Pulque whiskey 

Mezcal 

Pulque 

Tlachique or unfermented 

pulque 

Textiles : 

Henequen 

Ixtle 

Cotton 

Grape Products : 

Grape 

Wine 

Brandy 

Dyeing Plants : 

Indigo , 

Brazil , 

Campeachy 

Moral 

Tanning Plants : 

Cascalote 

Tanning bark 

Tropical Plants : 

Cocoa 

Coffee 

Tobacco 

Pepper 

Vanilla . . , , , 



Gums : 
Chewing gum. , 
India rubber. ., 
Mesquite gum. 
Copal gum. . . . 

Medicinal Plants : 

Jalap 

Sarsaparilla. . . . 



214,469 

357,569 

69,388 



303,425 

59,460 

20,708 

9,968 



POUNDS AND 
OTHER MEASURES. 



(310,953,000 cocoa- 
nuts) 



12,768,716 gals. 

270,876 gals. 

6,011,602 gals. 

54,624,835 gals. 

24,013,901 gals. 

93,427,740 04 

9,608,026 79 

78,511,486 26 

3,114,519 05 

162,816 16 gals. 

91,656 69 gals. 

299,761 56 

632,135 85 

171,604,086 41 

19,826,253 38 

4,798,994 96 
33,036,812 04 

5,346,718 17 

42,019,015 76 

124,852,597 69 

119,273 60 

(10,714,000 vanilla 

beans) 

3,996,630 32 

1,354,851 48 

139,896 97 

21,485 47 

50,099 00 
1,514,331 90 



$ 144,773 00 
325,413 00 
130,955 00 

3,522,789 00 

373,115 00 

83,434 00 

34,806 00 

20,168 00 

5,056,474 82 

199.935 00 

3,078,372 00 

3,562,435 05 

1,294.575 00 

4,104,096 00 

325,250 95 

10,176,050 50 

161,372 25 

146,028 70 

83,724 80 

285,530 00 

64,795 00 

2,110,098 50 

195,300 00 

242,070 25 
457.167 26 

1,123,180 00 
11,565,519 28 

6,464,733 50 
14,055 00 

667,145 50 

549,865 50 

410,290 00 

7,292 75 

10,313 55 

6,945 00 
100,730 00 



CONCLUSION. 

It has taken me a great deal of time and required a great deal of 
effort to obtain and prepare the data contained in this paper. I am 
sorry I have not been able to make it more complete than it is ; but I 
hope my article, by giving a general and superficial idea of Mexico, 
may promote the desire to read other papers and books treating on 
that subject in a fuller and more complete manner. 



ADDENDA. 

Since this paper has been printed the Federal Treasury of Mexico 
finished the accounts of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1897, and I give 
below the general results, showing the total amount of the Federal 
revenues and expenses during that year. I also give a statement, taken 
from the Statistical Bureau of the Treasury Department of Mexico, 
published since this paper has gone to press, of the imports and ex- 
ports in the same year, both by countries and custom houses, these two 
statements completing the data contained in this paper, and finally 
some data of the trade of both countries during the first nine months 
of the present calendar year. 

FEDERAL REVENUE AND EXPENSES OF MEXICO IN THE FISCAL YEAR 

1896-1897. 

RECEIPTS. 

Duties on imports and exports $23,639,580.91 

Internal revenue 24,323,798.46 

Public services 2,057,409.92 

Extraordinary and incidental 2,084,496.30 

$52,105,285.59 
Extraordinary revenues proceeding from contracts 

and other sources 2,819.17 

$52,108,104.76 

EXPENSES. 

1. Legislative power $ 989,758.38 

2. Executive power 62,100.26 

3. Judicial power 428,687.46 

4. Department of Foreign Affairs 470,122.37 

5. Department of Interior 3i354.888.95 

6. Department of Justice and Public Education. 2,184,556.52 

7. Department of Fomento, Colonization, and 

Industry 611,863.83 

8. Department of Communications and Public 

Works 5,494,593.34 

9. Department of the Treasury and Public 

Credit 24,218,207.75 

10. Department of War and the Navy 10,550,955.18 

Total $48,365,734-04 

Surplus $3,742,370.72 

245 



246 



statistical Botes on /iDejico. 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MEXICO BY COUNTRIES AND CUSTOM 
HOUSES IN THE FISCAL YEAR 1896-97. 



COUNTRIES. 



Algiers 

Arabia 

Argentine 

Republic. . 
Australia. . . . 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Canada 

Chili 

China 

Colombia. . . . 
Costa Rica. . 

Cuba 

Denmark... . 
Ecuador .... 

Egypt 

England .... 

France 

Germany. . . . 

Greece 

Guatemala . . 

Hawaii 

Holland 

Honduras... . 

India 

Italy 

Japan 

Nicaragua. . . 

Norway 

Persia 

Peru 

Portugal .... 

Russia 

Salvador .... 
San Domingo 
Senegambia . 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland . . 

Turkey 

United States 
Uruguay .... 
Venezuela . . . 
Zanzibar .... 

Total 



I, 

24 
128 
479. 



802 
282 

897 
833 
367 
850 
214 
240 
356 
203 
357 
317 



3 

53 

10 

6,881 

4,989 

4>oo3 

I 

46 



363 
,614 

.249 
,271 
,701 
,082 
1263 
,660 
,323 



132 



210 

184, 

23: 



,728 

3 
,845 
,186 

673 



41 



1,983 

29 

163 

3 
22,593 

27 
I 



670 
784 
108 
653 
.387 
452 
071 
902 

1 794 
.078 

,293 
,267 
,860 

33 

,608 

,456 



$42,204,095 



1.134,325 



17 
20 

5.396 
17,675 
31,658 
53,503 



14,280,527 
1,873,522 
4,416,744 



1,197,247 

1,200 

57,906 



10,765 
1,660 

2,110 



19,690 



294,165 
12,185 



1,192,328 
180 
720 



86,742,951 



$111,346,494 



CUSTOM 
HOUSES. 



Acapulco .... 

Altata 

Camargo 

Campeche. . . . 
City of Juarez. 
City of Porfirio 

Diaz 

Coatzacoalcos 

Frontera 

Guaymas .... 
Guerrero .... 
Isle of Carmen 

La Morita 

La Paz 

Laredo 

Las Palomas . . 
Manzanillo . . . 
Matamoros .. . 

Mazatlan 

Mier 

Nogales 

Progreso 

Puerto Angel. 
Salina Cruz. . . 

San Bias 

Sta. Rosalia. . 
Soconusco. . . . 

Tampico 

Tijuana 

Todos Santos. 

Tonala 

Tuxpam 

Veracruz 

Zapaluta 



Total. 



) 266,275 

101,159 

6,897 

175,027 

2,910,359 

4,710,415 
105,148 
246,9x8 

451,959 

6,863 

89,894 

24,943 

62,937 

4,693,818 

18,794 

77,395 

185,370 

1,572,568 

8,157 

944,312 

1,463,515 

15,150 

11,676 

152,643 

547,726 

231,078 

8,773,275 

14,297 

140,268 

106,494 

76,926 

14,036,136 

35,703 



123,481 

813,899 

8,735 

747,710 

17,929,521 

2,888,535 

285,195 

418,352 

40,307 

15,754 

1.693,767 

498,765 

430,144 

3,701,086 

420,011 

221,551 

312,987 

5,808,037 

78,609 

5,776,575 
8,443,130 

525,075 

68,114 

638,398 

3,279,390 

1,608,446 

29,952,441 

116,238 

199,367 

255,582 

1,154,313 

22,484,633 

408,346 



$42,204,095 $111,346,494 



A comparison between the foreign trade in the fiscal year 1896-97 
with the year before, 1895-96, gives the following results : During 
the year 1896-97 Mexico's exports increased $6,329,592, but the value 
of the exports sent to the United States increased $7,091,256. The 



at>Oen&a. 247 

total of Mexico's imports for the year 1896-97 shows a falling-off of 
$49,843, but, notwithstanding this fact, Mexico's imports from the 
United States increased $2,448,097. During the year England's ex- 
ports to Mexico decreased $1,023,315, and her imports from Mexico 
show a loss of $2,186,622, a combined loss of over 12 per cent, in her 
commercial relations with the Republic. Imports to Mexico from 
France fell off $1,110,101, a loss of one-sixth of all France's exports 
to Mexico. In 1895-96 the United States imported 75.8 per cent, 
of the total exports from Mexico ; in 1896-97 American exporters fur- 
nished 53^ per cent, of all that Mexico bought abroad, and, more 
than this, the United States took 47.67 per cent, of all that was ex- 
ported from Mexico. These figures sustain the prediction made, that 
any unsettlement or diminution of Mexico's importations either be- 
cause of fluctuating silver or the increased production of home manu- 
factories would affect American exporters less than those of any other 
country. The statistics given above show that these causes have affected 
them less than those of all the other countries combined ; in fact, their 
loss has been the gain of the United States. 

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES DURING THE 
FIRST NINE MONTHS OF THE CALENDAR YEAR 1897. 

The following data, taken from the publications of the Statistical 
Bureau of the United States Treasury Department, shows the results 
of the trade with Mexico in the nine months ended September 30, 
1897, as compared with the similar period ended September 30, 1896. 

Mexican Exports to the United States. — In the following items the 
first group of figures represents the amounts and values exported in 
the first nine months of this year, and the second those of the similar 
period in 1896 : 

Coffee, 30,016,967 pounds, worth $4,574,252 gold, against 19,715,264 
pounds, worth $3,333,385. The much lower price of coffee this year 
accounts for the disproportionate valuation. 

The people of the United States, besides being Mexico's chief cus- 
tomers for coffee, are buying more and more of our tobacco, which 
they now know and appreciate on its merits. The amount exported to 
the United States was 600,987 pounds, worth in gold $294,536, against 
191,303, worth $78,769. 

Mexico exported, in the period under consideration, to the United 
States, hides and skins to the value of $1,534,306 gold, against $1,055,- 
299. The quantities, respectively, were 11,764,000 pounds, and 7,102,- 
465 pounds. No diminution of activity there. 

It is worth noting that oranges were shipped out to the value of 
$22,444 gold against $19,359. 



248 Statistical Botes on /iDerico. 

Mexico's great argentiferous lead business did not fall behind, the 
nine months' exportation being 108,776,560 pounds, worth in gold 
$1,226,525, against 97,818,833 pounds, worth $949,926. The bulk of 
the American purchase of lead is from Mexico. 

Yucatan is Mexico's henequen-growing region, and the exportation 
has been heavy, standing at 48,410 tons, worth in gold $2,889,003, 
against 35,746 tons, worth $2,323,585, a noteworthy increase. The 
henequen or sisal-grass trade into the United States is overwhelmingly 
Mexican, " other countries " furnishing but 399 tons in the first nine 
months of this year ! 

Mexico both exports and imports coal, and shipped into the United 
States 85,890 tons, worth in gold $182,416, against 52,674 tons, worth 
$115,015. 

Logwood exports were $44,028, against $15,250. 

Mahogany fell off, being $290,044 gold, against $306,715, but this 
trade is always variable. 

Mexican Imports from the United States. — It is worthy of note that, 
in spite of the extraordinarily heavy gold premium, Mexico should be 
increasing her buying abroad of electrical apparatus, the purchase from 
the United States alone, in the first nine months of this year, amount- 
ing to $228,000 gold, as against $200,000 in the same period last year. 
Sewing machines went in to the value of $164,000 gold in the nine- 
month period, against $154,000 last year. Builders' hardware fell off 
from $556,600 gold value, in the first nine months of last year, to 
$424,000 this year, but lumber for builders ran up to $1,079,000 gold, 
against only $544,000 last year, all coming from the United States. 
Furniture increased slightly, $141,000 gold, against $126,000. 

Carriages, cars, and other vehicles, in the nine-months' period, 
came from the United States to the value of $664,000 gold, as com- 
pared with $463,000 last year. Bicycles amounted to $56,000 gold, as 
against $37,700. 

Other importations were as follows : 

9M0S., 1897. 9M0S., 1896. 

Cotton : 

Bales 9,936 23,127 

Value * $411,973 * $1,020,000 

Crude petroleum imports : 

Gallons 6,260,164 5,486,667 

Value * $277,300 * $299,422 

Refined petroleum : 

Gallons 734.466 588,242 

Value $136,180 $122,447 

Cotton seed oil : 

Gallons 1,010,580 912,905 

Value * $199,000 * $195,000 

♦Gold. 



appent>fj, 249 

APPENDIX. 

In the preceding paper I stated that I would give as an appendix 
some data concerning several subjects treated in the same, and I now 
append the documents mentioned ; the first one being a paper pub- 
lished in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New 
York for March 31, 1894, under the title of " Mexico a Central 
American State," the second, some itineraries of the principal roads 
in Mexico, which show the broken surface of that country, and the 
third and last, a paper on the " Drainage of the Valley of Mexico," 
published by the Engineering Magazine of New York, Vol. viii.. No. 4, 
for January, 1895. 

MEXICO A CENTRAL AMERICAN STATE. 

In the chapter of this paper entitled " Location, Boundaries, and 
Area," I referred, (page 9) to an article under the above heading, which 
I published in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New 
York of March 31, 1894, and offered to give it in the appendix. That 
paper is the following : 

MEXICO A CENTRAL AMERICAN STATE." 

There is in this city a social gathering of ladies and gentlemen 
called " The Travellers' Club," meeting weekly during the winter of 
each year, for the purpose of studying a foreign country, on the sup- 
position that its members are then travelling in that particular country, 
and with that view papers are read referring to the same, and they are 
illustrated with an exhibition of views and objects manufactured in the 
country under study, and of everything else that may contribute to 
impart more or less complete information regarding the place supposed 
to be visited. 

During the winter of 1887-88 Mexico was chosen as the country un- 
der study by the club, and for that reason I received at the beginning 
of the year 1888 an invitation to attend some of its sessions, and to say 
something about the Republic. I accepted the invitation to attend 
some session, but stated to the invitation committee that, not having 
time to prepare a paper, I would only give some general notions on 

' This article was published in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 
of New York oi March 31, 1894, and it is inserted here without any changes. Al- 
though the data contained in this article was published in the years 1887 and 1893, a& 
it refers to the area which has not changed, I have not thought it necessary to revise 
the same. So far as the Mexican States are concerned, I have later and more accu- 
rate data ; but the differences are insignificant, and it is not worth while to notice 
them. As regards the population, the increase has been proportionate ; in respect to 
all the countries mentioned in this article there is no marked change in the general 
proportions. 



J250 statistical IFlotes on /IDejico, 

Mexico, in a conversational form, and would be glad to answer any 
question that might be put to me by those attending the meeting who 
felt the desire to have further information and more details. 

Accordingly, the evening of the i6th of January, 1888, I attended the 
meeting of the club and spoke for about an hour on the geographical 
position of Mexico, its physical conditions, its natural resources, and 
other matters connected with the situation of the country, but carefully 
avoiding to touch any political question, especially of an international 
•character. 

With a view to leave a record of what I intended to say, I had with 
me a stenographer to take down what I would say, and although his 
notes were not complete, by using them, and those taken by reporters, 
some extracts of my conversation were prepared and published the 
next morning. 

Speaking of the geographical position of Mexico, I naturally stated, 
what is a fact, although not generally realized, that while the main 
portion of the territory of Mexico is located in North America it 
occupies a considerable portion of Central America, although politically 
it is considered as wholly situated in North America. On this subject 
I made the following remarks, taken from the newspapers, but which 
were correct: 

" The isthmus of Panama divides the New World into two continents, one sit- 
uated on the northern and the other on the southern hemisphere, but as the position 
-of that isthmus does not correspond with the line of the equator, and lies considerably 
north of that line, a large portion of South America proper lies in the boreal hemi- 
:sphere. North America proper is divided by the isthmus of Tehauntepec in two sub- 
divisions — Central America from Panama to Tehauntepec, and North America from 
Tehauntepec to the North Pole. 

' ' Central America in its present political organization includes the following 
States : Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, but from a geo- 
graphical standpoint it has a much larger area, since it begins at the isthmus of Panama 
and ends at the isthmus of Tehuantepec. Taking this view, Mexico exercises sov- 
ereignty over a large portion of Central America, larger still than any single State of 
the five which are generally considered as the only components of the same, and 
representing a third of the total territorial area of Central America. 

" The Mexican State of Chiapas and a part of Oaxaca, on the Pacific ; of Yuca- 
tan, Campeche, and Tabasco, and a portion of the State of Vera Cruz on the Gulf of 
Mexico, are situated in geographical Central America. 

' ' The following re'sum/ of the territorial area and population of the several sec- 
tions of Central America, taken from the Statesman's Year Book, London, 1887, shows 
rthat Mexico is a Central American as well as a North American power : 
FIVE STATES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Area in sq. miles. Population. 

Guatemala 46,800 1,224,602 

Salvador 7,225 634,120 

Honduras 46,400 458,000 

Nicaragua 49, 500 275,815 

Costa Rica 23,200 213,785 

Total 173,125 2,806,322 



/JDejtco an& Central Hmectca, 



25^ 



MEXICO. 

State. Area in sq. miles. 

Chiapas 16,048 

Oaxaca (one-fifth) 6,718 

Yucatan 29, 567 

Campeche 25,832 

Tabasco 11,815 

Vera Cruz (one-fourth) 6,558 

Total 96,538 



Population. 
242,029 
152,255 
302,319 
90,413 
140,747 
145.610 

1,073.373 



This shows that 36 per cent, of the total area of Central America belongs to 
Mexico. 

In the foregoing list I omitted to take into account that, besides the States 
referred to, there are in Central America proper the British Colony of Belize or British 
Honduras, and that part of the State of Panama, in Colombia, which lies north of the 
isthmus of Panama. 

Taking the area and population of those places from the statistical and geographical 
data published by the Almanack de Gotha for 1893, and from some official information 
in possession of Seiior Doctor Don Manuel M. de Peralta, Costa Rican Minister to 
Washington, a gentleman very well versed in Central American affairs, the following 
results are obtained : 



Chiapas 

Oaxaca (one-fifth) . . . , 

Yucatan 

Campeche 

Tabasco 

Veracruz (one-fourth) 

Guatemala 

Honduras , 

Salvador 

Nicaragua , 

Costa Rica 

Panama (two-thirds). . 
British Honduras 



Area in square 
miles. 


Area in square 
kilometers. 


Population. 


16,048 


41.565 


270,000 


6,718 


17,400 


158,800 


29,567 


76,579 


330,000 


25,832 


66,905 


94,000 


11,815 


30,600 


140,747 


6,558 


16,986 


181,000 


96,538 


250,035 


1,174,547 


48,300 


125,100 


1,520,000 


46,262 


119,820 


400,000 


8,135 


21,070 


800,000 


47,857 


123,950 


320,000 


24,000 


62,000 


270,000 


19,278 


50,000 


200,000 


8,300 


21,475 
523.415 


31,500 


202,132 


3,541,500 



GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENSION OF CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Square miles. Square kilometers. 

Mexican Central America 96,538 250,035 

Five Republics of Central America 174,554 451,940 

British Honduras 8,300 21,475 

Panama (two-thirds) 19,278 50,000 

298,670 773,450 

The foregoing table shows that a little more than 32 per cent, of the whole of 
Central America, geographically speaking, belongs to Mexico. 



252 Statistical TRotes on /iDejico, 

When those statements were translated into Spanish and published 
'by Las Novedades, of New York, in its issue of the i8th of January, 1888, 
they were read by Sefior Don Manuel Montufar, Secretary of the 
Guatemalan Legation in Washington, who, in the absence of the 
Minister, Sefior Don Francisco Lainfiesta, was acting as Charg6 
d'Affaires, and he considered my statements in this connection as a 
geographical heresy, and as an evidence of the design of Mexico 
against the several States of Central America. His alarm was so great 
that he called the attention of the other representatives of the Central 
American States in Washington to this incident, in order to point out to 
them the serious dangers which he foresaw for their respective 
countries on account of my views, which he considered as more than 
extraordinary. 

Fortunately, one of them, the representative of Costa Rica, Sefior 
Doctor Don Manuel M. de Peralta, had attended the meeting of the 
Travellers' Club at which I spoke, and, I think. Doctor Don Horacio 
Guzman, the Nicaraguan Minister, was also present, although I am 
not sure of this, and both failed to see anything in what I stated in this 
connection that was not a geographical fact, and that, consequently, it 
could not be disputed ; and therefore this incident, that threatened to 
assume certain proportions, died in its very cradle. 

Senor Montufar showed himself over-sensitive at my remarks when 
there was not the slightest ground for such feeling. If I had made a 
geographical mistake in averring that a portion of the territory of 
Mexico was in Central America, geographically speaking, I would be 
the only sufferer by my mistake, because I would have been the laugh- 
ing-stock of everybody, including the school-boy studying geography; 
and, on the contrary, if I had stated a fact, nobody had reason to 
complain, and much less to be alarmed. 

My object in now mentioning this incident is to show the extreme 
sensitiveness of some Guatemalan gentlemen in regard to Mexico, 
which goes so far that they cannot listen sometimes to indisputable 
facts without umbrage, and without ascribing it to purposes and designs 
against their country. Fortunately this incident happened when the 
long-pending boundary dispute between Mexico and Guatemala had 
already been settled for several years, as, had it taken place before, 
when that question was opened, the situation would have been still 
more embarrassing and unpleasant. 

M. Romero. 

Washington, December zg, iSgj. 



irtinerartes. 



253 



MEXICAN PROFILES. 

In the chapter on Orography of this paper (page 31)1 stated that I 
would give some profiles of the Mexican surface, which would show in 
an exact manner the different altitudes from the sea-level to the high 
plateaus of the country, I have selected for that purpose the principal 
measurements by railroads built in Mexico, as they naturally followed 
the easiest ascent and descent, both from the coast to the interior and 
back to the coast. I will also supplement those measurements with 
others made for wagon roads to and from important places. 



FROM VERACRUZ TO MEXICO BY ORIZABA, 
BY THE MEXICAN RAILWAY. 



Veracruz 

Tejeria 

Purga 

Soledad 

Camaron 

Paso del Macho. 

Atoyac 

Cordova 

Orizaba 

Maltrata 

Boca del Monte, 

Esperanza 

San Andres .... 

Rinconada 

San Marcos .... 

Huamantla 

Apizaco 

Soltepec 

Apam 

Irolo 

Otumba 

Teotihuacan. . . . 

Tepexpam 

Mexico 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 



15.500 
15-250 
11.250 
21.250 
12.750 
10.000 
19-750 
26.250 
20.250 
20.250 
6.500 
24.250 
20. 500 
18.000 
17.250 
25.500 
27.000 
19.500 
15.500 
22.000 
11.500 
11.250 
32.500 



Miles. 



9.63 

9.48 

6.99 

13.21 

7.92 

6.22 

12.27 

16.52 

12.58 

12.59 

4.04 

15.07 

12.74 
II. 19 

10.72 
15.84 
16.79 
12.12 

9-63 
13.67 

7.15 

6.99 

20.20 



Distances. 



Kilom's. Miles 



0.000 

15.500 

30.750 

42.000 

63.250 

76.000 

86.000 

105.750 

132.000 

152.250 

172.500 

179.000 

203,250 

223.750 

241.750 

259.000 

284.500 

311.500 

331.000 

346.500 

368.500 

380.000 

380.000 

423.750 



0.00 

9.63 

I9.II 

26.10 

39.31 

47.23 

53.45 

65.72 

82.04 

94.62 

107.21 

III. 25 

126.32 

139.06 

150.25 

160.97 

176.81 

193.60 

205.72 

215.35 
229.02 
236.17 
236.17 
263.36 



Altitudes. 



Metres. 



1.89 

32.34 

44.77 

93.08 

340.76 

475.55 
400.77 
827,88 
1227.63 
1601.79 
2415.36 
2451.79 
2430.42 
2357.32 
2373.21 
2488.06 
2411.51 
2507.62 
2486.92 
2452.58 
2349.41 
2281.57 

2244.99 
2239.83 



Feet. 



6.20 
106.10 
146.89 

305-39 
III6.47 
1560.25 
I314.9I 
2713.61 
4027.80 
5255-40 
7924.66 
8044.20 
7974-08 
7734-24 
7786.37 
8164.97 
7912.03 
8227.37 

8159-45 
8046.78 
7708.28 
7485.71 
7365.69 
7348.76 



FROM APIZACO TO PUEBLA, A BRANCH OF 
THE SAME ROAD. 



Mexico , . . . 
Apizaco, , , . 
Santa Ana. 
Panzacola.. 
Puebla 



139.250 
16.750 
18.250 
12.000 



86.54 

10.41 

11.29 

7-52 



0.000 
139.250 
156.000 
174.250 
186.250 



86.54 

96.95 

108.24 

115.76 



2239.83 
2411.51 
2288.31 
2192.01 
2154.63 



7348.76 
7912.03 
7507.82 
7191.86 
7069.22 



254 



Statistical TRotes on /IDejtco. 



FROM VERACRUZ TO MEXICO BY JALAP A, BY THE INTEROCEANIC RAILWAY, 



Veracruz 

Santa Fe 

La Antigua 

San Francisco 

Rinconada 

Colorado 

El Palmar 

Chavarrillo 

Pacho 

Jalapa 

Banderilla 

San Miguel 

Cruz Verde 

Las Vigas 

Perote 

Tepeyahualco 

Virreyes 

Ojo de Agua 

San Marcos 

La Venta 

Acajete 

Amozoc 

Puebla 

Los Arcos 

Analco 

San Martin Texmelucan. 

Atotonilco 

Nanacamilpa 

Calpulalpam 

San Lorenzo 

Irolo 

Soapayuca 

Otumba 

Texcoco 

San Vicente 

Los Reyes 

Mexico 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 



20.234 
15.200 

9.820 
21.644 
16.312 

9.781 
15-603 
14-675 

8.558 
10.510 
14.227 
14.870 
16.569 
20.827 
29.476 
17.041 
17.064 

11.303 
14.014 

10.357 
11.344 
19-391 
7.919 
15-586 
15-231 
12.721 
24.259 

23.275 
9.302 
9.648 

15.617 
4.724 

31.209 

11.452 
9-353 

17.495 



Miles. 



12.58 
9.46 
6.09 

13-45 
10.14 
6.07 
9.70 
9.12 
5-32 
6-53 
8.84 

9-25 
10.29 
12.95 
18.31 

10.59 

10.61 

7.02 

8.71 

6.44 

7.05 

12.05 

4.92 

9-69 

9-47 

7.91 

15-05 

14.49 

5.78 

5.99 

9.71 

2.94 

19-39 
7.92 
5-19 

11.50 



Distances. 



Kilom's. Miles 



0.000 

20.234 

35-434 

45-254 

66.898 

83.210 

92.991 

108.594 

123.269 

131.827 

142.337 
156.564 

171-434 
188.003 
208.830 
238.297 
255.338 
272.402 
283.705 
297.719 
308.076 
319.420 
338.811 
346.730 
362.316 
377.547 
390,268 
414-527 
437.802 
447.104 
456.752 
472.369 
477.093 
508.302 

519.754 
529.107 
546.602 



0.00 
12.58 
22.04 
28.13 
41.58 
51.72 
57.79 
67.49 
76.61 

81.93 
88.46 
97.30 
106.55 
116.84 
129.79 
148.10 
158-69 
169.30 
176.32 
185.03 
191.47 
198.52 
210.57 

215.49 

225.18 

234.65 
242.56 
257.61 
272.10 
277.88 
283.87 
293.58 
296.52 

315,91 
323-03 
328.22 
339.72 



Altitudes. 



Metres. Feet, 



2.00 

28.60 

5.50 

24.44 

254.00 

520.70 

690.08 

941.24 

1170.44 

1336.18 

1490.00 

1780.22 

2073 09 

2421.10 

2390.30 

2321.50 

2346.40 

2348.33 
2412.60 

2559.05 
2469.25 
2312.04 
2155.60 
2130.96 
2197.50 
2258.61 
2472.10 
2740.16 
2576.10 
2484.22 
2447.25 
2409.05 
2361.30 
2249.10 
2235.20 
2240.10 
2240.00 



6.56 
93-84 
18.04 
80.18 

833.36 
1708.39 
2264.12 
3088.16 
3840.15 
4383.94 
4888.62 
5840.82 
6801.70 
7943.50 
7842.44 
7615.23 
7698.41 

7704.74 
7915.61 
8396.10 
81OI.4& 
7585-67 
7072.39 
6991.56 
7209.88 
7410.38 
8110.83 
8990.31 
8990.31 
8150.60 
8029.30 
7903.96 
7747-29 
7379-15 
7333-52 
7349.60 

7349-27 



FROM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO MORELOS, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD. 



Mexico 

Los Reyes 

Ayotla 

La Compaiiia 

Tenango 

Amecameca 

Otumba 

Nepantla 

Yecapixtla 

Cuautla de Morelos 

Calderon 

Yautepec 

Ticuman 

Tlaltizapan 

Tlalquitenango . . . . 

Jojutla 

SaiTi Jose 

Puente de Ixtla. . . . 



17-495 

7.005 

9.300 

12.900 

10.800 

12.200 

22.900 

26.800 

16.500 

8.200 

14.000 

18.000 

8.200 

8.700 

2.300 

12.100 

7.600 



11.50 

3.73 
5.77 
8.02 
6.71 

7.59 

14.23 

16.66 

10.25 

5.10 

8.70 

II. 19 

5.09 

5.41 

1.43 

7.52 

4.73 



17.495 

24.500 

33-800 

46. 700 

57.500 

69.700 

92.600 

119.400 

135.900 

144. 100 

158.100 

176.100 

184.300 

193.000 

195.300 

207.400 

215.000 



0.00 

11.50 

15-23 

21.00 

29.02 

35.73 

43.32 

57.55 

74.21 

84.46 

89.56 

98.26 

109.45 

"4.54 

119-95 

121.38 

128.90 

133-63 



2240.00 

2240.10 

2243.30 

2244.50 

2324.20 

2466. 50 

2324.45 

1968.65 

1570.20 

1216.48 

1258.15 

1154.72 

968.22 

934.10 

900.20 

890.64 

992.35 
896.99 



7349.27 
7349.60 
7360.09 
7364.03 
7625.53 
8092.42 
7626.33 
6459.04 
5151.75 
3991.20 
4127.92 

3788.59 
3176.69 
3064.73 

2953.51 
2922.15 

3255.84 
2942.99 



Utineraries. 



2SS 



FROM PUEBLA TO IZUCAR DE MATAMOROS, A BRANCH OF THE SAME 

ROAD. 



STATIONS. 


Distance between 
each station. 


Distances. 


Altitudes. 




Kilom's. 


Miles. 


Kilom's. 


Miles. 


Metres. 


Feet. 


Puebia 


7.919 
5.000 
8.900 

18.100 
5-850 

19-150 
8.850 

10.543 


4.92 

3-II 

5-53 

11.25 

3-64 
11.90 

5-49 
6.56 


0.000 

7.919 
12.919 
21.819 
39-919 
45-769 
64.919 

73-769 
84.412 


0.00 
4.92 
8.03 
13-56 
24.81 
28.45 
40.35 
45-84 
52.40 


2155.60 
2130.96 
2145.00 
2120.10 
2030.20 
1196.60 
1685.18 
1584.94 
1443.80 


7072.36 
6991.52 
7037-58 
6955-89 
6660.94 

3925.99 
5528.99. 
5200.10 
4737-03 


Los Arcos. 


Cholula 


Santa Maria 

San Augustin 


Atlixco 


San Jose Teruel 


Tatetla 


Matamoros. 









FROM MEXICO TO EL PASO DEL NORTE OR CIUDAD JUAREZ, BY THE- 
CENTRAL MEXICAN RAILROAD. 



Mexico 

Tlalnepantla. . . . 

Barrientos 

Lecheria 

Cuautitlan 

Teoloyucan 

Huehuetoca 

Nochistongo 

El Salto 

Tula 

San Antonio 

Lena 

Marquez 

Nopala 

Danu 

Polotitlan. ...... 

Cazadero 

Palmillas 

San Juan del Rio 

Chintepec 

Ahorcado 

Hercules 

Queretaro 

Mariscala 

Apaseo 

Celaya 

Guaje 

Salamanca 

Chico 

Irapuato 

Villalobos , 

Silao 

Trinidad 

Leon 

Francisco 

Pedrito 

Loma 

Lagos 



11.700 


7-27 


0.000 


0.00 


2240.00 


5.900 


3.67 


11.700 


7.27 


2250.10 


3- 300 


2.05 


17.600 


10.94 


2298.50 


6.800 


4-23 


20. goo 


12.99 


2253.20 


8.300 


5-15 


27.700 


17.22 


2252.50 


10.500 


6.52 


36.000 


22.37 


2253.20 


6.000 


3-74 


46.500 


28.89 


2258.80 


9.900 


6.15 


52.500 


32.63 


2248.00 


17.600 


10.96 


62.400 


38.78 


2162.60 


13-500 


8.39 


80.000 


49.72 


2030.00 


24.300 


15.10 


93-500 


58.11 


2187.00 


3.800 


2.37 


117.800 


73.21 


2471.80 


8.300 


5.15 


121.600 


75.58 


2426.50 


8.000 


5-04 


129.900 


80.73 


2341.40 


14.000 


8.63 


137-900 


85-77 


2387.70 


9.200 


5.72 


151.900 


94.40 


2292.30 


10. goo 


6.77 


161.100 


100.12 


2249.50 


18.600 


11-57 


172.000 


106.89 


2162.00 


13.300 


8.26 


190.600 


118.46 


1905.50 


12.200 


7.59 


203.900 


126.72 


1894.90 


24.400 


15.16 


216.100 


134-31 


1907.70 


5.000 


3-II 


240.500 


149-47 


1843.90 


18.500 


11.50 


245-500 


152.58 


1813.20 


14.500 


9.01 


264.000 


164.08 


1788.20 


13.000 


8.08 


278.500 


173-09 


1767.40 


18.200 


II. 31 


291.500 


181.17 


1757-40 


22.800 


14.17 


309.700 


192.48 


1740.00 


II. 100 


6.90 


332.500 


206.65 


1721.50 


9.200 


5-72 


343.600 


213.55 


1720.80 


16.600 


10.31 


352.800 


219.27 


1723.70 


13.200 


8.20 


369.400 


229.58 


1746.10 


19.000 


11.82 


382.600 


237.78 


1776.50 


14.200 


8.82 


401.600 


249.60 


1818.00 


16.400 


10.19 


415.800 


258.42 


1785.80 


15.400 


9.58 


432.200 


286.61 


1765.00 


13.700 


8.51 


447.600 


278.19 


1795.00 


13.600 


8-55 


461.300 


286.70 


1890.40 


10.600 


6.59 


474.900 


295.15 


1871.00 



7349-32 
7392.46 
7541-26 
7392.63 

7390.33 
7392.63 
7411.00 
7375.57 
7095.37 
6660.32 

7175.43 
8109.84 
7961.22 
7682.00 
7833-92 
7520.91 
7380.49 
7093-40 
6251.84 
6217.07 
6259.07 

6049.74 
5949.02 
5867.00 
5798.75 
5765.94 
5708.85 
5648.15 
5645.85 
5655-37 
5728.87 
5828.61 

5964-77 
5859.12 
5790.88 
5889.30 
6202.31 
6138.66 



256 



statistical Botes on /IDejico. 



TROM MEXICO TO EL PASO DEL NORTE OR CUIDAD JUAREZ, BY THE 

CENTRAL MEXICAN RAILROAD. — Continued. 



STATIONS. 



Serrano (Altamira) 

Los Salas 

Santa Maria 

Encarnacion 

Penuelas 

Aguascalientes. . . . 

Pabellon 

Rincon de Romos. 

Soledad 

Guadalupe 

Zacatecas 

Pimienta 

Calera 

Fresnillo 

Mendoza 

Gutierrez 

Canitas 

Cedro 

La Colorada 

Pacheco , 

Guzman 

Gonzalez , 

Camacho , 

San Isidro 

Symon 

La Mancha 

Calvo 

Peralta 

Jimulco , 

Jalisco 

Picardias , 

Matamoros , 

Toueon 

Lerdo 

Noe 

Mapimi , 

Peronal 

Conejos 

Yermo 

Cevallos , 

Zavalza 

Escalon , 

Rellano 

Corralitos 

Dolores 

Jimenez 

La Ref orma 

Diaz 

Bustamante , 

Santa Rosalia 

La Cruz , 

Concho 

Saucillo 

Las Delicias 

Ortiz 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 



10.300 
24.700 
16.700 
26.400 
21.500 
30.100 

8.500 
20.500 

5.800 

9.900 
13.500 
16.100 
28.000 
15-500 
15.000 
22.100 
13-500 
20.700 
25.800 
19.000 
19.700 
21.400 
21.900 
23.200 
24.000 
21.000 
23.900 
15-500 
,14.400 
14,300 
25.200 
16.400 

5.200 
17.700 
20.000 
24.000 
22.200 
22.700 
18.900 
18.500 
14.600 
18.000 
21.400 
19.400 
14.700 
19.100 

i8.8oo 
19.200 
15.700 
16.000 
20.400 
15.600 
16.100 
7.300 
24.300 



Miles. 



6.77 
15-35 
10.38 
16.41 
13-36 
18.71 

5.28 
12.74 
32.20 

6.15 

8.39 
10.00 

17.41 

9-63 

9-32 

13-74 

8.39 

12.86 

16.04 

II. 81 

12.24 

13-30 

13.61 

14.42 

14.92 

13-05 

14-85 

9.64 

8-95 
8.88 

15.67 

10.01 

3.16 

11.25 

12.43 
14.92 

13-79 
14.11 

ir.75 

11-55 

9.07 

10.57 
13-30 
12.06 

9.13 
11.87 
11.69 
11-93 

9.76 

9-94 
12.68 

9.70 
10.00 

4-54 
15-08 



Distances. 



Kilom's. 



485-500 
495-800 
520.500 
537-200 
563.600 
585.100 
615.200 
623.700 
644. 200 
696.000 
705.900 
719.400 
735.500 
763.500 
779.000 
794.000 
816.100 
829.600 
850.300 
876. TOO 
895.100 
914.800 
936.200 
958.100 
981.300 
005.300 
026.300 
050.200 
065.700 
080. 100 
094.400 
119.600 
136.000 
141.200 
158.900 
178.900 
202.900 
225.100 
247.800 
266. 700 
285.200 
299.800 
317.800 
339-200 
358.600 
373-300 
392.400 
411.200 
430.400 
446. 100 
462.100 
482.500 
498.100 
514.200 
521.500 



Miles. 



301-74 
308.14 
323.49 

333-87 
350.28 
363.64 
382.35 
387.63 
400.37 
432.57 
438.72 
447.11 
457-11 
474-52 
484-15 
493-47 
507.21 
515-60 
528.46 
544-50 
556.31 
568.55 
581.85 
595-46 
609.88 
624.80 

637-85 
652.70 
662.34 
671.29 
680.17 
695.84 
705-85 
709.01 
720.26 
732.69 
747.61 
761.40 

775.51 
787.26 
798.76 
805.83 
819.02 
832.32 
844.38 
853.51 
865.38 
877.07 
889.00 
898.76 
908.70 
921.38 
931.08 
941.08 
945.62 



Altitudes. 



Metres. 



2015.80 

2035.00 

1844.50 

1851.00 

1878.60 

1884.00 

1908.50 

1296.60 

1979.00 

2330.20 

2442.00 

2306.50 

2152.60 

2091.50 

2103.20 

2087.10 

2006.60 

962.40 

957-20 

889.00 

810.60 

757-30 

664.60 

582.30 

568.90 

557-60 

525.00 

353.10 

267.20 

232.10 

205.10 

145.30 

140.30 

135.50 

116.90 

125.70 

114.20 

146.50 

158.70 

188.50 

201.60 

263.20 

330.00 

442.70 

379.90 

381.20 

347.60 

298.90 

257.70 

226.00 

216.60 

219.90 

210.20 

170.30 

157.10 



IFtineraries. 



257 



FROM MEXICO TO EL PASO DEL NORTE OR CIUDAD JUAREZ, BY THE 

CENTRAL MEXICAN RAILROAD. — Continued. 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 



Miles. 



Distances. 



Kilom's. 



Miles. 



Altitudes. 



Metres. 



Feet. 



Bachimba . . . , 
Horcasitas . . . 

Mapula , 

Chihuahua. ... 
Sacramento . . , 

Ferragas 

Sauz , 

Encinillas . . . . 
Agua Nueva. . 

Laguna 

Puerto 

Gallego 

Chivatito . . . . . 
Moctezuma. . . 
I^as Minas . . . . 
Ojo Caliente . . 

Carmen 

San Jose 

Rancheria. . . . 
Los Medanos. . 
Samalayuca . . . 
Tierra Blanca . 

Mesa 

Ciudad Juarez. 



17.400 
22.400 
22.900 
23.100 
15.100 
11.600 
19.900 
13.900 
13.400 
20.400 
20.200 
29.000 
15-400 
13.100 
13-500 
11.300 
22.800 
24.100 
28.700 
18.200 
16.100 
14.400 
17.600 



10.76 

13-91 

14.24 

14.36 

9-38 

7.21 

12.37 

8.64 

8.33 
12.67 
12.56 
18.02 

9.57 
8.14 

8.33 
7.09 
14.17 
14.97 
17.84 
11.32 
10.00 

8-95 
10.94 



1545.800 
1563.200 
1585.600 
1608.500 
1631.600 
1646.700 
1658.300 
1678.200 
1692.100 
1705.500 
1725.900 
1746.100 
1775.100 
1790.500 
1803.600 
1817.100 
1828.400 
1851.200 
1875.300 
1904.000 
1922.200 
1938.300 
1952.700 
1970.300 



960.70 
971-54 
985-45 
999.69 
1014.05 
1023.43 
1030.64 
1043.01 
1051.65 
1059.98 
1072.65 
1085.21 
1103.23 
1112.80 
1120.94 
1129.27 
1136.36 

1150.53 
1165.50 

1183-34 
1194.66 
1204.66 
1213.61 
1224.55 



264.10 
366.50 
514.40 
412.30 
519.90 
591-50 
564.40 
533-60 
527-50 
535-70 
618.90 
622.00 
480.50 
382.80 
318,10 
233-30 
216.00 
194.60 
281.80 
298.30 
274.50 
263.50 
207.10 
133-10 



4147-45 
4483.42 
4968.66 

4633.68 
4986.71 
5221.63 

5132.71 
5031.66 
5011.65 
5038.55 
5311.53 
5321.71 
4857-45 
4536-89 
4324.62 
4046.39 
3989.64 
3919.42 
4205.52 
4259-66 
4181.57 
4145.48 
3960.40 
3717-64 



FROM AGUASCALIENTES TO TAMPICO, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD. 



Aguascalientes 

Chicalote 

Canada 

Gallardo 

ElTule 

San Gil 

San Marcos 

Garcia 

La Honda 

Penon Blanco . . 

Salinas 

Zotol 

Espiritu Santo 

Solana 

San Louis Potosi 

Laguna Seca 

Corcovada 

Peotillos 

Silos 

Puerto de San Jose 

San Isidro 

Cerritos 

Santa Toribia (El Gato) . . . 

San Bartolo 

Tanque de la Tinajilla. . . . 

Cardenas 

La Labor 



14.300 


8.90 


0.000 


0.00 


1884.00 


6.200 


3-84 


14-300 


8.90 


1891.00 


10.500 


6.52 


20.500 


12.74 


1921.50 


4.600 


2.86 


31.000 


19.26 


1955-75 


15.200 


9-45 


35.600 


22.12 


1962-75 


8.200 


5-10 


50.800 


31.57 


2011.50 


1 1 . 000 


6.84 


59.000 


36.67 


2031.25 


12.800 


7.95 


70.000 


43.71 


2117.40 


11.000 


6.84 


82.800 


51.46 


2138.50 


16.200 


10.07 


93.800 


58-30 


2100.75 


13.600 


8-44 


1 10.000 


68.37 


2075.63 


13-500 


8.39 


123.600 


76.81 


2120.50 


25.400 


15.79 


137.100 


85.20 


2038.25 


62.200 


38.65 


162.500 


100.99 


2234.80 


17.300 


10.96 


224.700 


139,64 


1877.00 


27.100 


16.84 


242.000 


150.40 


1827.00 


15.100 


9-37 


269.100 


167.24 


1700.00 


7.500 


4.69 


284.200 


176.61 


1740.00 


6.450 


4.00 


291.700 


181.30 


1509.00 


15-650 


972 


298.150 


185.30 


1566.00 


13.400 


8.33 


313.800 


195.02 


1257.00 


11.200 


6.97 


327.200 


203-35 


1136.00 


17.300 


10.76 


338.400 


210.32 


1100.00 


43.300 


26.90 


355.700 


221.08 


1030.00 


14.200 


8.82 


399.000 


247.98 


1190.00 


14.700 


9.14 


413.200 


256.80 


1200.00 


8.200 


5.10 


427.900 


265.94 


1200.00 



6181.31 
6204.28 

6304-34 

6416.71 
6439.68 
6599.62 
6664.42 

6947.07 

7016.30 
6892.44 
6810.91 

6957.24 
6687.39 
7332.25 
6158.35 
5994.30 
5577.62 
5708.86 
4950.95 
5137.97 

4124.16 
3727.16 

3609.04 

3379-38 
3904.33 
3937.14 
3937.14 



258 



Statistical Botes on ^ejico. 



FROM AGUASCALIENTES TO TAMPICO, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD.- 

Continued. 



Las Canoas 

Los Llanos (Zacate). . 
Tatnazopo (La Garita). 

Rascon 

Las Crucitas 

El Salto (Micos) 

San Mateo 

Valles 

San Felipe 

El Abra 

Taninul 

Las Palmas 

Chijol 

Salinas (Chila) 

Tamos 

Tampico 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 



7. goo 

18.800 

16.800 

15.100 

9.500 

10.700 

13.800 

1 1. goo 

2.300 

4.000 

8. 000 

68,700 

13.700 

17.900 

13.100 



4.91 
11.68 
10.44 
9-38 
5-91 
6.65 
8.58 
7-39 
1.43 
2.49 
4.g8 

.:)2.68 

8.52 

II. 13 

8.14 



Distances. 



Kilom's. 



436.100 
444.000 
462.800 
47g.6oo 
494-700 
504.200 
5 14. goo 
528.700 
540.600 
542. goo 
546,900 
554-900 
623.600 
637.300 
655.200 
668.300 



Miles. 



271.04 

275-95 
287.63 
298.07 
307-45 
313-36 
320.01 

328.59 
335-98 
337-41 
339-90 
344-88 
387.56 
3g6.o8 
407.21 
415-35 



Altitudes. 



Metres. 



ggo.oo 
825.00 
350.00 
295.00 
275.00 
218.00 
175.00 

75-00 
160.00 
165.00 
125.00 

50.00 

65.00 
5.00 

20.00 
0.00 



Feet. 



3248.14 
2706 78 

1148.35 

g67.88 

902.26- 

715-25 

574-16 

246.07 

524-95 

541-35 

410. 1 1 

164.05 

213.25 

16.40 

6.56 

0.00 



FROM IRAPUATO TO GUADALAJARA, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD, 



Irapuato 

San Miguel 

Rivera 

Cuitzeo 

Abasolo (Rio Turbio). 

San Rafael 

Penjamo 

Villasenor 

Palo Verde 

Cortez 

La Piedad 

Patti 

Yurecuaro 

Negrete 

La Rarca 

Feliciano 

Limon 

Ocotlan 

Poncitlan 

Atequiza 

La Capilla 

El Castillo 

Guadalajara 



5.100 

11.300 

7.6CO 

8.000 

6.200 

11.600 

14.300 

7.100 

13-500 

6.600 

20.100 

14.300 

21.000 

6.400 

4.700 

8.300 

13.200 

17-500 

21.600 

8.300 

7.600 

24.800 



3-17 
7.02 

4.73 
4-96 
3-85 
7.22 
8.89 
4-41 
8.40 
4.10 

12.49 
8.89 

1305 
3-97 
2.93 
5.15 
8.21 

10.88 

13-41 
5-17 
4-73 

15.40 



0.000 

5.100 

16.400 

24.000 

32.000 

38.200 

49.800 

64.100 

71.200 

84.700 

91.300 

III. 400 

125.700 

146.700 

153.100 

157.800 

166.100 

179.300 

igb.Boo 

218.400 

226.700 

234.300 

259.100 



0.00 

3-17 
10.19 
14.92 
19.88 
23-73 
30.95 
3984 
44-25 
52.65 

56.75 
6q.24 
78. 13 
91.18 

95-15 

98.08 

103.23 

III. 44 

122.32 

135.73 
140.90 

145-63 
161.03 



1724.00 
1721.00 
1712.00 
1700.00 
1695 00 
1690.00 
1700.00 
1690.00 
1685.00 
1675.00 
1675.00 
1665.00 
1540.00 
1531.00 
153700 
1540.00 
1543.00 
1525.00 
1522.00 
1512.00 
1515.00 
1525.00 
1543.00 



5656.36 
5646.52 
5616.99 
5577.62 
5561.21 
5544.81 
5577.62 
554-1-81 
5523.40 

5495-59 
5495-59 
5472.78 
5052.56 
5023.13 
5042.82 
5052 66 
5062.50 

5003.44 
4993.60 
4960.79 
4970.63 

5003.44 
5062.50 



FROM MEXICO TO LAREDO TAMAULIPAS, BY THE MEXICAN NATIONAL. 

RAILWAY. 



Mexico 

Tacuba 

Naucalpan. . , 
Rio Hondo. . 
San Bartolito 
Dos Rios. . . . 

Laurel 

Cumbre 



4.600 


2.86 


0.000 


0.00 


2240.00 


4.800 


2.98 


4.600 


2.86 


2250.00 


3.900 


2.42 


9.400 


5.84 


2280.00 


8.700 


5.41 


13.300 


8.26 


2300.00 


5.500 


3-42 


22.000 


13.67 


2460.00 


5.500 


3.4r 


27.500 


17.09 


2680.00 


5.900 


3.68 


33.000 


20.50 


2820.00 


2.500 


1.55 


38.900 


24.18 


3050.00 



7349-32 

7382.13 
7480.56 
7546.17 

8071.13 

8792.94 

9252,27 

10006.89 



•fftinetaries. 



259 



FROM MEXICO TO LAREDO TAMAULiPAS. — Continued. 



STATIONS. 



Salazar 

Carretera de Toluca 

Fresno 

Jajalpa 

Ocoyoacac 

Lerma 

Toluca 

Palmillas 

Del Rio 

Ixtlahuaca 

Tepetitlan 

Flor de Maria 

Basoco 

Venta del Aire 

Tultenango 

Solis 

Tepetongo 

Agua Buena (Buena Vista). 

Mayor , . 

Pateo 

Pomoca 

Maravatio 

San Antonio 

Zirizi'cuaro 

Tarandacuao 

San Jose 

Providencla 

Acambaro 

San Cristobal 

Salvatierra 

Cascalote ... . 

Ojo Seno 

Celaya 

Santa Rita 

San Juan 

Soria 

Chamacuero 

Rinconcillo 

Begona , . . 

San Miguel de AUende 

Atotonilco , 

Tequizquiapan 

Dolores Hidalgo 

Rincon 

Pena Prieta 

Trancas 

Obregon 

Ciudad Gonzalez (SanFelipe) 

Chirimoya 

Jaral 

Villa de Reyes. 

Jesus Maria 

La Pila 

San Luis Potosi 

Penasco 

Pinto 

Bocas 

Enramada 

Moctezuma 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 



3.200 

3-400 

2.500 

5.600 

3.000 

13.900 

7.400 

16.700 

14.700 

12.300 

9.800 

20.200 

4.000 

5.800 

11.200 

10. goo 

7.100 

7.800 

4.800 

3.400 

14.100 

12.000 

8. 700 

12.000 

8.400 

8.500 

12. goo 

12.500 

17.500 

15.500 

8. goo 

14.200 

5.200 

7.4GO 

3.800 

7.200 

8.900 

13.000 

g.ioo 

11.600 

11.300 

12.800 

7,200 

11.300 

9.100 

9.000 

18.700 

14.400 

13.200 

16.700 

10.000 

14.800 

15.000 

13.400 

15.100 

12.500 

13.600 

15.200 

18.900 



Miles. 



1.99 
2. II 
1.56 
3-48 
1.86 
8.64 
4.60 
10.38 
9.14 
7.64 
6.og 
12.56 
2.48 
3.60 
6.97 
6.77 
4.41 
4.85 
2.99 
2.10 
8.76 
7.47 
5-40 
7.47 
5.22 
5.28 
8.02 
7.76 
I0.88 
9-63 
5-53 
8.84 
3.22 
4.60 
2.37 
4.47 
5-57 
8.08 

5-65 
7.21 

7.03 
7.95 
4.48 
7.02 
5-65 
5-59 
11.63 

8.95 
8.20 

10.38 
6.22 
9.19 
9-33 
8.33 
9-37 
7.78 
8.45 
9-45 

"•75 



Distances. 



Kilom's. Miles, 



41.400 

44.600 

48.000 

50.500 

56.100 

59- 1 00 

73.000 

80.400 

97.100 

III. 800 

124.100 

133.900 

154.100 

158.100 

163.900 

175.100 

186.000 

193.100 

200.900 

225.700 

209.100 

223.200 

235.200 

243.900 

255.900 

264.300 

272.800 

285.700 

298.200 

315.700 

331.200 

340.100 

354-300 

359-500 

366. goo 

370.700 

377.900 

386.800 

399-800 

408.900 

420.500 

431.800 

444.600 

451.800 

463.100 

472.200 

1.200 

499-900 

514.300 

527.500 

544.200 

554.200 

56g.ooo 

584.000 

597-400 

612.500 

625.000 

638.600 

653.800 



25-73 
27.72 
29.83 

31.39 

34-87 
36-73 
45-37 
49-97 
60.35 
69.49 

77-13 
83.22 
95-78 
98.26 
101.86 
108.83 
115.60 
120.01 
124.86 
127.85 
129.95 
138.71 
146.18 
151-58 
159-05 
164.27 

169.55 

177-57 
185.33 
196.21 
205.84 

211.37 
220.21 

22343 
228.03 
230.40 
234.87 
240.40 
248.48 

254-13 
261.34 
268.37 
276.32 
280.80 
287.82 

293-47 
299.06 
310.69 
319.64 
327.84 
338.22 
344-44 
353-63 
362.96 
371.29 
380.66 
388.44 
396.89 
406.34 



Altitudes 



Metres. Feet. 



3000.00 
2900.00 
2800.00 
2720.00 
2600.00 
2540.00 
2640.00 
2630.00 
2580.00 
2540.00 
2520.00 
2520.00 
2580.00 
2560.00 
2540.00 
2430.CO 
2320.00 
2240.00 
2160.00 
2100.00 
2040.00 
2010.00 
20S0.OO 
2010.00 
1920.00 
1860.00 
1880.00 
1860.00 
1840.00 
1760.00 
1760.00 
1770,00 
1740.00 
1760.00 
1780.00 
1785,00 
1790,00 
1810.00 
1825.00 
1870.00 
1860.00 
1870.00 
1890.00 
1900.00 
1930.00 
1950.00 
1990.00 
2050.00 
1860.00 
1840.00 
1830.00 
1810.00 
I goo. 00 
1860.00 
1840.00 
1820.00 
1700.00 
1680.00 
1660.00 



9842.84 

9514-74 
9186.75 
8924.18 
8530.46 
8333.60 
8661.70 
8628.89 
8464.84 
8333-60 
8267.98 
8267.98 
8464.84 
8399-22 
8333-60 
7972.70 
7611,79 
7349-32 
7086.84 



6693.13 
6594-70 

6824.37 
6594.70 
6299.42 
6102,57 
6168,19 
6102,57 
6036.95 
5774-48 
5774-48 
5807.29 
5708.86 
5774-48 
5840.10 
5856.50 
5872.91 
5938.52 
5987-73 
6135.38 
6102.57 
6135-38 
6201.00 
6233.88 
6332.23 

6397-85 
6529.09 
6725.94 
6102.57 
6036,95 
6004.14 
5938-52 
6233.88 
6102.57 
6036.95 

5971-33 
5577-62 
5512.00 
5446-38 



26o 



statistical Botes on /IDejico. 



FROM MEXICO TO LAREDO TAMAULIPAS. — Continuea. 



STATIONS. 



El Venado 

Los Charcos 

Laguna Seca 

Berrendo 

La Maroma 

Wadley 

Catorce 

Poblazon 

Vanegas 

La Trueba (La Parida). 

San Vicente 

El Salado 

Lulu 

La Ventura 

Santa Elena 

Gomes Farias 

El Oro 

Carneros 

Agua Nueva 

Encantada 

Buena Vista 

Saltillo 

Los Bosques 

Ramos Arizpe 

Santa Maria 

Ojo Caliente 

Los Muertos 

La Mariposa 

Rinconada 

Los Fierros 

Soledad 

Garcia 

Santa Catarina 

Leona 

San Geronimo 

Gonzalitos 

Monterey 

Ramon Trevino 

Topo 

Salinas 

Morales 

Stevenson (Palmito) . . . 

Palo Blanco 

Alamo 

Villa Aldama 

Guadalupe 

Bustamante 

Huizache 

Golondrinas 

Salome, Botello 

Brasil 

Lampazos 

Mojina 

Rodriguez 

Camaron 

Huizachito 

Jarita 

Sanchez 

Laredo de Tamaulipas. 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 



Miles. 



OOO 
300 
600 
,400 
000 
600 
800 
200 
400 
800 
700 
700 
200, 
000 
900 
,200 
,300 
,600 
200 
300 
700 
500 
500 
300 
700 
,000 
300 
400 
700 
500 
200 
,100 
800 
700 
,900 
500 
600 
100 

900 
100 
300 
700 

200 
600 
100 
400 
800 
400 
000 
100 

goo 
300 
200 
400 
500 
500 
100 
100 



10.56 
10.13 
7.20 
9-58 
9-94 
5-35 
4-23 
9-44 
10.20 
9.81 
9.76 

9-75 
12.56 
12.43 
13.00 

8.20 
10.77 

5-94 
8.21 

3-92 
6.03 

7.15 
2.17 

4-55 
6.02 

4.35 
1.40 
6.46 
4.78 
3-42 
6.34 
I3-II 
1.74 
2.87 

r.79 
1.56 
4-73 
3-79 
12.99 

5-03 

10.13 

5-40 

8.20 

7.84 

I-3I 
2. II 
6.09 
7.08 
7.46 
7-52 
5.53 

14.48 

13-18 
7.71 
7-15 

10.25 
8.14 

10.01 



Distances. 



Kilom's. Miles 



672.600 
689.700 
706.000 
717.600 
733.000 
749.000 
757.600 
764.400 
779.600 
796.000 
811.800 
827.500 
843.200 
863.400 
883.400 
904.300 
917.500 
934.800 
944.400 
957.600 
963.900 
973-600 
985.100 
988.600 
995.900 
1005.600 
1012.600 
1014.900 
1025.300 
1033.000 
1038.500 
1048 . 700 
1069.800 
1072.600 
1077.300 
1080.200 
1082.700 
1090 . 300 
1096.400 
II I 7 . 300 
1125.400 
I 141. 700 
1150.400 
1163.600 
1176.200 
1178.300 
I 181. 700 
1191.500 
1202.900 
1214.900 
1227.000 
1235.900 
1259.200 
1280.400 
1292.800 
1304.300 
1320.800 
1333.900 
1350.000 



418.09 
428.65 
438.78 
445.98 
455-56 
465-50 
470-85 
475-08 
484.52 
494.72 
504-53 
514-29 
524.04 
536.60 

549-03 
562.03 
570.23 
580.99 
586.93 
595-14 
599.06 
605.09 
612.24 
614.41 
618.96 
624.98 
629.33 
630.77 
637.23 
642.01 
645-43 
651-77 
664.88 
666.62 
669.55 
671-34 
672.90 

677-63 
681.42 
694.41 
899.44 
709.57 

714-97 
723.17 
731.01 
732.32 
734-43 
740.52 
747.60 
755-06 
762.58 
768.11 
782.59 

795-77 
803.48 
810.63 
820.88 
829.02 
839-03 



Altitudes. 



Metres. 



1740.00 

1880.00 

2020.00 

1990.00 

1880.00 

1840.00 

1820.00 

1780.00 

1720.00 

1720.00 

1700.00 

1720.00 

1720.00 

1720.00 

1760.00 

1940.00 

1980.00 

2080.00 

1920.00 

1840.00 

1750.00 

1600.00 

1430.00 

1400.00 

1320.00 

1220.00 

1160.00 

1120.00 

1000.00 

930.00 

820.00 

740.00 

640.00 

600.00 

590.00 

580.00 

560.00 

510.00 

480.00 

430.00 

460.00 

580.00 

560.00 

490.00 

420.00 

420.00 

440.00 

470.00 

410.00 

380.00 

340.00 

300.09 

240.00 

200.00 

200.00 

210.00 

200.00 

160.00 

130.00 



Utineraries. 



261 



FROM ACAMBARO TO PATZCUARO, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD. 



Acambaro . . . 
La Cumbre. , 
Andocutin. . 

Huingo 

Querendaro . 
Zinzimeo. , . 

Quirio 

Charo 

La Goleta . . , 
Atapaneo. . . , 

Morelia 

Jacuaro 

Coapa 

Lagunillas . . 

Ponce 

Chapultepec. 
Patzcuaro... . 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 

13-250 

17.610 
6.170 

12.360 
4.000 

10.000 
7.610 
5.920 
3-150 

11.200 

19.900 
9.610 
6.800 

10.380 
2.910 

12.530 



Miles. 



8.23 
10.96 
3-83 
7.68 
2.49 
6.22 

4-73 
3-67 
1-95 
6.96 
12.37 
5-98 
4.22 
6.46 
1.80 
7-79 



Distances. 



Kilom's. Miles 



13-250 

30.860 

37.030 

49.390 

53.390 

63.390 

71.000 

76.920 

80.070 

91.270 

III. 170 

120.780 

127.580 

137.960 

140.870 

153-400 



0.00 
8.23 
19.19 
23.02 
30.70 
33-19 

39-41 
44.14 
47.81 
49-76 
56.72 
69.09 
75-07 
79-29 
85-75 
87-55 
95-34 



Altitudes. 



Metres. 



1840.00 
1960.00 
1840.00 
1840.00 
1840.00 
1840.00 
1860.00 
1870.00 
1870.00 
1880.00 
1890.00 
2000.00 
2060.00 
2100.00 
2120.00 
2100.00 
2040.00 



Feet. 



6036.95 
6430.66 
6036.95 
6036.95 
6036.95 
6036.95 
6102.57 
6135-38 
6135.38 
6168.19 
6201.00 
6561.89 
6758.75 



6955.60 
6889.98 
6693.13 



FROM PIEDRAS NEGRAS OR CIUDAD PORFIRIO DIAZ TO DURANGO, BY 
THE MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY. 



Ciudad Porfirio Diaz 

Fuente 

Rosa 

Nava 

Allende 

Leona 

Peyotes 

Blanco 

Sabinas 

Soledad 

Baroteran 

Aura 

Obayos 

Baluarte 

Hermanas 

Adjuntas 

Estancia 

Monclova 

Castaiio 

Gloria 

Bajan 

Joya 

Espinazo 

Reata 

Trevino (Venadito). . 

Sauceda 

Jaral 

Pastora 

Carmen 

Paila 

Mimbre 

Rafael 

Pozo 



6.540 


4.06 


0.000 


0.00 


220.00 


7.060 


4.39 


6.540 


4.06 


232.00 


26.200 


16.29 


13.600 


8.45 


278.00 


11.960 


7.44 


39.800 


24.74 


324.00 


14.940 


9.28 


51.760 


32.18 


375-00 


15.640 


9.71 


66. 700 


41.46 


455-00 


21.430 


13.32 


82.340 


51.17 


486.00 


12.850 


7.99 


103.770 


64.49 


387.00 


15-850 


9-85 


116.620 


72.48 


340.00 


10.650 


6.61 


132.470 


82.33 


37I-00 


14.120 


8.78 


143.120 


88.94 


425.00 


15 -090 


9-39 


157-240 


97.72 


453.00 


15-330 


9-52 


172.330 


107. II 


396.00 


10.690 


6.65 


187.660 


116.63 


373.00 


21.230 


13-18 


198.350 


123.28 


396.00 


13.570 


8.44 


219.580 


136.46 


465.00 


4.770 


2-97 


233-150 


144.90 


547- 00 


18.560 


11.54 


237.920 


147-87 


587.00 


14.920 


9.29 


256.480 


159-41 


748.00 


19.590 


12.16 


271.400 


168.70 


823.00 


12.420 


7.71 


290.990 


180.86 


843-00 


20.410 


12.68 


303.410 


188.57 


829.00 


12.080 


7-52 


323.820 


201.25 


817.00 


22.860 


14.21 


335-900 


208.77 


900.00 


26.040 


16.16 


358.760 


222.98 


890.00 


24. 760 


15-40 


384.800 


239.14 


997-00 


23.020 


14-31 


409.560 


254-54 


1144.00 


21.610 


13-44 


432.580 


268.85 


II57-00 


23.970 


14.89 


454.190 


282.29 


1182.00 


19.670 


12.23 


478.160 


297.18 


1188.00 


16.540 


10.28 


497.830 


309.41 


1132.00 


12.970 


8.05 


514.370 


319.69 


1102.00 


11.290 


7.02 


527.340 


327-74 


1105.00 



721.81 

761.17 

912. n 

1063.02 

1230.35 

1492-83 

1594-55 
1269.73 

1115-52 
12x^.23 
1394.40 
1486.27 
1299.26 
1223.79 
1299.26 

1525-64 
1794.68 
1925.92 
2454.16 
2700.22 
2765.84 
2719.91 
2680.54 
2952.85 
2920.05 
3271-11 
3753-40 
3796-06 
3878.08 
3897-77 
3714-03 
3615.60 

3625-44 



262 



statistical IRotes on /IDejico. 



FROM PIEDRAS NEGRAS OR CIUDAD PORFIRIO DIAZ TO DURANGO, BY 
THE MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY. Continued. 



Bola 

Mayran . . . , 
Hornos . . . . 
Colonia. . . . 
Matamoros , 
Torreon . . . 
San Carlos . 

Loma 

Chocolate . . 
Huarichic . . 
Pedricefia. . 

Pasaje 

Yerbanis , . . 

Noria 

Catalina. . . . 
Tapona . . . . 
Gabriel ... 

Chorro 

Labor 

Durango. . . 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. Miles. 



13.480 
10.870 
13.410 
17.620 
22.540 
8.050 
15.740 
19.280 
20.870 
15.200 
25.640 
24.540 
21.580 
12.760 
12.150 
22.040 
16.930 
26.420 
11.760 



8.38 

6.75 

8.35 

10.95 

14.00 

5.00 

9.18 

11.98 

12.98 

9-45 

15.93 

15-25 

13-41 

7-93 

7-56 

13.70 

10.52 

16.42 

7-30 



Distances. 



Kilom's. Miles 



538.630 
552.110 
562.980 
576-390 
594.010 
616.550 
624.600 
640.340 
659.620 
680.490 
695.690 
721.330 
745-870 
767.450 
780.210 
792.360 
814.400 
831-330 
857.750 
869.510 



334-76 
343-14 
349- 89 
35S.24 
369.19 

383-19 
388.19 

397-97 
409-95 
422.93 
432.38 
448.31 
463,56 
476.97 
484.90 
492.46 
506.16 
516.68 
533-10 
540.40 



Altitudes. 



Metres. 



1089.00 
1094.00 
1096.00 
1105.00 
III2.00 
1134.00 
II37.71 
II81.52 
1377-25 
1325-37 
1318.85 
1605.28 
1908.73 
1895.00 
1969.47 
1982.72 
1955-20 
1868.10 
1864.38 
1880.13 



Feet. 



3572.96 
3589-36 
3595.93 
3625.44 
3648.41 
3720.59 
3732.77 
3876.51 
4518.69 

4348.45 
4327.07 
5266.84 
6262.53 
6217.40 
6461.73 
6505.21 

9414-91 
6129.15 
6116.93 
6168.62 



FROM SABINAS TO HONDO, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD. 



Sabinas. . . 
San Felipe. 
Hondo. . . 



17-530 
2.380 



10.83 



0.000 
17.430 
ig.8io 



0.00 

10.83 
12.31 



340.00 
313.00 
319-00 



11T5.52 
1026.93 
1046.62 



FROM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO CUERNAVACA AND ACAPULCO. 
LINE FINISHED. 



Mexico 

Contreras 

Ajusco 

La Cima 

Xacapexco (Tres Marias). 



28.060 


17-44 


0.000 


0.00 


2240.00 


17.883 


II. II 


28.060 


17-44 


2480.00 


15. 191 


9-44 


45-943 


28.55 


2840.00 


12.966 


8 07 


61.134 


37-99 


3040.00 


18.400 


11.43 


74.100 


46.06 


2800.00 



7349-27 
8091.75 
9272.89 
9974.08 
9186.75 



LINE IN CONSTRUCTION. 



San Juanico 

Cuernavaca 

Jiutepec 

San Vicente 

Xoxocotla 

Puente de Ixtla. . . 
Rio Amacusac .... 

Buena Vista 

Iguala 

Tepecoacuilco . . . , 

Xalitla 

Mexcala 

Venta del Zopilote 
Zumpango 



31-250 


19.42 


92.500 


57-49 


2290.00 


7.250 


4-51 


123.750 


■ 76.91 


1520.00 


6.750 


4.20 


131.000 


82.42 


1300.00 


21.000 


13-05 


137-750 


85.62 


1260.00 


14-050 


8.73 


158.750 


98.67 


1030.00 


8.950 


5-56 


172.800 


107.40 


900.00 


23.250 


14-45 


i8i-.75o 


112.96 


890.00 


21.000 


13-05 


205.000 


127.41 


1200.00 


11.000 


6.84 


226.000 


140.46 


720.00 


34-750 


21.13 


237.000 


147-30 


800.00 


12.050 


7.91 


271.750 


168.47 


620.00 


28.700 


17.84 


283. Soo 


176.38 


480.00 


11.500 


7.15 


312.500 


194.22 


760.00 


13.000 


8.08 


324.000 


201.37 


1000.00 



7513-37 
4987.04 
4265.23 
4134-00 
3379-38 
2952.85 

2920.05 

3937-14 

2362.29 
2624.76 
2034. 19 

1574-86 

2493-53 
3280.95 



Utineraries. 



263 



FROM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO CUERNAVACA AND ACAPULCO. 
LINE IN CONSTRUCTION. (Continued.) 



STATIONS, 



Tierras Prietas. . . 
Chilpancingo. . . . 
Cima de Valadez 

X,a Imagen 

Los Cajones 

El Rincon 

X)os Caminos. . . . 
Tierra Colorada. . 

Rio Omitlan 

Peregrino 

Cacahuatepec . . . . 

Marquez 

Acapulco 



Distance between 
each station. 


Distances. 


Altitudes. 


Kilom's. 


Miles. 


Kilom's. 


Miles. 


Metre 


Feet. 


4.800 


2.98 


337-000 


209.45 


1320.00 


4330.85 


15.200 


9-45 


341.800 


212.43 


1200.00 


3937.14 


8.250 


5.12 


357.000 


221.88 


1300.00 


4265.23 


11.750 


7-31 


365-250 


227.00 


1060.00 


3477-81 


6.000 


3-72 


377.000 


234.31 


1000.00 


3280.95 


12,000 


7.46 


383.000 


238.03 


670.00 


2198.24 


12.000 


7.46 


395.000 


245.49 


600.00 


1968.57 


g.ooo 


5.60 


407.000 


252.95 


300.00 


984.28 


4.000 


2.48 


416.000 


258.55 


180.00 


590.57 


32.000 


19.89 


420.000 


261.03 


140.00 


459-33 


24.500 


15.23 


452.000 


280.92 


60.00 


196.86 


16.500 


10.25 


476.500 


296.15 


20.00 


65.62 






493.000 


306.40 


0.00 


0.00 



FROM PUEBLA TO OAXACA, BY THE MEXICAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 



Puebla 

Amozoc 

Santa Rosa 

Tepeaca 

Rosendo Marquez. 
Tecamachalco . . . . 

Las Animas 

Tlacotepec 

Carnero 

Tehuacan 

La Huerta 

Santa Cruz 

Pantzingo 

Nopala 

Venta Salada 

San Antonio 

Mexia 

Tecomavaca 

Quiotepec 

Cuicatlan 

Tomellin 

Almoloyas 

Santa Catarina. , . . 

El Parian 

Las Sedas 

San Pablo Huitzo. 

Villa de Etla 

Oaxaca 



18.400 

7.600 
11.200 
17.400 
10.500 
12.600 

9.400 
31.300 

8.900 
14.700 

6.300 
10.900 
14.600 

6.400 
15.200 

8.700 
20.300 
10.900 
17.000 

4.800 
19.200 
16.500 
16.200 
13.700 
12.800 
13.100 
18.000 



11-43 
4-73 
6-95 

10.82 

6.53 
7-83 
5.84 
19.46 
5-53 
9-13 
3-92 
6.76 
9.09 

3-97 
9.46 

5.40 
12.62 

6.78 
10.56 

2.98 

11-93 

10.26 

10.06 

8.52 

7.96 

8.13 

II. 19 



18.400 

26.000 

37.200 

54.600 

65.100 

77.700 

87.100 

118 400 

127.300 

142.000 

148.300 

159.200 

173.800 

180.200 

195.400 

204. 100 

224.400 

235.300 

252.300 

257.100 

276.300 

292.800 

309.000 

322.700 

335.500 

348.600 

366.600 



11-43 
16.16 
23.11 

33.93 
40.46 
48.29 
54.13 
73-59 
79.12 
88.25 
92.17 

98.93 
108.02 
111.99 
121.45 
126.85 

139.47 
146.25 
156.81 

159.79 
171.72 
181.98 
192.04 
200.56 
208.52 
216.65 
227.84 



2157.00 
2312.00 
2295.00 
2244.60 
2055.00 
2014.10 
2000.00 
1988.25 
1752.37 
1662.57 
1453.29 
1370.31 
1246.00 
1060.56 
972.07 
787.92 
695.00 

559-71 

540.00 

592.00 

672.00 

1055.00 

1332.00 

1495.00 

1927.00 

1695.00 

1642.00 

1545.00 



7077.00 

7585.54 
7529.77 
7364.41 
6742.34 
6608.15 
6561.89 
6523-35 
5749-43 
5454.81 
4768.18 

4495-91 
4088.07 

3479.65 
3189.31 

2585.13 
2280.26 
1836.38 
1771.71 
1942.32 
2204.80 
3461.40 
4370.22 
4905-02 
6322.39 
5561.21 
5387.32 
5069.06 



FROM COATZACOALCOS TO SALINA CRUZ, BY THE NATIONAL 
TEHUANTEPEC RAILWAY. 



"Coatzacoalcos 
Los Llmones 
Chinameca . . 

Jaltipan 

Ojapa 

Almagres. . . . 



21.749 


13.51 


0.000 


0.00 


2.00 


15.140 


9.42 


21.749 


13.51 


16.00 


5.407 


3.35 


36.889 


22.93 


6.00 


20.547 


12.77 


42.296 


26.28 


40.00 


12.568 


7.83 


62.843 


39.05 


32.00 


11,589 


7.19 


75.411 


46.88 


48.00 



6.56 

52.50 

19.69 

131.24 

104.99 

157-49 



264 



statistical Botes on /IDejtco, 



Juile 

Medias Aguas . 

Tortugas 

Santa Lucrecia.. 
Los Muertos... . 

Ubero 

Tolosa 

Palomares 

Mogone 

Rincon Antonio. 

Lagunas 

Chivela 

Rio Verde 

San Geronimo. . 
Tehuan tepee. . . . 

Santa Cruz 

Salina Cruz 



Distance between 
each station. 



Kilom's. 



9.284 

9.672 
21.044 

7.000 
10.000 
14.801 

7.199 
20.570 
15.176 

13.254 
17.764 
10.236 
17.186 
28.218 
3-596 
17.617 



Miles. 



5-77 

6.01 

13.08 

4-36 
6.21 
9.20 

4-47 
12.78 

9.43 

8.25 

11.04 

6.35 
10.68 

17.54 

2.24 

10.94 



Distances. 


Kilom's. 


Miles. 


87.000 


54.07 


96.284 


59.84 


105.956 


65.85 


127.000 


78.93 


134.000 


83.29 


144.000 


89.50 


158.801 


98.70 


166.000 


103.17 


186.570 


115.95 


201.746 


125.38 


215.000 


133.63 


232.764 


144.67 


243.000 


151.02 


260.186 


161.70 


288.404 


179.24 


292.000 


181.48 


309.617 


192.42 



Altitudes. 



Metres. 



40.00 

32.00 

44.00 

30.00 

35.00 

25.00 

52.00 

88.00 

92.00 

176.00 

260.00 

244.00 

115.00 

56.00 

36.00 

36.00 

2.00 



Feet. 



131.24 
104.99 
144.36 

98.43 
114.83 

82.02 
170.61 
288.73. 
301.85 
577.45 
853.05 
800.55 
377.30 
183.74 
108.12 
108.12 
6.56 



FROM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO PACHUCA, BY THE 
NORTHEASTERN MEXICAN RAILWAY. 
LINE FINISHED. 

NORTHEASTERN RAILWAY FROM MEXICO TO TIZAYUCA. 



HIDALGO AND' 



Mexico 

Canal 

Ojo de Agua. 
Santa Ana. . . 
Tizayuca . . , . 



19.000 


11.80 


0.000 


0.00 


2264.76 


11.400 


7.10 


19.000 


11.80 


2266.01 


5.200 


3.23 


30.400 


18.90 


2272.96 


14.800 


9.20 


35.600 


22.13 


2271.36 






50.400 


31.33 


2294.65 



7430.56 
7434.66 
7457.46 
7452.21 

7528.62 



HIDALGO RAILWAY TO TUXPAN. 



Tizayuca 

Tezontepec. . , 
San Augustin. 

Tepa 

Tecajete 

Somo Riel. . . 
Las Lajas. . . . 
Los Romeros. 

Santiago 

Tulancingo. . , 
Sototlan 



16.100 


10.00 
6.52 










10.800 


66. 500 


41.33 


2344.87 


7693.38 


6.000 


3.92 


77.300 


47.85 


2390.00 


7841.46 


8.400 


5.23 


83.300 


51.77 


2438.08 


7999.21 


11.900 


7.38 


91.700 


57.00 


2538.00 


8327.04 


10.600 


6.60 


103.600 


64.38 


2638.50 


8656.78 


7.000 


4.34 


114.200 


70.98 


2504.80 


8218.1a 


11.700 


7.28 


121.200 


75-32 


2392.80 


7850.64 


5.700 


3.54 


132.900 


82.60 


2221.72 


7289.33 


7.200 


4.48 


138.600 


86.14 


2187.29 


7176.39 






145.800 


90.62 


2171.46 


7124.44 



FROM TEPA TO PACHUCA, A BRANCH OF THE HIDALGO RAILROAD. 



Tepa 

Xochihuacan. 
Pachuca 



8.700 
17-300 



5-41 
10.75 



0.000 

8.700 

26.000 



0.00 

5.41 
16.16 



2438.08 
2380.06 
2420.99 



7999.21 

7808.85 
7493.15 



FROM SAN AUGUSTIN TO IROLO, A BRANCH OF THE HIDALGO RAILWAY. 



San Agustin. 
Tlanalapa . . . 
Irolo 



14.600 
13.700 



9.08 

8.51 



0.000 
14.600 
28.300 



0.00 

9.08 

17.59 



2390.00 

2437.39 
2452.58 



7841.46 

7996.95 
8046.78 



•fftineraries. 



265 



FROM DURANGO TO MAZATLAN BY BRIDLE-PATH. 



PLACES, 



Durango 

Salitre 

El Salto 

Arroyo Seco 

Camino del Jaral. . . . 

El Escalon 

Las Indias 

Calzon Roto 

El Pino 

Rio Chico 

La Palmita 

Los Cerritos 

Los Mimbres 

Buena Vista 

Los Charcos 

Los Navios 

Navajas 

Llano Grande 

Cruz de Piedra 

Coyotes 

El Salto 

Piloncillos 

La Florida 

Junta de los Caminos . 

EI Tecomate 

Chavarria 

La Cienega 

Las Botijas 

La Escondida 



Altitudes. 


Metres. 


Feet. 


1880.13 


6168.62 


1925.00 


6315.82 


1900.00 


6233.80 


1890.00 


6201.00 


1890.00 


6201.00 


1980.00 


6496.28 


2120.00 


6955.60 


2180.00 


7152.46 


2260.00 


7414.94 


2020.00 


6627.51 


2220.00 


7283.70 


2260.00 


7414.94 


2180.00 


7152.46 


2330.00 


7644.60 


2340.00 


7674.41 


2350.00 


7710.22 


2260.00 


7414.94 


2160.00 


7086.84 


2230.00 


7316.51 


2270.00 


7447-75 


2280.00 


7480. 56 


2390.00 


7841.46 


2440.00 


8005.51 


2390.00 


7841.46 


2100.00 


6889.98 


1710.00 


5610.43 


2160.00 


7086.84 


2050.00 


6725.94 


2035.00 


6676.72 



La Ramona 

El Chapote 

Rio del Baluarte . . . , 

La Ventanita , 

Sotolito , 

El Carrizo de Adentro. 
El Carrizo de Af uera 

Las Loberas 

El Venteadero 

Puerta de los Pilares 
Arroyo del Leon .... 

Palotillo 

Platanito 

Santa Catarina 

El Limon 

El Tecomate 

Tagarete 

Rio del Presidio. . . . 

Porras 

Sigueros 

La Cofradia 

Confite 

La Escondida 

Las Higueras 

I^as Conchas 

Carboneras 

Palos Prietos 

Mazatlan 



Altitudes. 



Metres. Feet 



1220.00 

950.00 

630.00 

770.00 

1550.00 

1825.00 

1860.00 

1970.00 

1930.00 

1250.00 

1120.00 

1010.00 

940.00 

210.00 

130.00 

110.00 

85.00 

55.00 

65.00 

50.00 

45.00 

62.00 

68.00 

30.00 

22.30 

15.50 

1.54 

0.00 



4002. 76 
3116.90 
2067.0a 
2526.34 
5085.47 

5987-75 

6102.57 

6463.47 

6332.23, 

4101.19. 

3674.66 

3313-76- 

3084.09 

689.00 

426.52 

360.90' 

278.88 

180.45 

213.26 

164.05 

147.64 

203.42 

223.11 

98-43. 

73.16- 

50.8s 

5-05 

0.00 



FROM MANZANILLO TO GUADALAJARA BY WAGON ROAD. 



Manzanillo. ...... 

Cerro del Vigia. . , 
Cola de Iguana. . . 

El Ciruelo 

Canoa Verde 

Las Trojes 

Valenzuela 

Tecolapa 

La Noria 

La Presa ....... 

Colima 

La Puerta 

San Joaquin . . . . , 
Los Limones. ... 
San Geronimo. . . 
Los Alcaracos. . . 

La Queseria 

Tonila 

Barranca Cachepehuate 

San M arcos 

Barranca de Beltran. . . 

Playa 

Barranca Platanar. . . . 

Loma 

Barranca de Atenquique 
Ocote Gacho. . . . 
Pedregal 



0.00 


0.00 


125.00 


410. 1 1 


50.00 


164.05 


75.00 


246.07 


75-00 


346.07 


100.00 


328.09 


125.00 


410. 1 1 


175 00 


574-16 


312.00 


1023.65 


362.00 


1187.70 


560.00 


1837.33 


650.00 


2132.62 


650.00 


2132.62 


850.00 


2788.81 


900.00 


2952.85 


1100.00 


3609.04 


1162.00 


3812.46 


1175-00 


3854.61 


975.00 


3198.92 


985.00 


3231-73 


850.00 


2788.81 


1025.00 


3362.97 


950.00 


3116.90 


1225.00 


4019.16 


1025.00 


3362.97 


1250.00 


4IOI.I9 


1375.00 


4511-30 



Ciudad Guzman (Zapot- 

lan) 

Santa Catarina 

La Cuesta 

San Nicolas 

Amatitlan 

Sayula 

Ojo de Agua 

Cofradia 

Techolula 

Cuevitas 

El Cuemasate 

El Crucero 

Cebollas 

Los Pozos 

Chimaltitan 

Ocotan 

Santa Ana Acatlan. . . . 

Puerta 

Cofradia 

Santa Cruz 

Arenal 

San Agustin 

La Calera 

Puente de Santa Maria, 
Guadalajara 



1412.00 
1412.00 
1450.00 
1300.00 
1325-00 
1350.00 
1360.00 
1375-00 
1375.00 
1360.00 
1325-00 
1325.00 
1350.00 
1325.00 
1325.00 
1330.00 
1350.00 
1500.00 
1512.00 
1475.00 
1600.00 
1575-00 
1575-00 
1550.00 
1500.00 



4632.70. 
4632.70 
4767.38- 
4265.23, 

4347-25 
4429.28 
4462.09, 

4511.30^ 

4511.30 
4462.09 
4347.25 
4347.2s 
4429.28. 

4347- 2S 
4347.25 
4363.66 
4429.28 
4921.42 
4960.79. 
4987.0s 
5429.52 
5167.49 
5167.49 
5085.47 
4921.42 



266 



Statistical Botes on /IDejico. 



FROM TEHUACAN TO OAXACA AND PUERTO ANGEL BY WAGON ROAD. 



Tehuacan 

La Huerta 

Arroyo de Buena Vista. 

San Sebastian 

Camino. de Calipan. . . . 

Calaveras 

San Antonio 

Hacienda de Ayotla. . . 

Rio de Reyes 

^I'ecomavaca 

Rio Salado 

Campanario 

Organo 

Pajarito 

Gavilan 

Paraje Blanco 

Rio Seco 

Chonoslar 

Rancho de Urrutia. . . . 
Ranch o de Cuagulotai. 
Rancho de los Obos. . . 
Hacienda de Guendu- 

laiii 

Rio Apoala 

Rio Tomellin 

Balconcillo . 

Rancho del Chilar. . . . 

Infiernillo 

Don Dominguillo 

Arroyo Dominguillo . . 
Arroyo de Nopala. . . . 

EI Pochote 

Canton de Buena Vista 

Cuspide 

Puente de la Joya 

Venta Vieja 

Paredones 

Llano del Timbre. . . . 

Cieneguilla 

Portezuelo 

Las Trancas 

Carbonera 

Ojo de Agua. 



Altitudes. 


Metres. 


Feet. 


1660.00 


5446.38 


1480.00 


4S55.81 


1320.00 


4330.85 


r 1 20.00 


3674.66 


1060.00 


3477-81 


960.00 


3I4Q-7' 


900.00 


2952.85 


860.00 


2821.62 


900.00 


2952.85 


620.00 


2034.19 


600.00 


1968.57 


7.30.00 


2395.10 


700.00 


2296.67 


680.00 


2231.05 


600.00 


1968.57 


580.00 


1902.95 


560.00 


1837.33 


700.00 


2296.67 


620.00 


2034.19 


620.00 


2034.19 


620.00 


2034.19 


620.00 


2034.19 


540.00 


1771.71 


540.00 


1771.71 


680.00 


2231.05 


660.00 


2105.43 


660.00 


2165.43 


750.00 


2460.72 


720.00 


2362.29 


710.00 


2329.48 


1240.00 


4068.38 


1360.00 


4462.09 


1500.00 


4921.42 


1400.00 


3412.19 


1600.00 


524952 


1840.00 


6036.95 


igoo.oo 


6233.70 


2020.00 


6627.51 


2220.00 


7283.70 


2080.00 


6824.37 


2160.00 


7086.84 


2100.00 


6889.98 



PLACES. 



Tierra Blanca 

Rio Atoyac 

San Pablo Pluitzo 

Santiago Huitzo 

Villa de Etla. .' 

Dolores 

Panzacola 

Oaxaca 

San Agustin Juntas. . . 

Coyotepec 

Cuspide 

Santo Tomas Jaliera . . 

Ocotlan 

Magdalena 

San Martin 

Rio Coapa 

Ejutla 

Arrogante 

Chichovo 

Zopilote 

Cuspide 

Tlacuache 

Tepehuaje 

Miahuatlan 

Chapaneco 

Agua del Sol 

San Jose del Pacifico. . 
Garganta del Encino. . 

Tres Cruces 

Rancho de Canoas . . . 
San Miguel Xuchistepec 

Rio de San Jose 

Cerro de Santa Ana. . . 
Cerro de San Pedro. . . 

El Porvenir 

Garganta del Cerro de 

la Pluma 

La Providencia 

La Soledad 

San Jose Totoltepec. . . 

Rio Chacalapa 

Pochutla 

Puerto Angel. 



Altitudes. 



Metres. Feet 



2000.00 
1660.00 
1700.00 
1680.00 
1660.00 
1640.00 
1540.00 
1540.00 
1530.00 
1 600. 00 
igoo.oo 
1830.00 
1720.00 
1700.00 
1700.00 
1590.00 
1540.00 
1600.00 
1840.00 
1810.00 
1930.00 
1840.00 
1780.00 
1800.00 
2230.00 
2400.00 
2600.00 
2800.00 
3160.00 
3000.00 
2780.00 
2340.00 
2720.00 
2500.00 
800.00 

goo. 00 
830.00 
750.00 
530.00 
340.00 
160.00 
0.00 



6561.89 
5446.38 
5577-62 
5512.00 
5446.38 
5380.76 
5052.66 
5052.66 
5019.85 
5249.52 
6233.70 
6004. 14 
5643.24 
5577-62 
5577.62 
5216.71 
5052.66 
5249-52 
6036.95 
5938.52 
6332.23 
6036.95 
5840.33 
5905.71 
7316.51 
7874.27 
8530.46 
9186.65 
10367.79 
9842.84 
gi2i.04 
7677.41 
8858.56 
8202.36 
2624.76 

2g52.85 
2723.19 
2460. 72 
i738.go 
1115-52 
52495 
0.00 



THE VALLEY OF MEXICO S DRAINAGE. 



Mexico is finishing a great work, the drainage of the valley where 
the capital city is located, which has required for its completion nearly 
three hundred years and many millions of dollars, and has cost the 
lives of hundreds of thousands of men. The necessity, importance, 

' This article was published in the Engineering Magazine of New York for 
Jaauary, i8g5 (vol. viii., No 4), but has since been revised and considerably enlarged. 



Ube Dalies ot /iDejico's 2)rainage, 267 

and magnitude of this work, which will be classed among the grandest 
achievements of men, and the nearness of its completion, induce me 
to write this paper, which I hope will give some idea of its scope and 
purpose. I do not pretend to originality, as my work to some extent 
has been one of compilation from different monographs, which have 
appeared from time to time, and from some official publications of the 
Mexican Government. 

Topographical Conditions of the Valley of Mexico. — The Valley of 
Mexico is an immense basin, of approximately circular shape with one 
extreme diameter of about sixty miles, completely bounded by high 
mountains, and having only two or three quite high passes out of it. 
No water drains out of the basin. The surface of this valley has a mean 
altitude above the sea of 7413 feet and an area of about 2220 square 
miles. 

Mountain ranges rise on every side, making a great corral of rock 
containing dozens of villages and hamlets, with the ancient capital in 
the centre. In times past the fires of volcanoes licked up the earth, 
and such fires still live in the mammoth Popocatapetl, from whose 
great crater sulphur fumes and smoke with jets of flame have poured 
through the centuries. 

The valley thus hemmed in with solid walls of rock had been an 
inland sea for many cycles, and during the early existence of man here 
the salt waters spread over a large extent of the depression. The 
waters have been gradually lessening by seepage and evaporation, and 
the Aztec pilgrims coming from the north in the fourteenth century, 
having received a sign that they were to build their queen-of-the-world 
city on a small island of the sea, set about building dikes and combat- 
ing the overflow of the waters. 

Evaporation is so excessive at certain periods of the year that 
malaria, consequent on drought, was far more dreaded by the inhabit- 
ants than the periodical floods, and thousands perished annually, so 
that proper drainage was an absolute necessity for the preservation of 
health. 

Work done by the Indians. — Nearly fifty years before the discov- 
ery of America, which took place in 1492, Netzahualcoyotl, saw the 
necessity for a drainage canal, and commenced the work in 1450. 
He constructed an immense dike to divide the fresh from the salt- 
water lakes of the valley. The City of Mexico was at this time the 
centre of the Aztec nation, and was built on floating structures, like 
rafts, on the water in the numerous islets on the margins of the lakes, 
so that in the event of the water rising or the city being subjected to a 
state of siege, the whole city would float. Mexico City now occupies 
the site of the old Aztec capital. 

The waters of these lakes were liable to disturbances of all kinds; 



268 Statistical Botes on /iDejico, 

thus it is recorded by Prescott in his History of the Conquest of Mexico : 
"In 1510 the great lake of Texcoco, without the occurrence of a 
tempest or earthquake, or any other visible cause, became violently 
agitated, overflowed its banks, and, pouring into the streets of Mexico, 
swept off many of the buildings by the fury of its water." 

When Cortez arrived in Mexico from Spain in 15 19 to take posses- 
sion of the country in the name of the King of Spain, he found, to his 
great surprise, the defense of the city admirably arranged, and an 
almost enchanting view of flowering islets forming the floating capital. 
Little towns and villages lay half-concealed by the foliage, and from 
the distance these looked like companies of wild swans riding quietly 
on the waves. 

A scene so new and wonderful filled the rude heart of the Spaniard 
with amazement. So astonished was he at the extent of the water of 
Lake Texcoco that he describes it as " a sea that embraces the whole 
valley," but upon hearing that it was a lake, with a mean depth of a 
few yards, he gave orders to cut a way through the dike and destroy 
the aqueduct of Chapultepec. The central dike dividing the fresh 
from the salt water lake was of such dimensions as to serve Cortez as a 
roadway for his army. 

Prescott, in the work before alluded to, page 297, says: " Leaving 
the mainland, the Spaniards came on the great dike or causeway, which 
stretches some four or five miles in length, and divides Lake Chalco 
from Xochimilco on the west. It was a lance in breadth in the 
narrowest part, and in some places wide enough for eight horses to ride 
abreast. It was a solid structure of stone and lime, running directly 
through the lake, and struck the Spaniards as one of the most remark- 
able works they had seen in the country. ' ' 

Having cut the dikes and drained the lake, the " floating city " was 
at once besieged, and where originally stood the great temple of the 
Aztecs a Christian temple was afterward raised. The Spaniards, 
finding themselves in complete possession, proceeded to erect the new 
City of Mexico, and building on the plan adopted by them at home, 
they cut down the points of the floating islands and by gradual exten- 
sion soon placed the town below the mean average level of the lake. 
Hence arose the great difficulties of the drainage of the Valley of 
Mexico. 

One of the immense dikes built by King Netzahualcoyotl was ten 
miles long. It divided Lake Texcoco into two parts. Of the two lakes 
thus formed one was allowed to remain salt, but the other was fresh- 
ened by letting only fresh water enter by the streams flowing in, 
the water for the use of the city being taken from this latter. Little by 
little the waters have subsided since that period, and have been fought 
back, until now they are confined to six great lakes — Chalco, Xochi- 



TLbc Dalles ot /IDejico's Braina^e. 269 

milco, Texcoco, Xaltocan, San Cristobal, and Zumpango. Each of 
these lakes is fed by streams which have little volume during the dry 
season, but which in the rainy season swell to considerable size, and 
at times overflow the valleys. The lake of Zumpango was the most 
dangerous of these, for it received the waters of the Cuautitlan River, 
— a river draining a large area of country, and having during the rainy 
season a great volume of water. This river has been turned into the 
cut of Nochistongo, and has ceased to threaten Mexico and its environs 
with its overflow. 

From these topographical conditions frequent floodings of the old 
Aztec city and of the Spanish capital, situated almost at the lowest 
point of the valley, were sure to come in times of unusually heavy 
rains. In early days, when the Aztecs lived in the middle of Lake 
Mexico, when their temples and wigwams were built on piles and the 
streets were often only canals, the periodical overflows from the upper 
lakes were a matter of small concern, though even then the Nahua 
engineers were called upon to protect the city by dikes. But when by 
evaporation, by filling in at the site of the city, by lessened waters, due 
to the fissures caused by earthquakes, Lake Mexico had disappeared, 
and the city had come to be built on the spongy soil, above all, when 
the short-sighted choice of Cortez had been confirmed and the capital 
of New Spain had come to stand on the ruins of the Aztec town, 
increasing rapidly in population and wealth, — it became a serious 
matter that on an average of once in twenty-five years the streets 
should be from two to six feet under water for an indefinite time. 

Work done by the Spaniards. — From 1519 to 1553 the Spaniards 
were busily engaged in building Mexico, and another grand dike, 
similar to that built by Netzahualcoyotl in 1450, was formed around 
the city; this protection proved insufficient, for in 1580 another inun- 
dation took place. The Viceroy of the day, Senor Don Martin 
Enriquez de Almanza, assisted by engineers, engaged to find an outlet 
for the waters north of the valley. During the time they were thus 
engaged, important facts were gleaned respecting the River Cuautitlan, 
and its curious behavior at the foot of Nochistongo, whence it doubled 
its course at a certain altitude and ran toward Lake Texcoco, instead 
of into its own lake of Xaltocan. The scheme formed by Enriquez 
de Almanza to remedy this evil was kept in abeyance, as his services 
were required in Peru. 

In the year 1604 a serious inundation attacked Mexico City. The 
Marquis de Montes Claros did all in his power to carry out the plan of 
Senor Don Martin Enriquez to relieve the rivers of the north and of 
the valley of the excess of water from the central and south lakes, 
which are of higher altitudes. The/r<?j and cons of this plan were 
beset with many great difficulties, and respecting one of the methods 



270 statistical IRotes on /iDeglco. 

tried, mention must be made of a dike of great strength, constructed 
to prevent any excess or overflow of water from destroying the town 
of Zumpango and washing away its crops. This dike, which was to 
check the strong current of the river Pachuca, would also direct the 
river Cuautitlan to Mexico, direct the rivers north into Zumpango, and 
would inundate that verdant district, and probably submerge the town ; 
whereas, to divert them into Lake Texcoco would submerge Mexico. 
To prevent this evil it was decided to make a tunnel; but here, as in 
all countries and in all ages, engineers, when engaged in any work of 
magnitude, and of a different character from that commonly known, 
always find theorists to offer objections, and thus stop the way to 
actual progress. This was the case in Mexico City. 

In 1607 another inundation, spreading over the whole valley, oc- 
curred, and, as all the dikes and other defences were swept away, 
caused a panic of terror among the inhabitants. The Marquis de 
Salinas was then Viceroy at Mexico City, and determined to carry 
out the plan of Senor Don Martin Enriquez, being assisted by an 
engineer of great repute named Enrico Martinez, and also solicited 
and obtained the co-operation of Father Sanchez, of the Society of 
Jesus. These three men, after many consultations, formulated the 
plan of embracing the whole of the lakes of the plain into one main 
channel of detention, and an outlet as required to keep the same under 
such control as to have at all times an abundance of water for use. 
The plan, broadly speaking, was to draw off the water from the south 
lakes which are at higher levels to those of the north, and to make 
them serve, by the scour the velocity of the water would cause, to 
deepen the passage for their exit, and, at the same time, assist the 
making of the grand canal 

Great opposition to this plan was offered on the score of economy, 
and many insisted that the inundations were solely due to the waters 
of Cuautitlan and the freshets of Pachuca, and if these were directed 
north no more was needed, while the people of Zumpango tried to 
show that no more was needed to inundate their town and submerge 
the district. The Viceroy then requested Enrico Martinez to induce 
Father Sanchez to submit some modifications of his former scheme. 

The plan was modified, and on November 28, 1607, Enrico Martinez 
started operations on the modified plan, and in about eleven months 
6600 metres (4 yV miles) of canal, with a transverse section of 3.50 
metres (ii-i feet) wide, and a depth of 4.20 metres (i3f feet), was 
completed. At the same time other important drainage works were 
being made; the passage was opened from Boca de San Gregorio to 
Salto de Tula; this was 8600 metres (5-g- miles) long, as well as two 
canals as aqueducts 6-^ miles long, one for Lake Zumpango and the 
other for the river Cuautitlan from Teoloyucan to Huehuetoca. 



Ube IDallei? ot /iDejico's drainage. 271 

In December, 1608, in the presence of the Viceroy Don Luis de 
Velasco and the Archbishop of Mexico, Enrico Martinez inaugurated 
the outlet of the waters, the whole of the work just described being 
executed in one year. Humboldt tells us that fifteen thousand native 
Indians were employed on these works. 

In spite of the great good these works brought to the people, there 
was an outcry for economy, but it is certain that other motives 
prompted the disturbance and the attempt to harass and hamper the 
Viceroy. The object was to prevent a grant of money from being 
made to pay for the lining of the canal with cement. This was found 
to be necessary, as the greater part of the work was excavated in marl, 
and the liberated waters ran with such velocity that the symmetry of 
the tunnel was soon destroyed, and its passage and usefulness lessened 
by the debris that obstructed the fairway. This state of things was 
brought so forcibly home to the objectors that a small sum of money 
was reluctantly granted, sufficient to patch up the tunnel in places 
where the rush of waters had made the most havoc, hydraulic cement 
or mortar being used, but the sum granted proved to be totally 
inadequate, and for want of more money the tunnel was rendered per- 
fectly useless by failing obstructions. This occurred in the year 1609. 
Gossips and theorists then united to run down the scheme, although it 
was conceded that the work had averted a terrible inundation or sub- 
mergence of Mexico City. 

A few years elapsed before the question of continuing the works for 
the tunnel again caused excitement; but a general feeling grew up that 
the work of the tunnel should be continued. The opposition was strong 
enough to obtain the hearing of an appeal in Madrid, with the result 
that the Spanish Government in 1614 procured the services of a Dutch 
engineer, named Adrian van Boot, to proceed to Mexico City to 
examine and report on the canal works, and to submit a plan to 
remedy the evils. As the result of his labors he condemned the plan 
of Father Sanchez, and recommended that the old means of defence 
used by the Indians should again be adopted, and that dams and dikes 
should be thrown up at once. This report had the effect of annoying 
almost everybody, and was the means of much fruitless discussion. In 
this dilemma the Spanish Government, when appealed to, confessed 
they were unable to advise the Viceroy of Mexico what to do, but 
sent the Marquis of Gelves to Mexico to see into matters, and he, 
having unbounded faith in the ability of the Dutch engineer, Adrian 
van Boot, and hoping to keep money in the treasury, ordered Enrico 
Martinez to close up the tunnel completely, and to return the rivers to 
their natural courses; but before these orders were half executed the 
enormous rush of waters grew so alarming that he had to accept 
again Enrico Martinez's plan over that of Adrian van Boot. The 



272 Statistical Botes on /IDejico, 

marquis was soon after deposed, his place being taken by the Marquis 
de Cerralvo, whose first act was to set Martinez free at the request of 
the city council who provided him with means of continuing his work 
on the canal and tunnel. The Viceroy revoked his predecessor's 
order and issued another to open up the tunnel, and that with all speed, 
on his personal responsibility. Although Cerralvo gave these orders, 
he forgot to give Martinez the money to carry them out, and, as a con- 
sequence, the works remained in a deplorable condition. 

The tunnel was blocked up by this cause, and Martinez was cruelly 
scored for not having done his work aright by the very ones who had 
refused to give him the necessary material for it. He bravely essayed 
to repair the damage, but the water-soaked condition of the ground 
gave no resistance for the building of the needed walls, while death 
mowed down the enslaved workers. They were crushed to death by 
the frequent cavings in of the loose soil, or were sent to the grave by 
the deadly damps. Finally, the charge being made that the builder 
was blocking up the tunnel in revenge, he was thrown into prison, 
where he languished for many months. As there was no one else 
available who could carry on the great work, he was afterwards released 
and again put in charge. It was then decided that, the tunnel being 
completely useless, the next thing to be done would be to make a great 
cut down to the tunnel and thus open it out. This entailed the making 
of an excavation fourteen miles in length with an average depth of one 
hundred and eighty feet and width of four hundred feet. 

On June 20, 1629, the ever troublesome river Cuautitlan over flowed 
and inundated the north of the plain, and swept with it other streams 
into Lake Texcoco. In the September following the increase of the 
water was greater than ever had been known. The city was so sud- 
denly and completely submerged that thirty thousand persons perished, 
the bodies floating about the streets for some time after. The destruc- 
tion of property and life, consequent on the inundation, was so great 
generally, and affected the tunnel to such an extent, that during a 
period of five years there was scarcely any reduction in the height of 
the water, and the water in the city remained during all this time as 
high as the second story of the houses; the slight difference in the 
heighth of the water being caused by evaporation. 

The Spanish Government at Madrid gave orders to change the 
capital to a better and more secure site. To this suggestion the citizens 
demurred, saying, in effect, that to insure complete security an outlay 
of only $3,000,000 was necessary, this being the estimated cost of com- 
pleting the tunnel, whereas to build a new city would involve an outlay 
of $50,000,000, with a loss of another $50,000,000 in leaving the old 
one. 

Several plans were now submitted in opposition to that of Enrico 



Ube Dalleig ot fIBejico's drainage. 273 

Martinez, and one by Simon Mendez was accepted, his plan being to 
direct all the waters of the valley by one canal into the neck of the 
Tula, the spot selected by Martinez for his outlet. It was soon dis- 
covered that the plan of Simon Mendez was far too costly, and as the 
money that could be spared was practically melting away without per- 
ceptible progress being made, Enrico Martinez was again requested to 
carry out the work as arranged with Father Sanchez. 

The next Viceroy, the Marquis of Cadereita, was most desirous 
to see the work of the tunnel pushed on ; but however enthusiastic he 
may have been, lack of funds prevented him from giving effect to his 
desires. The work continued very slowly, Martinez being unable to 
do any work at the tunnel, and he contented himself with improving the 
canal by lining it in bad places with cement. Martinez struggled on 
for thirty-seven years with this work, and died unnoticed and un- 
cared for. All trace of his place of final rest was lost. 

In 1637 an earthquake made sad havoc with the tunnel works, and 
for lack of funds no repairs could take place; but when funds were 
obtainable workmen could not be procured, the earthquakes and inun- 
dations having carried off many thousands of these poor fellows. The 
survivors lacked heart to return to such an unfortunate and, as they 
thought, accursed work. 

In the year 1640 the work was being pressed on by men from the 
prisons, under the direction of the Franciscan monks, and carried on, 
with varying results, in this way for thirty-five years, until Senor Don 
Martin Solis was made head of the municipal council. He being an 
avowed enemy to the Franciscans, sent them away, and undertook the 
superintendence of the work himself; but his method of treating the 
prisoners was so harsh and cruel that they broke out into open revolt, 
and the works were threatened. Therefore, to save the works and his 
own life, he consented to the return of the Franciscans. It is estimated 
that up to this time some two hundred thousand men lost their lives on 
this work. The Franciscans steadily, but slowly, worked on, always 
with a very limited exchequer, until 1767, when there remained some 
1935 metres (i| miles) still to be completed. A contract was entered 
into to finish this work in five years for $800,000; but instead of five 
years it took twenty-two years, and, instead of 8 metres (25 feet wide), 
as contracted for, it was only 3 metres (9 feet 10 inches) wide. 

The Spaniards continued the work in other hands for one hundred 
and fifty years before the task of opening the cut was completed. 
Spasmodic work for a century and a half led at last to the accomplish- 
ment of this project in 1789. The old tunnel of Martinez is now a 
gigantic trench from 30 to 160 feet in depth and some 300 feet broad 
in some places, and is known as the Tajo de Nochistongo. The im- 
mediate vicinity of the workings was depopulated of its native inhabit- 



274 Statistical Motes on /IDejico. 

ants by the insatiable demands of the killing labor, and recruits were 
then drawn from Puebla and other thickly populated Indian centres. 
Great prison barracks were built on the bare hills, and here all the 
criminals were sent to enter the work. The ones in charge were in- 
different with regard to the lives entrusted to their care, and the 
slaughter, of which scant record remains in the parish burial books^ 
and which resulted from a combination of defects in appliances for 
both the safety and the comfort of the workmen, was terrific. As the 
burial trenches were filled with new dead, the depths of the cut were 
tenanted by new laborers. 

The victims of three years of bondage numbered fully two hundred 
thousand ere the work was done. Yet the results were but slight, only 
the excess of water from the highest lakes and streams being carried 
off. However, the danger from inundations of the city has been very 
materially decreased by the Nochistongo opening, and no more deluges 
have occurred since its completion. 

Still the fact that the bottom of the cut was thirty feet higher than 
the surface of Texcoco, the lowest lying of the lakes, left the city in 
danger of inundation, as Lake Texcoco is constantly filling up at the 
rate of one and one-half inches a year and is now but a few feet below 
the level of the main plaza of the city. 

The drainage works had long been a heavy burden upon the Mexi- 
can treasury. Up to 1637 Bancroft estimates that $3,000,000 had been 
expended. Up to the year 1800 the outlay had reached $6,247,670. 
Up to 1830 the total expenditure was $8,000,000. 

Work done by the Mexican Government. — The problem which the 
Mexican Government had to face was very different from that which 
confronted Martinez in 1607. The question of preventing submergence 
is practically solved. The work of Martinez, unsatisfactory as it was, 
did a great deal to solve it. Since his day the area of the lakes has 
been gradually diminishing. The rapid evaporation in the rarefied air 
and under the direct sun of the valley partly accounts for this. Twice 
the water in Lake Texcoco has almost entirely disappeared, leaving 
only a sea of mud and a small pool. The great problem which the 
Mexican Government has now solved is not how to prevent an inflow 
of water, but how to provide an outlet for sewage. The danger tO' 
be averted was not that of drowning, but that of dying from the plague. 

Lake Texcoco more than any other now menaces the security of the 
capital. The unwise cutting down of forests since the Spanish con- 
quest permits the waters pouring down into the valley to bring with 
them annually great quantities of alluvial matter, which have so much 
raised the lake bottom and the water level that inundations have been 
of frequent occurrence. The general level of the City of Mexico is 
only 6.56 feet above the surface of the lake. The rainy season lasts 




MAP OF THE VALLEY OF MEXICO, SHOWING THE CANAL AND TUNNEL. 



Zbc IDallep of /!Desico's drainage. 275 

from June to October inclusive. During this season five times as 
much water falls as during the rest of the year, evaporation can no 
longer compensate for rainfall, and the valley is more or less flooded. 

Originally built in the midst of a lake, the city has been left on dry 
ground by the receding waters. Lake Texcoco, — some three miles 
distant, — Chalco, and Xochimilco have altitudes nearly four feet 
greater than the pavement of the capital. Still more imperiously do 
the lakes to the north dominate the city. San Cristobal and Xaltocan 
are about five feet, while Zumpango is over thirteen feet, above it. 

The project now almost completed is a modification of the scheme 
projected by Simon Mendez in the time of the Spanish Government, 
and which in 1849 was adopted by Captain Smith of the corps of 
American engineers which accompanied General Scott's army. The 
tunnel was ultimately located under the saddle and through the ravine 
of Acatlan, its mouth being near the village of Tequixquiac. The 
works have been begun several times, and then suspended without 
effecting anything of importance. In 1866 the works now nearing 
completion were commenced. A project proposed by Sefior Don 
Francisco de Garay, a well-known engineer of the City of Mexico, 
was pronounced the most feasible. But the revolutionary struggle 
succeeded, and for many years the work was relegated to the back- 
ground. 

In 1879 engineer Don Luis Espinosa, the present director of the 
works, took charge of the undertaking. In the first period mentioned 
the cutting of Tequixquiac was excavated, and the greater part of the 
shafts were begun ; but at that point the work was stopped by political 
agitations. 

The present gigantic work cannot have been considered to have 
been seriously undertaken, with a view of completion at any cost, until 
the year 1885, when the City Council of Mexico submitted a project to 
the Government to which they offered to contribute largely in the 
event of its being adopted. 

A special commission, with ample authority to deal with the funds 
set aside for the work, was appointed by President Porfirio Diaz. 
The City Council set aside the sum of $400,000 per annum for the 
canal works, which sum was materially increased by the Federal Gov- 
ernment. 

In 1887 the City Council raised a loan in London of _;^2, 400,000 to 
meet the cost of the work and guarantee its successful termination. 
The entire responsibility of the work was now assumed by the City 
Council, and the Government gave authority for the Council to make 
and collect new taxes. Still, there was not sufficient money forthcom- 
ing, so another loan was raised in London for ^^3, 000,000, a portion 
of which was held for the work. 



276 Statistical Motes on /IDe^ico. 

The drainage works, when carried out, will receive the surplus 
waters and sewage of the City of Mexico and carry them outside of the 
valley, and will also control the entire waters of the valley, affording an 
outlet, whenever found necessarj', to those which might otherwise over- 
flow fields and towns, rendering the soil stagnant and marshy. The 
work consists of three parts — ist, the tunnel; 2d, a canal starting 
from the gates of San Lazaro, and having a length of 67^ kilometres, or 
43 miles, its line following on the eastern side of the Guadalupe range 
of hills and between that range and Lake Texcoco, changing its direc- 
tion after arriving at the 20th kilometre to a northeasterly one, so as to 
diagonally cross Lake San Cristobal, a part of Lake Xaltocan, and a 
part of Lake Zumpango, and arriving finally at the mouth of the 
tunnel near the town of Zumpango; and 3d, the sewage of the City of 
Mexico. 

The tunnel. — The contract for completing the tunnel was let to 
Messrs. Read & Campbell, of Mexico, but for some reason they were 
unable to finish the work. It was therefore continued and satisfactorily 
completed by the City Council for a sum considerably less than the 
price contracted with Messrs. Read & Campbell under their superin- 
tendence as hereafter stated. 

The tunnel has a length of 10,021.79 metres, or 32,869 feet (6-^ 
miles), with a curved section formed by four curves respectively of the 
following dimensions: The upper part has a span of 4.185 metres, or 
13 feet 9 inches, and a rise of 1.570 metres, or 5 feet i^ inches; the 
two lateral arches have a chord each of 2.36 metres, or 7 feet 9 inches, 
a radius with a chord of 2.429 metres, or 8 feet, and a rise of 0.521 
metre, or i foot 8^ inches; the elevation is 4.286 metres, or 14 feet, 
and the greatest width is the span of the upper arch. The accom- 
panying drawings show this section. The tunnel is lined with brick, 
having a thickness in the upper part of 0.45 metre, or i foot 6 inches, 
and in the lower part over which the water runs, of 0.04 metre, or i 
foot 4 inches in the side arches, and of 0.30 metre, or i foot in the 
radius, this latter lining being of artificial stone made of sand and 
Portland cement. The elevation of the invert at the beginning of 
the tunnel is 9.20 metres, or 30 feet i^ inches below datum; at the 
end of the tunnel, 17.53 metres, or 57 feet 6 inches below datum. 
The gradient is 0.00069 for the first 2170.74 metres, or i in 1449 for 
7120 feet; 0.00072 for the following 5831 metres, or i in 1389 for 
19,125 feet 6 inches; o.ooi for 5100 metres, or i in 1389 for 16,728 
feet; and 0.00135, ^ i^ 74°> ^or the rest of the tunnel; these changes 
being in accordance with changes of details made from those of the 
original project, in some cases modifying the section and in other cases 
the lining. Twenty-five shafts, each 2 by 3 metres, or 16 feet 6f inches, 
by 9 feet 10 inches, were opened at a distance of 400 metres, or 13 12 



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Ube IDallep of /iDejfco's Drainage. 277 

feet from each other. These served to ventilate the tunnel and to 
facilitate the work. The deepest of these shafts, situated on the saddle 
of Acatlan, has a depth of 92 metres, or 301 feet 9 inches; the shallow- 
est is 21 metres, or 68 feet 10 inches. 

To give an idea of the labor involved beyond the mere tunneling, 
it is as well to mention that the quantity of materials required per lineal 
yard of tunnel was 1800 bricks, 94 cement blocks, 3 cubic yards of 
mortar, and 70 cubic feet of volcanic stone. 

Maximum discharge through the tunnel = 18 cubic metres, 635! 
cubic feet. 

When the drainage board took charge of the work, it was executed 
by day labor both in the canal and in the tunnel, the latter having the 
larger amounts expended on it. But, shortly afterwards, the contract 
for the tunnel was let to Messrs. Read & Campbell, of London, who, 
after having invested a considerable sum in the work, found themselves 
under the necessity of cancelling their contract at the beginning of the 
year 1892, These gentlemen continued to handle the work, but as 
managers, and under the direction of the board. 

The canal. — In December, 1889, the Department of Public Works 
contracted with the Bucyrus Company of the United States, of which 
Colonel Ellis was the president, for the construction of the canal. 

This company started with two spoon dredgers capable of raising 
a maximum of 1000 cubic metres, 1308 cubic yards, a day. They 
commenced operations at the twenty-second kilometre. In the opin- 
ion of the board of commissioners, the Bucyrus Company was not pro- 
ceeding with the work at a suitable rate of speed, for at 1000 cubic 
metres, 1308 cubic yards, per day, the work of dredging alone, as there 
were some 16,000,000 of cubic metres, 20,928,000 cubic yards, of ex- 
cavation to do, would take about forty-three years ; their contract was 
therefore cancelled. 

In May, 1894, the Department of Public Works of Mexico con- 
tracted with Messrs. S. Pearson & Son of London for the completion 
of the canal, modifying former contracts of December 25, 1889, March 
30, 1891, and April 18, 1893, under the following bases: the un- 
finished excavation in the first nine kilometres, and that between kilo- 
metre 47 and the entrance of the tunnel of Tequixquiac, are to be 
continued by the Board of Drainage Directors, who must have the latter 
portion completed to 10 metres below the surface of the soil by Decem- 
ber 31, 1894, and to the required depth of the canal by May 31, 1895, 
in order that the water in the canal may settle to that level and permit 
the contractors to slope the walls as required by the contract. The 
contractors are to complete the canal between kilometres 9 and 47 for 
the sum of $3,506,000. For making the monthly estimates the canal 
will be divided into two sections — kilometres 9 to 22 and kilometres 



278 Statistical Botes on /IDejico. 

22 to 47. In the first section the provisional estimate will be 40 cents 
per cubic metre ; in the second a sum equal to the quotient obtained 
by dividing the remainder of the money by the number of cubic metres 
to be removed. The contractors may suspend the work of the dredgers 
when they fall below 40 cubic metres per hour, and can proceed with 
the excavation in any way they wish. The excavation had to be com- 
pleted by May i, 1896, except in the parts where the dredgers cannot 
work. Then for each day's delay the contractors must pay $500 fine, 
and after five months the contract will be rescinded. 

These contractors carried out the work of the canal in two different 
ways — by hand work with centrifugal pumps to draw off the water 
which filtered into the work, and by means of enormously powerful 
Couloir dredgers which have a capacity for 3000 cubic metres of ex- 
cavation per day, and which throw the excavated earth to a distance 
of more than 200 metres from the centre of the canal. They had five 
of these dredgers at work, and by means of them excavated to a depth 
of 20 metres or 65 feet, raising the earth to an elevation of more than 
16 metres, 52^ feet, so as to empty it into the shoots, along which it was 
carried by a stream of water that delivered it at a considerable dis- 
tance from the dredger. The dredgers have now done their work, and 
they have been taken to pieces, packed and transferred to the harbor 
works at Veracruz. The portion of the canal contracted for was 
completed to the satisfaction of all concerned in six years. 

The level of the bottom of the canal above the datum line adopted 
is 2.25 metres, or 7 feet 4 inches, and the mouth of the tunnel is 9.20 
metres, or 30 feet ^ inch below the same datum, supposed to pass 10 
metres, or 33.80 feet below the bottom of the Aztec calendar stone, since 
transferred to the National Museum. The level of the ground at the 
beginning of the canal is 8.94 metres, or 29 feet 4 inches, and at the 
end 15.86 metres, or 52 feet above datum. The uniform slope of the 
c^nal is at the rate of 0.187 per kilometre. 

The canal has a depth, at its commencement, of 5.50 metres, or 18 
feet, which in the last few kilometres is increased to 20.50 metres, or 67 
feet 3 inches. The side slopes were projected with a batter of 45 de- 
grees, and the width of the bottom is 5.50 metres, or 18 feet for the first 
20 kilometres, or i2|- miles, and 6.50 metres or 21 feet 2 inches in the rest 
of the canal. The first 20 kilometres, or i2-|^ miles, may be considered 
as a prolongation of the net of sewers in the city, and will receive only 
the water that passes through them. The flow is calculated for an 
average of 5 cubic metres, or 176^ cubic feet, although, when heavy 
rains require it, they can receive a greater volume; the rest of the 
canal communicates with Lake Texcoco, and will be utilized in con- 
trolling its waters, — the lowest in the valley, — which can be made to 
flow into the canal from all parts. Hence the canal has been built to 



h^^^a 




(D7-ainage of the Valley of Mexico.) 
VERTICAL SECTION OF THE TUNNEL. 



ILbe l^allei? ot flDejico's Brainaoc 279 

carry the largest flow that can pass through the tunnel, or i8 cubic 
metres, 635! cubic feet, per second. The cutting is through a strictly 
clay formation, comprising occasional thin strata of sand and sandstone. 

For accommodation of railroads, wagon roads, and water-courses, 
it was necessary to construct five aqueducts — four of masonry and one 
of iron — to carry rivers, four iron bridges for the passage of railroads, 
and fourteen bridges for vehicular traffic. 

The sewage. — The sewers of the City of Mexico form a network 
of covered channels, located sometimes in the middle and sometimes 
on the sides of the streets, these being almost always gorges, com- 
municating with a system of secondary sewers that empty into a collect- 
ing sewer discharging into the canal of San Ldzaro, which transports 
the sewage to Lake Texcoco. If the water is high in the lake, water 
backs up into the sewers and saturates the soil under the houses and 
streets. As this has been the condition for several centuries, the state 
of the subsoil under the city can be better imagined than described. 
The death-rate touches 40 per 1000 — the highest in the civilized world. 
Mexico's elevation of over 7000 feet is all that saves it from a pesti- 
lence. Malarial and gastric fevers are almost continually epidemic. 

For a century the problem has been settling into one of pure sanita- 
tion. The plans which the Government has been working since about 
1883, though called plans for draining the valley, really seek to get a fall 
sufficient to dispose of the sewage. In fact, in the original plan, from 
considerations of economy, care was to be taken to keep out of the 
projected canal all water both from the surface of the valley and from 
the rivers. The Consul ado and the Guadalupe rivers were to be car- 
ried over the new canal in iron aqueducts. The drainage system was 
thus to be simply a part of the sewage system of the city. 

The excavated materials have been tipped on each side of the canal 
at their natural slopes, and a towpath near the canal level provided. 
Sluice gates will direct the city drainage either to the canal or to Lake 
Texcoco. A sluice gate at the junction of the smaller with the larger 
part of the canal will control the flow of Lake Texcoco, and another 
sluice gate will be placed at the entrance of the tunnel. 

Completion of the work. — As this paper goes to press, the drainage 
works of the Valley of Mexico are practically finished, as the waters of 
the valley have been for several years passing through the canal and 
the tunnel to their outlet in the river which takes them to the Gulf of 
Mexico, and the company with whom the canal was contracted is now 
giving the finishing touches to the sides and bottom of the canal and 
will deliver it to the Government Board of the Drainage Directors in 
January, 1898. It was agreed with the contractors that the portion of 
the canal between the City of Mexico and the 20th kilometre, which is 
comparatively easy, because the canal is not deep there, and the ex- 



28o statistical IRotes on /iDejico* 

cavations do not exceed 200,000 cubic metres, will be made directly by 
the Board as soon as the other portion of the canal has been finished; 
this last section of the work is expected to be finished in June, 1898, 
when the waters of the City of Mexico will leave the valley by the 
drainage works here mentioned. 

The canal and six-mile tunnel through the mountain range have 
a total length approaching fifty miles. The present works will take 
rank with the great achievements of modern times, just as the immense 
" cut " of Nochistongo, their unsuccessful predecessor, was the leader 
among ancient earthworks in all the world. The completed system will 
have cost $20,000,000. 

I have dwelt on these works at some length, because their import- 
ance to the City of Mexico can hardly be overestimated. Instead of 
being one of the healthiest cities in the world, as it should be with its 
magnificent climate and situation, Mexico, unfortunately, has a terribly 
heavy death-rate, due principally to want of drainage and generally 
bad sanitary condition. When the existing danger of floods is removed, 
and the sanitary evils are remedied by a proper system of drainage, 
the increased security that will be enjoyed by life and property will 
certainly have its effect on the prosperity of the city. Property will 
rise in value, the population will grow with rapidity, not to mention 
the tide of tourists that will set in from the United States, and this will 
mean larger revenues for the municipality. 

I could not well finish this paper without paying General Diaz, 
President of Mexico, a just tribute for the great interest he has taken 
in having this gigantic work brought to a close during his administra- 
tion. To his exertions in this regard, and to his commanding position 
in Mexico, more than to anything else, this happy result, now in 
sight, is due. So after a weary search of centuries for relief, the 
beautiful Valley of Mexico will gain its deliverance not only from the 
engulfing floods, but from the sanitary evils which have long resulted 
from defective drainage. 



INDEX, 



Agave, where found, 48 ; use, 48, 49 
Agriculture, products, 243, 244 
Alfalfa, how grown, and uses, 56 
Alligator pear, use, 63 
Americans in Mexico, cannot compete 

with Spaniards in frugality, 79 ; some 

Mexicans were afraid the country would 

become Americanized, 80 
Area, of Mexico, 5, 91 ; of silver mines, 

13 ; of City of Mexico, 98, 107 
Army, strength of, 99, 100 



B 



Bananas, where grown, cost, yield, and 

size, 61 ; export of, variety, an article 

of food, 62 
Bancroft, H. H., referred to, 108 ; his 

statistics on drainage of Mexico, 274 
Banks, names of, 131, 225, 226 ; National 

Bank of Mexico, 131 ; Bank of London 

and Mexico, 132 
Bees, 71, 72 

Belize, occupied by, 6 ; boundary of, 7 
Birds, 71, 72 
Bolson de Mapimi, 12 
Boundary of Mexico, with the United 

States, 5 ; with Guatemala, 6 ; with 

Belize, 6, 7 
Brocklehurst, 109 
Bucyrus Co., 277 
Bustamante, Don Alejandro, 15 



Cables in Mexico, where located, 123 

Cactus, species, 51 

Cadereita, Marquis of. Viceroy, 273 

Canaigre, use, where found, 55 

Canal, size of, 270, 278, 279 ; lining of, 
report on, 271 ; sum appropriated for 
building of, and loan, 275 ; contracted 
by, articles of contract, 277, 278 ; how 
work carried out, 278 ; flow, 278, 279 ; 
length of, 280 



Castillo, Bernal Diaz del, 19 

Catholics, wealth of, 93, 94 

Cattle, raising, export of, 56-8 ; cost of 
fattening, lack of water, 57 

Cerralvo, Marquis de, his plan in regard 
to canal and tunnel, 272 

Cession of territory to the United States, 
by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 
by the Gadsden treaty, by treaty signed 
at Washington with Mexico, 7, 8 

Charcoal, 4 

Chewing-gum, demand, production, 53 ; 
value, 54 

City of Mexico, location and settlement 
of old city, 107, 108, 267-9 ; present 
city, 108, 109, 268 ; public buildings, 
109, no ; factories, no; mortality, in, 
114, 115, 279; threatened by an inun- 
dation in 1604, often flooded in the 
early days, 269 ; plan to change capi- 
tal, 272 

Climate, rainfall, 35, 36 ; temperature, 
36, 37 ; climatic conditions, 37, 38 ; 
meteorological observations taken in 
several cities of Mexico, 38, 40, 41 ; 
meteorological observations taken in 
several localities of Mexico, 39 ; Mex- 
ico as a sanitarium, 41, 42 ; of City of 
Mexico, no, in; meteorology in the 
Mexican Republic, in, 114; climato- 
logical data of the City of Mexico, 112 ; 
summary of meteorological observa- 
tions of the City of Mexico, 113 ; good 
for work, 128 ; of City of Mexico, 274, 
275 

Clouds, 38 

Coal, cost of, and mining, 22 ; coal-fields, 

23-5 
Cochineal, where cultivated, price, 53 
Cocoa, where produced, 51, 52 ; disad- 
vantages of raising, 52 
Cocoa-nuts, where grown, use, 62, 63 
Coffee, best location, production, 44, 45 ; 
advantages and disadvantages of rais- 
ing, 127 
Coinage of precious metals, gold and 
silver, 21 ; mints, 27, 109 



281 



282 



IFn^ej, 



Colleges and universities established by 
the Spaniards, 100-102 

Copper, quality, amount produced, 22, 23 

Cortez, Hernan, reference to, 19, 55, 123, 
268, 269 

Cotton, best location, expense of produc- 
tion, 48 ; seed, 24 

Courts, Supreme Federal, 26 



D 



Debt of Mexico, bonds, loans, etc., 129, 
130; accomplishing credit, 130; amount 
of debt, 130, 131 ; National debt to 
June 30, 1896, 221, 222 

Bering, Sir Henry, quotations from, 47, 
54, 55, 64 

Diaz, President, referred to, 11 5-18, 
122-4, 130 ; tribute to, 280 

Dikes, first dike in 1450, 267 ; descrip- 
tion of, by Prescott, 268 ; one built by 
Spaniards, 269 

Domestic animals, 71, 72 

Drainage works of the Valley of Mexico, 
where article on, was first published, 
how long to complete work, 266 ; mag- 
nitude of work, 267 ; by the Mexican 
Government, 274-6 ; works consist of, 
276 ; works completed, 279, 280 ; im- 
portance to the City of Mexico, 280 



E 



Egypt, compared with Mexico, 10, 11 
English in Mexico, immediately after the 
independence, nearly all disappeared, 

79 

Espinosa, Don Luis, present director of 
tunnel work, 275 

Expenses, amount of, 137, 138 ; of Fed- 
eral Government, 139-41 ; of custom- 
houses, 147 ; of internal revenue, 148 ; 
of direct taxes, 149 ; of Mexican States, 
151 ; of municipalities, 153 ; of Mexico 
in the year 1896-97, 245 

Exports, from 1826-28, 155 ; from 1877- 

96, 159 ; by countries and custom- 
houses from 1894-96, 160 ; value of 
metals and commodities exported in 
1895-96, 161 ; of commodities from 
1886-96, 162 ; of agricultural products 
from 1877-96, 164 ; destination and 
value of metals and commodities from 
1882-92, 168, 169; total exports, 169; 
value of Mexican exports during 1872- 
73, 172 ; from Mexico and to the 
United States, 173 ; of domestic mer- 
chandise to Mexico 1858-83, 178-80; 
from the United States to Mexico 1889- 

97, 182, 183 ; articles exported from 
the United States to Mexico, 184, 
185 ; tropical products supplied by 
Mexico to the United States, 185, 186 ; 
cattle exported to the United States, 
186 ; of precious metals and minerals in 



the years 1879-80, 1889-90, and 1894- 
95, 188 ; of silver, of silver bullion, 
189 ; of silver ore, 190 ; of gold, 
190, 191 ; of gold from Mexico to the 
United States, 192 ; of Mexico by 
countries and custom-houses in the year 
1896-97, 246 ; Mexican exports to the 
United States, 247 



Financial condition, of Mexico, 126, 137, 
138; of railroads, 119, 120, 195, 196; 
of banks, 132 ; of States and municipal- 
ities, 154 

Fish, 71, 72 

Flora in Mexico, products raised, 42, 43 ; 
flowers grown, 63, 64 

Foreign immigration, encouragement to, 
125 ; difference of, from the United 
States, 126, 127 ; cost of labor, 127 ; 
warning from consular reports, 127, 
128 ; those who should immigrate, 12S 

Foreign trade, small before railroads 
built, cost of transportation, 154; 
amount of, with United States, 170;. 
why difficult to have correct data with 
United States, 170, 171 ; commercial 
transactions between Mexico and the 
United States from 1820-50, 173 ; com- 
merce in merchandise between the 
United States and Mexico from 1851- 
97, 174; total commerce between the 
United States and Mexico by years and 
decades from 1851-97, 175 ; increase 
of trade during 1896-97, 184 ; between 
Mexico and the United States during 
the first nine months of 1897, 247 

Forests, 37, 38 ; destruction of, 65, 66 ; 
in Mississippi Valley, 66 

Forey, Marshall, 108 

Franciscan monks, work done by, 273 

French in Mexico, own large dry-goods 
houses, 79 

Fuel, 23-5 ; demand for, 24 ; consump- 
tion of, 64 



Garay, Senor Don Francisco de, plan for 
tunnel, 275 

Gelves, Marquis de, his orders about 
tunnel, 271 

Geology, rock formations, 12 ; rich in 
ores, 12, 13 

Germans in Mexico, succeeded by Eng- 
lish, and are doing well, 79 

Gil, Mr. George, British Colonies, 6 

Ginger, yield, 55 

Gold, where found and how reduced, 14, 
19, 20 ; amount of production, ex- 
tract from Mr. Cramer, 20 ; weight and 
standard value, 133 ; production of, in 
years 1879-80, 1889-90, and 1894-95, 
188 ; accredited to Mexico, 192 



1Int)ej. 



283 



Government of Mexico, 98, 99 
Grasses, where grown, use, 56 
Guatemala, boundary, latitude, length of 

southern boundary, 6 ; cochineal raised 

there, 53 
Guggenheim, smelter, 23, 28, 29 

H 

Henequen, where grown, average pounds 

per acre, 49 
Humboldt, Baron von, reference to, 13, 

15, 81, 104, 271 
Hydrography, coast, gulfs, harbors, bays, 

32 ; islands, 33 ; rivers and torrents, 

33. 34 



Imports, from 1826-28, 155 ; from 1872- 
75, 156 ; from 1885-86 and 1888-90, 
157 ; from 1892-96, 158 ; by countries 
from 1888-90, by custom-houses from 
1894-96, 160 ; values of metals and 
■commodities from 1882-92, 165-7 ; 
resume of total, 167 ; to Mexico and to 
the United States, 172 ; of merchandise 
from Mexico from 1858-83, 176, 177 ; 
into the United States, 181, 182 ; lead- 
ing merchandise imports from Mexico 
to the United States, 184 ; of gold 
bullion, ore, and coin into the United 
States, 191 ; of Mexico by countries and 
custom-houses in the year 1896-97,246; 
from the United States, 248 

Indians, Mexican, tribes, 72 ; classifica- 
tion of tribes, 73 ; similar to Malay- 
Asiatic races, 73, 74 ; extract from 
San Francisco, Cal., Bulletin, 73 ; char- 
acteristics, 74, 75 ; prominentmen among 
ihem, marriages, 74 ; education, 76, 
105 ; strength, 78 ; religion, 97 ; Sir 
William Hingston on, 75 ; originated 
work on canal, 267-9 

India-rubber, places best adapted for it, 

46, 47 ; as an industry, amount of pro- 
duction, 46 ; profits and expense of, 

47, 48 

Inhabitants, most thickly inhabited parts, 
37 ; manner of living, 128 ; aborigines, 
per cent, of, 72 

Inundations of the City of Mexico, used 
to be flooded once on an average of 
every twenty-five years, the one in 1580, 
in 1604, 269; one in 1607, 270 ; one 
which occurred in 1629, 272 ; decrease 
in, since Nochistongo opening, caused 
by cutting of forests, 274 

Iron, where found, 21, 22, 25 ; Cerro del 
Mercado mine, quality, 21 ; impor- 
tation of, foundries, 22 

Irrigation, but little at present in Mexico, 
63 ; scarcity of water, 64, 65 ; cause of 
decrease in rainfall, good investment, 
66 ; reason for short grain supply, 70 ; 
Nazas irrigation, 67-70 



Lakes, number of, description of, 268, 
269 ; disappearance of Lake Mexico, 
269 ; Lake Texcoco filling up, lake al- 
most disappeared, 274 ; altitudes of, 
275 ; canal crosses Lake Texcoco, 276 

Lamoreaux, map showing cession of ter- 
ritory, 7 

Languages in Mexico, varieties, 85, 86 ; 
Indian, similar to Oriental, 74 ; synop- 
sis of Indian, 86-8 

Latitude, of Mexico, 5 ; of Guatemala, 
6 ; of silver mines, 13 ; of City of 
Mexico, 107 

Laws, mining, 25-7 ; lands, 124 ; coloni- 
zation, 125, 126 ; banking, 131 

Lead, ores, 17, 18 ; yield, 28, 29 

Lemons, where grown, 60 

Lempriere, Notes on Mexico, g 

Libraries in Mexico, 106 ; names, number 
of volumes and students, 233-5 

Li Hung Chang and the Mexican silver 
mines, 18, 19 

Limes and shaddocks, where planted, 
variety, 61 

Longitude, of Mexico, 5 ; of silver mines, 
13 ; of City of Mexico, 107 



M 



Mamey, use of, 63 

Mangoes, cultivated taste, transporta- 
tion of, 63 

Manufacturing, factories in 1893, 236 ; 
additional establishments, 237 

Martinez, Enrico, his plan for canal, 270 ; 
plan inaugurated, 271 ; plan accepted 
in 1614, 271, 272 ; scored for not doing 
his work right, 272 ; referred to, 272-4 ; 
again requested to carry out work, 
273 

Matthews, Mr. James F., 18 

Maximilian, 108 ; downfall, 95 

Mendez, Simon, his plan for canal, 273 ; 
reference to, 275 

Mercado, Gines Vazquez del, Cerro del, 21 

Mexico as a Central American State, 
where article was published, 249 ; how 
article originated, 249, 250 ; geographi- 
cal situation of Mexico, 250 ; five States 
of Central America, 250 ; States of 
Mexico, 251 ; geographical extension of 
Central America, 251 ; how remarks 
were received by a Guatemalan repre- 
sentative, 252 

Miller, Mr. Chas,, 18 

Mining, richness of mines, 13 ; miners, 
25 ; Mexico offers great advantages in, 
128, 129 

Money, weights and measures, 133, 134 

Montes Claros, Marquis de, reference to, 
269 

Museum, National, 103 



284 



'^n^ch 



N 



Navigation, number of vessels, 237'; ves- 
sels arrived at Mexican ports in 1895, 
238; vessels departed from Mexican 
ports in 1895, 239; foreign passengers 
arrived at Mexican ports in 1895, 240 ; 
foreign passengers departed from Mex- 
ican ports in 1895, 241 ; resume of 
vessels and passengers arrived and de- 
parted by rail and ports in 1895, 242 ; 
vessels arrived and departed from Mex- 
ican ports in 1894-96, 243 

Navy, strength of, 100 

Netzahualcoyotl, saw the necessity for a 
drainage canal, 267 ; one of the dikes 
built by, 268 

Newspapers, 106 

Noyes, Theodore W., Mexico and Egypt, 
10, II 



Ophidians, 71 

Oranges, where and how raised, irrigation, 
distillation, 59 ; flavor, yield compared 
with coffee, Frederico Atristain re- 
ferred to, the cyclone in Florida, 60 

Orography, mountains and plateaus, 29- 
32 ; elevation of mountain ranges, 31 



Papaya, use, 63 

Patents, number of, 132 

Pearson, S., & Son, contractors for canal, 
277 

Peat, 23, 24 

Peppermint, where grown, 55 

Pineapples, uses, where grown, 62 

Political organizations of Mexico, of 
Federal Government, 98, 99 

Political parties, Church, its wealth, 93, 
94 ; Liberal, 94 

Population of Mexico, increase of, 76, 77 ; 
decrease of Mexican Indians, 77, 78 ; 
from 1795 to 1895, 89 ; parts most 
thickly settled, go ; of United Mexi- 
can States, 91 

Position of Mexico, 9 

Postal service, number of ofifices and 
agencies, 123, 124 ; mail carried, re- 
ceipts, 133 ; post-offices in Mexico in 
1895,223; earnings and expenditures 
of post-offices from 1869-96, 224 ; 
number of postal pieces transported 
from 1878-95, 225 

Prescott, History of Conquest of Mexico, 
268 

Profiles, Mexican, from Veracruz to 
Mexico by the Mexican Railway, from 
Apizaco to Puebla, a branch of the 
Mexican Railway, 253 ; from Veracruz 
to Mexico by the Interoceanic Railway, 



from the City of Mexico to Morelos 
by a branch of the Interoceanic, 254 ; 
from Puebla to Izucar de Matamoros, a. 
branch of the Interoceanic, 255 ; from 
the City of Mexico to El Paso del 
Norte by the Central Mexican, 255-7 5 
from Aguascalientes to Tampico by the 
Mexican Central, 257, 258 ; from Ira- 
puato to Guadalajara, a branch of the 
Mexican Central, 258 ; from the City 
of Mexico to Laredo Tamaulipas by 
the Mexican National, 258-60 ; from 
Acambaroto Patzcuaro, a branch of 
the Mexican National, 261 ; from 
Piedras Negras to Durango by the 
Mexican International, 261, 262 ; from 
Sabinas to Hondo, a branch of the 
Mexican International, 262 ; from the 
City of Mexico to Cuernavaca and 
Acapulco, 262, 263 ; from Puebla to 
Oaxaca by the Mexican Southern, 263 ; 
from Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz by 
the National Tehuantepec, 263, 264 ; 
from the City of Mexico to Pachuca by 
the Hidalgo and Northeastern Railway, 
from San Augustin to Irolo, a branch 
of the Hidalgo Railway, 264 ; from, 
Durango to Mazatlan by bridle path, 
from Manzanillo to Guadalajara by 
wagon road, 265 ; from Tehuacan to 
Oaxaca and Puerto Angel by wagon 
road, 266 

Publications about Mexico, non-official, 
134 ; newspapers, 228 

Public lands, granted to Indians and'. 
Spaniards, survey of, 124 ; division of, 
124, 125 ; price of, 125 ; titles of, 227, 
228 

Pulque, where and how cultivated, 48, 
49 ; fermentation of, expense and profit,, 
50 ; thorn and root useful, 51 

Purpose of this paper, 244 

Q 

Quicksilver, production of, 23 

R 

Railway itineraries {see Profiles) 
Railways in Mexico, history of, 115, I16 ; 
extent, 116, 119; President Diaz's policy 
on, 117, 118 ; President Diaz's statistics 
on, 119; financial condition of, 119— 
21 ; length of, passengers and tons 
carried, 133 ; mileage in operation 
October 31, 1896, 193-5 ; resume of, 
IQ5 ; Mexican Central, 196, 197 ; 
Mexican National, 196-8 ; Mexican In- 
ternational, 199, 200 ; Mexican South- 
ern, 200, 201 ; Mexican Railroad, 201 \. 
Interoceanic Railway, Sonora Railway, 
Hidalgo and Northeastern Railway,, 
202 ; Merida and Progreso Railway,. 
Tehuacan and Esperanza Railway, 



UnDej, 



285 



Railways in Mexico — Continued. 

Merida and Peto Railway, 203 ; Sinaloa 
and Durango Railway, Merida and 
Campeche Railway, Merida and Valla- 
dolid Railway, 204 ; Tlalmanalco Rail- 
way, San Juan Bautista and Carrizal 
Passenger Railway, San Andres and 
Chalchicomula Railway, 205 ; Orizaba 
and Ingenio Railway, Santa Ana and 
Tlaxcala Railway, Cardenas and Rio 
Grijaiva Railway, 206 ; Toluca and 
San Juan de las Huertas Railway, Vane- 
gas, Cedral, Matehuala, and Rio Verde 
Railway, Merida and Izamal Railway, 
San Marcos and Nautla Railway, 207 ; 
Monterey and Gulf Railway, Cordova 
and Tuxtepec Railway, Maravatio and 
Cuemavaca Railway, Salamanca and 
Santiago Valley Railway, 208 ; Monte 
Alto Railway, Valley of Mexico 
Railway, Puebla Industrial Railway, 
Mexican Northern Railway, Mexico, 
Cuernavaca, and Pacific Railway, 209 ; 
Federal District Tramways, Veracruz 
and Alvarado Railway, 210 ; traffic and 
receipts of Mexican railroads, 211 ; 
subsidies paid by Mexican Government 
to June 30, 1896, 212-20 

Read & Campbell, Messrs., contractors 
of tunnel, 276, 277 

Real del Monte, 15-17 

Religion in Mexico, Catholic clergy and 
convents, 92, 93 ; in politics, 94 ; 
Catholics of to-day, 94, 95 ; Protestant 
missionaries, 95-7; Protestant churches 
established by Mr. Henry C. Riley, 
96 ; statistics on Protestants, 97, 98 

Revenue, increase, 137 ; difficult to get 
data, 138 ; statistics of, from 1808-67, 
139 ; statistics on, from 1867-88, 140 ; 
statistics on, from 1888-96, 141 ; Fed- 
eral appropriations from 1868-95, 142 ; 
sources of, import duties, 143 ; addi- 
tional import duties, export duties, 144 ; 
custom receipts, 145, 146 ; internal 
revenue, 146, 147 ; direct taxes, 148, 
149 ; of Mexican States, 150 ; of mu- 
nicipalities, 152 ; of Mexico in the year 
1896-97, 245 

Rice, how cultivated, 53 

Ruins in Mexico, Uxmal, 80, 81 ; Pa- 
lenque, Cholula, 81 ; Teotihuacan, 81- 
83 ; Mitla, 83 ; extract from Sir Vivien 
Cory on, 83-5 



Sanchez, Father, plan for tunnel, 270 ; 

plan condemned, 271 
Sandy Plains of Mexico, 12 
Sanitarium, Mexico as a, 41, 42 
School of Engineering, 103 
School of Medicine, 102, 103 
Schools, statistics of, 105, 106 ; public, 

229, 230 ; private, 231, 232 



Sewage of the City of Mexico, danger of, 
274 ; description of, and how to be 
effected, 279 

Sheep, mistakes made in raising, 58 

Shipping, mercantile marine, vessels in 
foreign and coasting trade, tons car- 
ried, 133 

Silk culture, where grown, varieties, 52 ; 
how sold, 53 

Silver, yield, and where found, 13, 14 ; 
system of reduction, 14 ; history of 
some mines, 15, 16 ; duties on, 28 ; 
weight and standard value, 133 ; total 
coinage of, 186 ; total production of, 
coined by Mexican mints from 1535 
to 1895, 187 ; production of in the 
years 1879-80, 1889-90, and 1894-95, 
188 ; coined and exported from 1874- 
96, 189 

Smelting plants, Mexican Metallurgical 
Co., 28 ; National Mexican Smelter at 
Monterey, 28, 29 ; Central Mexican 
Smelter, Velardena Mining Co., The 
Chihuahua Mining Co., The Mazapil 
Copper Co., Limited, Sabinal Mining 
and Smelting Co., Chihuahua, La 
Preciosa, The Boleo Smelter, 29 

Smith, Captain, referred to, 275 

Spaniards in Mexico, characteristics, 78, 
79 ; climate check on growth, little 
education, 79 ; built dike for canal, 269 

Starr, Professor, his theory, 76 

States of Mexico, classification and divi- 
sion, etc., 90, 91 

Sugar-cane, size, places best adapted for 
raising, cost of raising, 45 

Switzerland, compared with Mexico, la 



Technical schools, at the present time, 
103, 104 ; reorganization of, 104, 105 

Tejada, Senor Lerdo de, 115 

Telegraphs, number of different com- 
panies, 121-3 ; length of, 133 ; earn- 
ings and expenditures from 1869-96, 
224 

Telephones, length of, 133 

Terreros, Don Pedro Jose Romero de, 15, 
109 

Texas, annexation of, 7 

Tobacco, quality of, 45, 46 

Topia, new mines, 17 

Trade-marks, number of, 132, 133 

Transportation, of money, 131 ; cost of, 
railroads have revolutionized, 154, 155 ; 
of mangoes, 63 ; of postal pieces, 225 

Treaties, Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Gadsden, 
one signed at Washington between 
the United States and Texas, 7, 8 

Tunnel, originated, 270, 271 ; blocked 
up, 272 ; work carried on in 1614, 
closed, 271 ; opened out, 272 ; earth- 
quake destroyed it in 1637 ; condi- 
tion of old tunnel now, 273 ; dangers 



286 



UnDe^. 



Tunnel — Continued. 
in building, 273, 274 ; location of, 275 ; 
contract for, size, 276, 277 ; discharged, 
managed by, 277 ; length of, 280 



V 



Valley of Mexico, its development, 106, 
107 ; topographical conditions, 267 

Van Boot, Adrian, sent to make a report, 
his plan, 271 

Vanilla, where grown, production, varie- 
ties, etc., 52 ; how sold, 53 

Vegetation, 36 

Velasco, Viceroy Don Luis de, 271 



W 



Wages, advantages of foreign labor, 48 ; 
prevents immigration to Mexico of 
poor people, 126-9 



Warner, Charles Dudley, Mexico com- 
pared with other countries, 10 ; climate 
of Mexico, 42, 43 ; on church edifices, 

92,93 
Water, Mr. J. A., Pinos Altos Gold 

Mine, 14 
Winds, 38 
Woods, cabinet and dye, where grown, 

some of the species, 43, 44, 55 



Yuca, when and where grown, 54 ; yield 
Yucatan, configuration, civilization, g 



Zapote, use, 63 

Zones, products of cold, temperate, and 
hot, 58 



31^.77 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




017 505 330 A 



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